大气压冷等离子体影响食品酶研究进展

食品内源酶会对食品色泽、质构、风味等造成不良影响。因此,为延长产品货架期,在加工过程中通常需要失活食品内源酶。大气压冷等离子体(Atmospheric cold plasma, ACP)是一种新型非热加工技术,在农业和食品领域具有广阔应用前景。综述近年来国内外在ACP处理影响食品内源酶方面的最新研究进展,探讨ACP作用机制,并对研究内容进行讨论和展望,以期为ACP技术在食品加工中的应用提供理论参考。     

The role of oral processing in dynamic sensory perception

Food oral processing is not only important for the ingestion and digestion of food, but also plays an important role in the perception of texture and flavor. This overall sensory perception is dynamic and occurs during all stages of oral processing. However, the relationships between oral operations and sensory perception are not yet fully understood. This article reviews recent progress and research findings on oral food processing, with a focus on the dynamic character of sensory perception of solid foods. The reviewed studies are discussed in terms of both physiology and food properties, and cover first bite, mastication, and swallowing. Little is known about the dynamics of texture and flavor perception during mastication and the importance on overall perception. Novel approaches use time intensity and temporal dominance techniques, and these will be valuable tools for future research on the dynamics of texture and flavor perception.     

Chemical input – Sensory output: Diverse modes of physiology–flavour interaction

Flavour perception is characterised by complex interactions between physicochemical processes (textural properties, aroma release, etc.) and (bio)chemical, physiological and behavioural phenomena. The complexity of ‘peripheral’ processes and their interaction and reciprocal feedback mechanisms is enormous and hitherto not fully understood. In this overview, diverse peripheral factors are discussed with a focus on behavioural responses to sensory stimulation during food consumption and the resulting feedback effects. This review thereby aims at deepening the understanding of a key issue: not only do the chemical structures and concentrations/compositions of food stimuli determine our sensory perception and appreciation of foods, e.g. in terms of flavour acceptance and preference, but specific behavioural and physiological parameters provide additional clues to understand how individuals perceive and respond to stimulations, e.g. acceptance or rejection.     

Food emulsions as delivery systems for flavor compounds: A review

Food flavor is an important attribute of quality food, and it largely determines consumer food preference. Many food products exist as emulsions or experience emulsification during processing, and therefore, a good understanding of flavor release from emulsions is essential to design food with desirable flavor characteristics. Emulsions are biphasic systems, where flavor compounds are partitioning into different phases, and the releases can be modulated through different ways. Emulsion ingredients, such as oils, emulsifiers, thickening agents, can interact with flavor compounds, thus modifying the thermodynamic behavior of flavor compounds. Emulsion structures, including droplet size and size distribution, viscosity, interface thickness, etc., can influence flavor component partition and their diffusion in the emulsions, resulting in different release kinetics. When emulsions are consumed in the mouth, both emulsion ingredients and structures undergo significant changes, resulting in different flavor perception. Special design of emulsion structures in the water phase, oil phase, and interface provides emulsions with great potential as delivery systems to control flavor release in wider applications. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of flavor release from emulsions, and how emulsions can behave as delivery systems for flavor compounds to better design novel food products with enhanced sensorial and nutritional attributes.     

The glassy state phenomenon in applications for the food industry: Application of the food polymer science approach to structure–function relationships of sucrose in cookie and cracker systems

This review of the glassy state phenomenon in applications for the food industry comprises two main parts. The first is a broad but brief overview of the so-called ‘food polymer science’ approach and its importance to food R&D studies of glassy solid and rubbery liquid states and glass transitions in food products and processes. The following elements of this approach are discussed: (i) the glass transition temperature (T_g) and methods for its measurement in foods; (ii) plasticization by water and its effect on T_g; (iii) the concepts of ‘water dynamics’ and ‘glass dynamics’ in non-equilibrium food systems; (iv) Williams–Landel–Ferry kinetics in the rubbery state above T_g, (v) state diagrams; and (vi) the effect of molecular weight on T_g. A comprehensive and up-to-date listing of more than 400 literature references on the glassy state phenomenon and glass transitions in food materials and systems is featured in that part of the paper, and these references are also compiled and tabulated according to specific subject headings. The second part of this review highlights the application of the food polymer science approach in recently reported studies on the structure–function relationships of sucrose in cookie and cracker systems. This part describes (i) the sucrose–water state diagram as a tool in understanding cookie and cracker baking; (ii) shortcomings of the traditional AACC sugar-snap cookie method as a test-baking system, in contrast to a new test system based on a model commercial-type wire-cut cookie formula; and (iii) a revealing illustration of sucrose functionality in cookie baking. The review concludes with a word about future prospects.     

Recent Applications of Advanced Control Techniques in Food Industry

Process control has become increasingly important for the food industry since the last decades due to its capability of increasing yield, minimizing production cost, and improving food quality. New developments for control strategies such as artificial neural networks and model-based controls as well as their applications have brought several new prospects to the food industry. Food processes are mostly nonlinear and show different process dynamics with various raw materials and different processing conditions. Therefore, advanced process control techniques are highly invaluable compared to classical control approaches. In this review, advanced control strategies, particularly model-based controllers, fuzzy logic controllers, and neural network-based controllers, are firstly described with their main characteristics. A number of applications of the advanced control strategies are then discussed according to different food processing industries such as baking, drying, fermentation/brewing, dairy, and thermal/pressure food processing.     

Opportunities and Challenges in Application of Forward Osmosis in Food Processing

Food processing and preservation technologies must maintain the fresh-like characteristics of food while providing an acceptable and convenient shelf life as well as assuring safety and nutritional value. Besides, the consumers’ demand for the highest quality convenience foods in terms of natural flavor and taste, free from additives and preservatives necessitated the development of a number of membrane-based non-thermal approaches to the concentration of liquid foods, of which forward osmosis has proven to be the most valuable one. A series of recent publications in scientific journals have demonstrated novel and diverse uses of this technology for food processing, desalination, pharmaceuticals as well as for power generation. Its novel features, which include the concentration of liquid foods at ambient temperature and pressure without significant fouling of membrane, made the technology commercially attractive. This review aims to identify the opportunities and challenges associated with this technology. At the same time, it presents a comprehensive account of recent advances in forward osmosis technology as related to the major issues of concern in its rapidly growing applications in food processing such as concentration of fruit and vegetable juices (grape, pineapple, red raspberry, orange, and tomato juice and red radish juice) and natural food colorants (anthocyanin and betalains extracts). Several vibrant and vital issues such as recent developments in the forward osmosis membrane and concentration polarization aspects have been also addressed. The asymmetric membrane used for forward osmosis poses newer challenges to account both external and internal concentration polarization leading to significant reduction in flux. The recent advances and developments in forward osmosis membrane processes, mechanism of water transport, characteristics of draw solution and membranes as well as applications of forward osmosis in food processing have been discussed.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Mechanism Elucidation of Food Processing and Safety: State of the Art

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a useful technique to study the interaction between molecules and how they are affected by various processes and processing conditions. This review summarizes the application of MD simulations in food processing and safety, with an emphasis on the effects that emerging nonthermal technologies (for example, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field) have on the molecular and structural characteristics of foods and biomaterials. The advances and potential projection of MD simulations in the science and engineering aspects of food materials are discussed and focused on research work conducted to study the effects of emerging technologies on food components. It is expected by showing key case studies that it will stir novel developments as a valuable tool to study the effects of emerging food technologies on biomaterials. This review is useful to food researchers and the food industry, as well as researchers and practitioners working on flavor and nutraceutical encapsulations, dietary carbohydrate product developments, modified starches, protein engineering, and other novel food applications.     

超声技术对肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响及其在肌肉食品中的应用现状

近年来,随着人们对食品加工技术的不断研究,超声技术作为一种新型食品物理加工技术,在肉制品加工应用中取得了显著的进展。本文综述了超声技术对肌肉组织和蛋白结构等微观品质的调控作用及其对肉制品质构、色泽、风味、保水性等宏观品质的影响,详细阐述了超声技术在不同肉制品加工工艺场景下超声技术的应用进展,包括原料肉的解冻、嫩化、凝胶化和乳化特性的提升以及腌制剂的渗透、腥臭味的掩埋等方面。此外,本文进一步探讨了超声技术与变压滚揉、腌制剂、微波、浸渍冷冻等其他技术的联合应用在改善肉制品加工品质方面的潜在作用,为超声技术在肌肉食品加工领域的深层次应用提供了重要的理论参考。     

肉汤中特征风味体系的形成机理及分析方法研究进展

肉汤风味良好,营养丰富,而且具有一定的保健功效。本文从肉汤的营养价值、基本分类入手,重点阐述肉汤风味体系的形成机理、影响因素、肉汤在贮藏、加工过程中风味的变化规律以及用于鉴定肉汤风味的典型分析方法,简要阐述关键性风味的成分属性,为后期传统肉汤制品的加工、品质升级及风味研究提供一定的理论依据。     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Effect of extraction method on quality of orange juice: hand-squeezed, commercial-fresh squeezed and processed

BACKGROUND: Fresh orange juice is perceived to be more wholesome than processed juice. Fresh juice may have flavor and nutrients that differ from pasteurized or processed juice. RESULTS: ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges were extracted using a commercial food service juicer, pasteurized or not, resulting in fresh‐commercial juice (FCJ) or pasteurized juice (FCPJ) for comparison with pasteurized processed juice (PPJ) in 2009, and gently hand‐squeezed ‘Valencia’ juice (HSJ) in 2010 for quality attributes. There was higher peel oil, lower pectin content, and less cloud loss in FCJ/FCPJ compared to PPJ and HSJ regardless of pasteurization. Titratable acidity was generally higher and the ratio of solids to acids lower in FCJ/FCPJ or HSJ compared to PPJ. FCJ/FCPJ had generally higher levels of most aroma volatiles than did PPJ and, overall, the highest esters and terpenes, while methanol and ethanol levels were highest in HSJ. For sensory evaluation, FCJ/FCPJ had more peel oil and PPJ more cooked flavor than other samples, while ‘Valencia’ HSJ was preferred over the other juices. CONCLUSION: High peel oil content and thermo‐pasteurization process decreased cloud loss of orange juice. Extraction and finishing processes rather than pasteurization or oil content were major factors in influencing orange juice flavor quality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Principles and recent applications of novel non-thermal processing technologies for the fish industry—a review

Thermal treatment is a traditional method for food processing, which can kill microorganisms but also lead to physicochemical and sensory quality damage, especially to temperature-sensitive foods. Nowadays consumers’ increasing interest in microbial safety products with premium appearance, flavor, great nutritional value and extended shelf-life has promoted the development of emerging non-thermal food processing technologies as alternative or substitution to traditional thermal methods. Fish is an important and world-favored food but has a short shelf-life due to its extremely perishable characteristic, and the microbial spoilage and oxidative process happen rapidly just from the moment of capture, making it dependent heavily on post-harvest preservation. The applications of novel non-thermal food processing technologies, including high pressure processing (HPP), ultrasound (US), pulsed electric fields (PEF), pulsed light (PL), cold plasma (CP) and ozone can extend the shelf-life by microbial inactivation and also keep good sensory quality attributes of fish, which is of high interest for the fish industry. This review presents the principles, developments of emerging non-thermal food processing technologies, and also their applications in fish industry, with the main focus on microbial inactivation and sensory quality. The promising results showed great potential to keep microbial safety while maintaining organoleptic attributes of fish products. What’s more, the strengths and weaknesses of these technologies are also discussed. The combination of different food processing technologies or with advanced packaging methods can improve antimicrobial efficacy while not significantly affect other quality properties under optimized treatment.     

细胞生物传感器在食品风味评价中的研究进展

食品风味是优质食品的重要属性,味觉和嗅觉感知很大程度决定了消费者对食品的接受度。传统的食品风味评价方法包括人工感官、智能感官、仪器分析等。人工感官分析可靠性高,但味觉易疲劳且存在主观性;智能感知仪器结构复杂,其工作原理与实际味觉传递也存在一定差异,导致其应用存在一定局限性。基于细胞的传感器法是以活细胞作为敏感元件,与换能器以及信号处理装置结合,从而对食品风味进行检测、评价的一种新方法,具有灵敏度高、选择性好、响应快等特点,是生物传感器的研究热点之一。本文结合近年来研究成果简单阐述细胞传感器的概念与基本结构,重点讨论细胞传感器在味觉及嗅觉评价领域中的研究成果与应用,阐释其在实际应用中感受与传导的机制,总结已获取食品的风味感知信息,最后讨论细胞传感器在发展中存在的问题并提出未来可能的发展思路。     

Bio-mediated generation of food flavors – Towards sustainable flavor production inspired by nature

BackgroundThe consumers’ trend toward naturalness and “clean-label” products advocates the development of “bio-mediated” tools including new processes for the generation of flavors. Today, many fundamental studies demonstrate the feasibility of producing individual flavor compounds or more complex flavoring preparations by fermentation or by enzymatic reactions. However, to turn research into industrial applications, the processes have to be simplified and optimized by combining chemistry, biology and process engineering know-how.Scope and approachThis review summarises recent basic research and development on cell and enzyme based formation of volatile flavors with focus on smart combinations of biocatalytic and thermal steps to enrich the natural flavor profile of foods. Ideally, targeted bioconversion of specific raw materials and ingredients will release flavor precursors required to generate the desired flavor profile by appropriate thermal processing.Key findings and conclusionsThe combination of fermentation or enzymatic treatment of raw materials with heat-induced food processes (e.g. drying, extrusion, roasting) represent an elegant approach in industrial food processing to generate flavors under mild conditions. This requires a good control of fermentation or enzymatic reaction steps to produce suitable substrates at the optimal concentrations adapted to the thermal processes. Using traditional cooking and minimal processing conditions (nature-inspired strategies) has become an attractive approach to generate authentic flavor profiles resonating with consumers’ demand for more naturalness.     

Nutraceutical from Capsicum chinense fruits in shelf-stable herbal matrix

Capsicum chinense fruits have a unique aroma, flavor, and pungency but are seasonal and localized. These fruits lose original aroma and flavor during the traditional preservation process. In the present report, a technology was developed for a stable product from these fruits for yearlong availability with the real taste in versatile foods, globally. Liquid-solid extraction technique based on purse-and-trap method was used with minimal instrumentation to produce a value-added product of otherwise perishable crop. All potential nutritional ingredients, each > 85% compared to freshly harvested crop, were trapped in the edible herbal carrier. The process has the advantage to avoid decomposition/artifacts during processing. The quality and stability of the product were supported by chromatographic and spectral fingerprints. The product is cost effective, comparatively easy in transportation and only a few drops based on choice are enough to enrich the food at ‘ready to eat temperature’.     

花色苷基于分子辅色机制的稳态化制备与应用技术研究进展

源于天然植物的花色苷是集着色、增香和保健作用于一体的新一代功能性食品配料,但在食品加工过程中易受多种外界因素的影响而发生水解或去糖基开环反应,导致产品褪色、风味品质劣变及生物活性丧失。而研究发现在自然生化条件下,植物花色苷通过其内部的多种化学成分(多酚、生物碱、核苷酸和金属离子等)的分子辅色作用而维持稳定性,从而实现花色苷食品的色泽、风味和营养的稳态化。目前通过模拟植物花色苷的分子辅色作用也成为研究功能性色素的重要内容之一。本文在分析花色苷分子辅色作用机制基础上,重点综述了近年来的天然植物花色苷基于分子辅色技术的稳态化制备工艺及相关应用技术取得的最新进展,为植物花色苷食品的稳态化加工技术研究提供依据和参考。     

The development of fruit‐based functional foods targeting the health and wellness market: a review

Functional foods and their health benefits beyond individual nutrients present challenges to the traditional ‘nutrition’ approach to foods. Epidemiological studies suggest that regular or increased consumption of fruits may promote general health and well‐being as well as reduce the risk of chronic diseases. Therefore, a broad range of research amongst academic, industry and government institutes has been stimulated in attempts to add the goodness of fruits into popular consumer foods. This article provides a brief overview of the research opportunities in the emerging functional foods area, with an emphasis on fruit‐derived products. Based on recent research in the fruit‐based functional food area, a structured approach for designing and developing functional finished products is presented. Included are the technical challenges and their associated solutions during food design, formulation, processing and storage. A consumer‐oriented food product development process is highlighted. Controlling the interactions among the targeted bioactives and other food components during food processing, handling and storage is the key to ensure that a stable and appealing functional food is produced. Manipulating the beneficial synergies among food ingredients, and among food formulation and processing methods, has the potential to lead to substantial food innovations.     

Research challenges and methods to study food preferences in school-aged children: A review of the last 15 years

Until only a few decades ago, there was little interest in research about children as consumers. Today, the food market for ‘‘the small consumers’’ is continuously growing and many foods and beverages are developed specifically for this target group. Furthermore, a better understanding of children’s food preferences could help design strategies to reduce obesity and malnutrition. The present review examines the main research domains in which measurements of children’s food preferences are applied. It also gives an overview of the progress made during the last 15 years in the field of consumer testing with children, highlighting the need of investigating and using new methods in addition to existing ones. Attention is devoted to the choice of specific methods according to the child’s age.An intense interest in consumer and sensory research with children is demonstrated by the systematic increase of scientific publications on this topic. A shift in research methodology has been observed in the last 15 years, being research more focused on feeding behavior and healthy eating. Recent investigations confirm that children in the age range of 4–11 years are able to perform most traditional consumer tests in addition to more sophisticated methods (e.g. projective mapping, memory and emotion evaluation) if age-appropriate procedures are adopted.     

Inactivation of foodborne pathogens by the synergistic combinations of food processing technologies and food‐grade compounds

There is a need to develop food processing technologies with enhanced antimicrobial capacity against foodborne pathogens. While considering the challenges of adequate inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in different food matrices, the emerging technologies are also expected to be sustainable and have a minimum impact on food quality and nutrients. Synergistic combinations of food processing technologies and food‐grade compounds have a great potential to address these needs. During these combined treatments, food processes directly or indirectly interact with added chemicals, intensifying the overall antimicrobial effect. This review provides an overview of the combinations of different thermal or nonthermal processes with a variety of food‐grade compounds that show synergistic antimicrobial effect against pathogenic microorganisms in foods and model systems. Further, we summarize the underlying mechanisms for representative combined treatments that are responsible for the enhanced microbial inactivation. Finally, regulatory issues and challenges for further development and technical transfer of these new approaches at the industrial level are also discussed.