污灌区浅层地下水污染风险评价研究

以污灌区土壤作为风险源,以地下水系统作为风险受体,建立了包含地下水脆弱性、地下水特征污染物容量指数及土壤特征污染物潜在生态危害指数的地下水污染风险评价概念模型。以太原市小店污灌区为例,利用该模型对浅层地下水污染风险进行评价。结果表明:污灌区地下水脆弱性相对较低,特征污染物分布较为集中;受含水层脆弱性指数、特征污染物容量指数及潜在生态危害指数的影响,污灌区浅层地下水污染风险高低分布不均,较高污染风险区和高风险区分布在西吴、贾家寨、梁家庄等村庄以及汾河、萧河沿岸一带,占区域面积的31%。研究成果可为污灌区地下水污染风险分区提供参考依据。     

基于DRASTIC法的平原区孔隙地下水脆弱性评价

在综合概述地下水脆弱性评价研究进展的基础上,利用DRASTIC综合评价法,选择补给量、包气带岩性、土壤质地、含水层渗透系数和含水层厚度等指标进行了山西省平原区孔隙地下水本质脆弱性评价。通过评价表明,全省平原区孔隙地下水本质脆弱性总体偏低,脆弱性指数在100以下,地下水不易遭受污染,仅在大同盆地脆弱性指数在存在较大的污染风险。     

山西省平原区孔隙地下水脆弱性评价

在综合分析比较地下水脆弱性评价研究进展的基础上,利用DRASTIC综合评价法,选择补给量、包气带岩性、含水层渗透系数和含水层厚度等指标对山西省平原区孔隙地下水本质脆弱性进行了评价。结果表明,全省平原区孔隙地下水本质脆弱性总体偏低,不易遭受污染,仅在大同盆地脆弱性指数较高存在较大的污染风险。     

基于欧洲模型的岩溶地下水脆弱性风险性评价

岩溶地下水脆弱性评价是基于保护岩溶含水层从而有效地管理和利用地下水提出的有效方法和手段。我国西南岩溶区大多数地区缺少应有的地下水保护带, 地下水比较容易受到污染。从欧洲脆弱性评价模型出发,用一种简单的二元模型来评价地下水的脆弱性。该方法只考虑两个因子：径流条件（C因子）和土壤保护能力（O因子）。该法应用于青木关岩溶区地下水脆弱性风险性评价,结果表明:甘家槽、田湾、田坝子、金竹湾、大木水窝、烂田湾等洼地为极端脆弱地区,石坝子地区以及采石场脆弱性高,岩溶区内大部分地区为中等脆弱性,岩溶区内的干洼地以及有第四纪沉积的地区和砂岩区则为低脆弱性;在青木关地区极端风险区的面积很小,主要是高污染危险且又是消水洞或者下沉河流附近的地区,高风险区主要分布在岩溶洼地以及采石场区域,其余碳酸盐区域内中等污染危险的地区为中等风险,大部分砂岩地区和污染危险低、固有脆弱性中等的灰岩地区污染风险低。通过水质空间分布图和示踪试验结果,验证了该方法的合理性。     

第二松花江流域平原区浅层地下水脆弱性时变特征分析

以第二松花江流域平原区为研究区,选择了地下水埋深、净补给量、含水层介质、土壤介质、地形坡度、包气带影响、渗透系数7个指标,运用DRASTIC评价方法对浅层地下水脆弱性进行了评价,进一步分析了地下水脆弱性评价结果的影响因素。结果表明:(1)地下水脆弱性分区在整体上具有空间分带特征性,并与地貌分区具有良好的一致性,其中河谷平原区由于地下水埋藏较浅,地下水脆弱性较高,污染风险大;(2)受地下水位变动以及净补给量的影响,具体地段的地下水脆弱性等级也具有较为明显的年际与年内变化特征,但整体区域上的地下水脆弱性的相对级别仍受地貌格局的控制。在开展区域地下水脆弱性评价时,应注意选择具有代表性的时段数据进行评价。     

基于SWMM的城市洪涝风险管理研究

为了研究城市洪涝风险评估的问题,采用SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)模拟技术进行洪涝风险危险等级量化研究。以涂家营沟流域为例,基于SWMM模型模拟不同重现期降雨下的淹没情况,计算各子汇水区基于淹没深度、淹没面积、土地利用、人口密度和淹没道路等脆弱性参数建立的危险等级,确定洪灾危险区。结果表明:在20年一遇的情景下研究区溢流量为62 350 m~3,淹没面积为0.177 4 km~2,其原因是排水系统不达标且淤积严重;基于淹没深度和淹没面积的高洪灾风险区面积为0.049 km~2,基于土地利用的高洪灾风险区面积为0.516 km~2,基于人口密度和淹没道路的高洪灾风险区面积为0.041 km~2;该研究区内洪灾危险区由低级到高级的面积分别为1.83 km~2、1.00 km~2和1 950 m~2,高危险区主要集中在城市中心、居民区。淹没深度和淹没面积是确定洪涝灾害等级最敏感的参数,为洪涝风险评估提供依据。研究结果可为我国城市发展规划提供参考依据。     

深圳市地下水脆弱性评价研究

地下水脆弱性反映地下水系统遭受污染的可能性。结合深圳市水文地质条件,基于DRASTIC评价方法构建DRASTIC指标评价体系进行地下水脆弱性能评价。结果表明深圳市地下水脆弱性低区域分布面积最广,其后依次为脆弱性较低区域、脆弱性中等区域、脆弱性较高区域、脆弱性高区域。深圳市基岩裂隙水脆弱性以低等级为主,不易受到污染。第四系松散岩类孔隙水和岩溶水的脆弱性以高或者较高等级为主,相对容易受到污染。研究成果可为深圳市地下水资源和环境的保护提供科学依据。     

面源污染视角下的岩溶区地下水资源脆弱性评价——基于PSR-物元可拓模型的分析

基于PSR概念框架构建了地下水资源脆弱性评价指标体系,利用灰色关联法赋权,引入物元分析法对贵州岩溶地区地下水资源脆弱性进行评价分析。评价结果表明:1岩溶地区地下水资源的脆弱性受到自然环境尤其是降水的影响较大,农业面源的直接污染和农业生态环境的恶化是制约岩溶地区地下水资源脆弱性的主要控制因素;2近9 a来,贵州岩溶区地下水资源脆弱性的压力脆弱性处于"极度脆弱"、"中等脆弱"和"脆弱"等级,状态的脆弱等级没有变化,仍然属于"不脆弱"等级,脆弱性主要来源于压力;3总体来看,贵州岩溶地区的地下水资源脆弱性总体良好,但存在波动,干旱对岩溶地区地下水资源脆弱性的影响较大,总体关联度均小于0,存在脆弱性风险,不能盲目乐观。     

地下水水源地保护区划分方法研究——以大汶口盆地为例

地下水水源地保护区的划分是地下水资源合理开发利用的重要基础。为进一步完善地下水水源地保护区的划分方法,以大汶口盆地为例,在数值模拟法初步划分保护区范围的基础上,利用空间叠加分析,将地下水污染风险评价、防污性能评价与数值模拟法结合,调整保护区边界,并将基于数值模拟的空间叠加法与传统数值模拟法的区划结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:经空间叠加后的一级、二级保护区面积均向地下水补给源方向扩增,区划结果更贴合盆地实际。因此,将地下水污染风险评价和防污性能评价引入地下水保护区划分工作中,可以充分地利用研究区的水文地质信息和环境要素,提升高风险地区的保护级别,保障地下水可持续开发利用。     

华北平原地下水脆弱性演变及对埋深变化的响应

人类长期大规模开发利用地下水,使地下水位埋深增大,进而引起地下水脆弱性变化,这对采取合理的地下水保护措施具有指导意义.应用改进的DRASTIC模型对华北平原1959年、1984年和2005年地下水脆弱性进行了评价,结果表明华北平原地下水脆弱性以一般脆弱性、较低脆弱性和较高脆弱性为主,低脆弱性和高脆弱性所占比例较小;与1959相比,2005年低脆弱性区和较低脆弱性区面积增大,一般脆弱性区、较高脆弱性区和高脆弱性区面积减少;与1984年-2005年相比地下水脆弱性各级面积变化速率远大于1959年-1984年.地下水脆弱性降低程度与地下水位降幅呈正相关性.     

Evaluation of a GIS-Based Integrated Vulnerability Risk Assessment for the Mancha Oriental System (SE Spain)

It is widely recognized that groundwater-vulnerability maps are a useful tool for making decisions on designating pollution-vulnerable areas, in addition to being a requirement of European Directive 91/676/EEC. This study addressed the vulnerability of the Mancha Oriental System (MOS) to groundwater contamination with an integrated Generic and Agricultural DRASTIC model approach. In the MOS, groundwater is the sole water resource for a total population of about 275,000 inhabitants and for 1,000 km² of irrigated crops. DRASTIC vulnerability maps have been drawn up for two different years (1975 and 2002) in which the potentiometric surface has dropped dramatically (80 m in some areas) due to the considerable expansion of irrigated croplands. The quality of available resources has also deteriorated due to the agricultural practices and the discharge of wastewater effluents. Vulnerability maps are used to test the data on nitrate, sulphate, and chloride contents in groundwater in the Central and El Salobral-Los Llanos hydrogeologic domains of the MOS for 2002. Regardless of the method applied, the dramatic alteration in land use leads to a change in the DRASTIC index and vulnerability to groundwater contamination decreases for the study period. Vulnerability in the MOS increases in areas where the irrigation return flow is notable. The lack of a statistical correspondence between the DRASTIC index and the spatial distribution of nitrate, chloride, and sulphate contents and the distribution of the pollution load suggest that this method does not accurately assess the risk of the MOS to groundwater pollution.     

兰州市城市化对地下水系统的影响研究

以地下水污染调查数据为基础,结合历史观测资料,揭示兰州市城市化过程中地下水水位、水质的变化特征及其影响因素。城市污水排放、蓄水设备修建及农业灌溉等因素使垂直渗入补给量增加,引起地下水上升,其中西固区地下水位上升剧烈,受地下水开采的影响,水源地地区形成大面积的地下水降落漏斗,水位下降显著;兰州市区地下水水质影响因素较多,土地利用类型的改变带来污染源强的增加、城市垃圾处理方式以及水位下降等是直接或间接地造成地下水质恶化的重要因素,老城区和工业区地下水总硬度、NO-3、氟离子、有机组分等指标呈逐年上升趋势,污染形势严峻。     

Intrinsic Vulnerability Assessment for the Alluvial Aquifer in the Northern Part of Jordan Valley

The Northern Jordan Valley (NJV) is an important and significant water basin in Jordan where most of Jordan’s agricultural crops are produced. Knowing that the aquifer system is mainly composed of alluvial deposits, it is important to assess the potential of ground water for pollution. For this purpose intrinsic vulnerability was assessed using SINTACS model with the aid of geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The final results show that about 40% of the investigated area has been classified as high to very high vulnerable to groundwater pollution. These results were correlated with measured concentration of nitrate (NO₃^-1)_{3}^{-1}) at different locations. A high correlation was found between areas of high nitrate concentrations and those of high vulnerability category. To validate the model results, a sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assess the influence of each of SINTACS parameters on the obtained vulnerability values. It was found that the soil overburden attenuation capacity parameter (T) and the depth to the groundwater parameter (S) are the most sensitive parameters to SINTACS vulnerability model. The effective-weights analysis was also performed in this study to revise the weights in the computed vulnerability index. It was noticed that the effective weights for each parameter were sometimes varies from the theoretical weights assigned by the SINTACS method.     

Assessment of Groundwater Potential in a Semi-Arid Region of India Using Remote Sensing,GIS and MCDM Techniques

Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) are promising tools for efficient planning and management of vital groundwater resources, especially in data-scarce developing nations. In this study, a standard methodology is proposed to delineate groundwater potential zones using integrated RS, GIS and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques. The developed methodology is demonstrated by a case study in Udaipur district of Rajasthan, western India. Initially, ten thematic layers, viz., topographic elevation, land slope, geomorphology, geology, soil, pre- and post-monsoon groundwater depths, annual net recharge, annual rainfall, and proximity to surface water bodies were considered in this study. These thematic layers were scrutinized by principal component analysis technique to select influential layers for groundwater prospecting. Selected seven thematic layers and their features were assigned suitable weights on the Saaty’s scale according to their relative importance in groundwater occurrence. The assigned weights of the thematic layers and their features were then normalized by using AHP (analytic hierarchy process) MCDM technique and eigenvector method. Finally, the selected thematic maps were integrated by weighted linear combination method in a GIS environment to generate a groundwater potential map. Thus, four groundwater potential zones were identified and demarcated in the study area, viz., ‘good’, ‘moderate’, ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’ based on groundwater potential index values. The area falling in the ‘good’ zone is about 2,113 km² (17% of the total study area), which encompasses major portions of Sarada, Salumber, Girwa, Dhariawad, and Mavli blocks of the study area. The northeast and southwest portions along with some scattered patches fall in the ‘moderate’ zone, which encompasses an area of 3,710 km² (about 29%). The ‘poor’ zone is dominant in the study area which covers an area of 4,599 km² (36% of the total area). The western portion and parts of eastern and southeast portions of the study area are characterized as having ‘very poor’ groundwater potential, and this zone covers an area of 2,273 km² (18%). Moreover, in the ‘good’ zone, the mean annually exploitable groundwater reserve is estimated at 0.026 million cubic metres per km² (MCM/km²), whereas it is 0.024 MCM/km² in the ‘moderate’ zone, 0.018 MCM/km² in the ‘poor’ zone, and 0.013 MCM/km² in the ‘very poor’ zone. The groundwater potential map was finally verified using the well yield data of 39 pumping wells, and the result was found satisfactory.     

弥河流域平原区地下水埋深时空变化特征及可开采性分析

针对弥河流域平原区地下水不合理开采利用的现象,采用1985-2015年地下水位监测资料,运用相关性分析法、普通Kriging插值法研究地下水埋深时空的动态变化及分布特征,并分析其影响因素,同时结合GIS和水位动态法划分超采区,评价地下水开采适宜度。结果表明:受气候变化和人为活动的双重影响,弥河流域平原区地下水埋深整体呈逐年增加趋势,年内地下水位2-3月最高,5-6月降至最低;埋深空间分布受地形影响,自西南向东北减小,青州与寿光交界处在1995年左右出现小范围降落漏斗,漏斗中心地下水埋深逐年增加;至2015年,研究区可适宜开采区主要分布于寿光、青州、临朐等市县,面积710. 2 km2,仅占全区总面积的21. 0%。     

南通市地下水压缩开采对水质咸化的控制效应

为了准确评价南通市地下水压缩开采对水质咸化的控制效应,根据南通市的水文地质条件,概化出了南通市的水文地质概念模型,建立了南通市地下水渗流与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型,分别预测了现状开采和压缩开采条件下2018-2034年逐年地下水水位和地下水中氯离子质量浓度的变化趋势。预测结果表明:现状开采条件下2034年底南通市第Ⅲ承压含水层中氯离子质量浓度大于250 mg/L和270 mg/L的面积分别达到355.17 km^2和30.67 km^2,2030-2034年咸化速率为9.59 km^2/a;压缩开采条件下2034年底氯离子质量浓度大于250 mg/L和270 mg/L的面积分别为329.21 km^2和1.76 km^2,2030-2034年咸化速率为7.52 km^2/a,压缩开采方案能有效控制第Ⅲ承压水的咸化问题。     

三江平原典型区地下水流场变化及主要影响因素分析

为了进一步探明三江平原地下水流场变化及主要原因,本文以三江平原典型区为研究区,分析了2001—2019年地下水流场变化情况,基于地下水位变化空间差异,采用交叉小波分析、皮尔逊相关分析和灰色关联度分析等方法,定量研究了降水及地下水开采对不同区域地下水位的影响程度。结果表明：研究区2001—2019年间地下水大体流向未发生明显变化,但地下水位呈现整体下降趋势,下降区域面积为1.86万km~2,占整个研究区的83.97%,地下水位的整体下降与水田面积迅速扩张有关。水位上升区地下水位与降水在年周期上存在显著共振关系,二者皮尔逊相关系数为0.485,而水位与地下水开采间不存在稳定的周期性相关,相关性较差;中东部水位明显下降区地下水位与降水之间不存在稳定的周期性相关,相关性较差,而水位与地下水开采在年周期上存在显著共振关系,二者皮尔逊相关系数为-0.409。研究区中部地下水位大幅下降区域水位受地下水开采影响程度明显大于受降水影响,灌区内地下水位小幅下降区域水位受地下水开采影响程度略大于受降水影响。本研究对于深入探究区域地下水资源变化和指导该地区地下水资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。     

Response Matrix Minimization Used in Groundwater Management with Mathematical Programming: A Case Study in a Transboundary Aquifer in Northern Greece

Groundwater has always been considered to be a readily available source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. The last decades, the lack of policymaking for the utilization of groundwater, has led to overexploitation in many areas. The cooperation of a wide range of scientists such as mathematicians, engineers, computer scientists, environmentalists and economists – operation researchers, have led to the design and construction of commercial computer programs concerned on water management and specifically on the optimal distribution of limited water resources using groundwater management models. These combined models, via simulation and optimization algorithms, result in one optimal solution through operations research and mathematical programming methods. The groundwater management models are based on the method of space superposition or the combination of space and time superposition for steady and unsteady state problems, respectively. In the present study, an algorithm is presented, which minimizes the dimension of the response matrix, concerning on two assumptions: the first is the added fixed cost which represents the water supply pumping well and the second is the removal of time superposition. The study area is a transboundary phreatic aquifer in Northern Greece, in the area of Eidomeni, a small Hellenic village just on the borderline with FYROM. The aquifer has a total area of 10,84 km², 26 operating – pumping wells, which the 9 of them consist control points of the hydraulic head. The number of the management periods is 12 months.     

Towards better water security in North China

Water shortages and related environmental degradation in North China are major issues facing the country. As runoff from the mountainous parts of the region steadily decrease and water resources become overcommitted, serious water and environmental problems have resulted. These include drying-up of rivers, decline in groundwater levels, degradation of lakes and wetlands, and water pollution. Thus, 4000,km of the lower reaches of the Hai River – some 40% of its length – has experienced zero flows and, as result, parts of this river have become an ephemeral stream. The area of wetland within the Basin has decreased from 10,000,km² at the beginning of 1950s to 1,000km² at present. Over-extraction of groundwater occurs beneath 70% of the North China Plain, with the total groundwater over-extraction estimated at 90,billion m³. Thus, problems of water shortage and related environmental issues in North China have become the most significant limiting factors affecting sustainable development in this important region of China. This paper addresses the water security issues facing North China in the 21st Century using the Hai River basin as an example. We describe hydrologic cycles under changing environments, water-saving agriculture, assessment of water resource security, and efforts towards achieving integrated catchment management.