锅称子抽水试验及地下水可采资源的评价

抽水试验是目前各种水文地质勘察中经常用来确定含水层水文地质参数的一种主要手段,在详细勘察阶段,更是其工作的主要内容。通过抽水试验来确定含水层的钻孔涌水量及其与水位降深之间的关系；含水层的水文地质参数；影响半径的大小、降落漏斗的形状及其扩展情况；含水层与含水层之间及其含水层与地表水之间的水力联系等。并通过多孔抽水试验及历年降雨和地下水动态观测与分析,初步对我地区地下水可开采资源做出评价,指导工农韭生产中的地下水开发利用,制定合理的灌溉制度,扩大灌溉面积。     

填海工程背景下半岛地下水流场及污染物运移的数值模拟分析

以古雷半岛为例,基于GMS地下水数值模型探索海砂填海(情景一)、海砂+黏土填海(情景二)、黏土填海(情景三)这三种填海情景对研究区地下水流场及污染物运移的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区在填海背景下地下水水位整体抬升,水位上升幅度由小到大依次为情景一、情景二、情景三,最高升幅达4.78m。(2)不同填海情景下的地下水流场差异在填海区的黏土区域最为明显,情景二、情景三与情景一的地下水水位差最大值分别为4.44 m和8.20m。(3)在仅考虑物理作用的情况下,三种填海情景下污染物运移均呈现以水平运移为主、垂向运移为辅的特点。(4)相较于污染物运移基本相同的情景一与情景二,预测时间30a时,水平方向上情景三污染物迁移面积、迁移速率分别下降23.07%、18.89%;垂向上污染物主要积聚于第一层含水层,情景三观测井在第一层含水层的污染物浓度为情景一(或情景二)的5.87倍。说明采用低渗透性黏土填海对于污染物运移具有一定的阻滞作用。     

地下水石油污染治理的水力截获技术及数值模拟

本文首先分析了地下水中石油类污染的时空分布规律，在此基础上，布置了水力截获工程．水力截获带运行后的结果表明，水力截获技术可以去除地下水中的部分石油类污染物．另外，还对水力截获带运行期间地下水中石油类污染物的运移做了数值模拟，特别是对污染源切断前后地下水中石油类污染物的时空分布规律进行了预测．最后，得出如下结论：（１）查清研究区的水文地质条件是布置治理工程的前提，（２）切断污染源是有效治理的关键．     

地质统计学法在地下水污染溯源中的应用及参数敏感性分析

为了确定地下水污染物来源,将地质统计学方法应用于追溯一维均质含水层中污染源的排放过程,利用数值实验分析了观测点布设位置、污染物浓度观测误差、水动力弥散参数和地下水流速对地质统计学法溯源效果的影响。结果表明,观测点提供的浓度信息能准确反映观测时刻污染物浓度的分布时,根据这些浓度信息可得到好的溯源效果。反演出的污染物排放过程与真实排放过程相似度较高时,污染物浓度测量误差的数量级介于10-6~10-3.5之间,水动力弥散系数的变化幅度在-10%~5%内,实际平均流速的变化幅度在±2%间。在本次数值实验条件下,地质统计学法给出了较好的溯源效果,与观测浓度误差相比,水动力弥散参数和地下水流速对溯源效果影响更显著。     

东光县地下水压采效果及环境影响预测

运用Visual-MODFLOW软件建立东光县地下水流数值模型,对不同压采方案下地下水水位回升效果进行预测,并分析其环境影响。结果表明:仅压采深层地下水(方案1)时,承压含水层水位整体明显抬升,升幅为2.0~11.7 m,其中处于超采区的东光县城区升高幅度最大;同时压采浅层和深层地下水(方案2)时,承压含水层水位增幅在1.4~11.6 m,城区水位增幅依然最大。两种压采方案对潜水含水层的影响有限,潜水位前期出现不同程度的波动,后期水位较为平稳。总体上,两种方案下整个区域主要潜水位埋深为3~4 m;方案2下,个别地段水位埋深为1.8 m,低于本区防盐碱化临界水位埋深2.0 m,可能造成次生盐碱化风险。     

填海工程背景下半岛地下水流场及污染物运移的数值模拟

以古雷半岛为例,基于GMS地下水数值模型探索海砂填海(情景一)、海砂+黏土填海(情景二)、黏土填海(情景三)这三种填海情景对研究区地下水流场及污染物运移的影响。结果表明:(1)研究区在填海背景下地下水水位整体抬升,水位上升幅度由小到大依次为情景一、情景二、情景三,最高升幅达4.78m。(2)不同填海情景下的地下水流场差异在填海区的黏土区域最为明显,情景二、情景三与情景一的地下水水位差最大值分别为4.44 m和8.20m。(3)在仅考虑物理作用的情况下,三种填海情景下污染物运移均呈现以水平运移为主、垂向运移为辅的特点。(4)相较于污染物运移基本相同的情景一与情景二,预测时间30a时,水平方向上情景三污染物迁移面积、迁移速率分别下降23.07%、18.89%;垂向上污染物主要积聚于第一层含水层,情景三观测井在第一层含水层的污染物浓度为情景一(或情景二)的5.87倍。说明采用低渗透性黏土填海对于污染物运移具有一定的阻滞作用。     

陡河流域地表水与地下水转化关系

通过对陡河流域地表水-地下水水样的氢氧同位素分布特征进行分析,发现研究区河岸带第Ⅰ含水层除了受大气降水、灌溉回归水入渗补给外,还接受河水早期的渗漏补给,第Ⅱ含水层对第Ⅲ含水层有越流补给,第Ⅱ含水层同时也受大气降水和灌溉回归水的影响,而远离河岸带的第Ⅳ含水层与上覆各含水层稳定同位素组成显著不同,河岸带水库附近的第Ⅳ含水层可能受地表水库渗漏影响。河岸带地下水与地表水水力联系的变迁严格受河岸带地下水水位变化控制,如景庄子剖面的地下水埋深为5m,雨季时河水补给地下水,旱季时地下水补给河水,而靠近地下水漏斗中心的越河乡剖面地下水水位埋深达25m,其常年受地表水补给。     

基于地下水对洪水响应的含水层水力参数反演

为探寻基于地下水对洪水响应的含水层水力参数反演方法,引进卷积分和优化技术计算含水层的压力传导系数和河床沉积物的阻滞系数,提出了基于Excel的反演计算流程,利用Excel实现了卷积分计算和参数求解。以陕西省榆林地区补浪河为研究区,开展了地下水对洪水响应的含水层参数反演,并与抽水试验确定的含水层水力参数进行了对比验证。结果表明,提出的方法与抽水试验方法计算的含水层的水力参数相差17%,可满足实际工作的需要。     

孙吴北大桥工程施工对地下水位的影响预测

根据桥梁施工场地的地下水含水层特征、基坑开挖特征和库萨金公式确定了基坑开挖的地下水影响半径,根据施工组织设计计算得到孙吴北大桥施工会相继产生两个地下水沉降区,沉降区最大面积为15.0hm~2,最大降深约为5m,沉降区存续时间短,沉降区不具有区域水文地质意义,不会对区域地下水的补给、径流和排泄产生影响,地下水沉降区不会对居民及水源地构成影响。     

基于井水位潮汐响应探讨含水层的水力特征及其变化

为了科学地认识应力荷载对地下水渗流运动规律的影响,揭示井孔-含水层系统与地震活动的响应关系,以华蓥山断裂带附近的大足井和北碚井为例,基于潮汐响应推求观测段含水层水力特征参数,探讨汶川地震对含水层水力特征及地下水流运动状态的影响,并对其变化机制进行解释。结果表明：大足井附近含水层中地下水运动以径向流为主,利用潮汐径向流模型计算出含水层水平渗透系数与以往抽水试验的结果基本一致;北碚井孔-含水层系统中地下水垂向流和径向流并存,引入越流含水层系统模型得到越流系数范围为1.5×10-8~2.5×10-8 s-1;汶川地震后,北碚和大足井水位均发生了阶降变化且含水层中地下水垂向流运动增强,分析认为原因是该区域侏罗系砂岩含水层在较大范围内存在着统一的水力联系,且局部裂隙发育,倾角较大,地震导致含水层发生膨胀变形和裂隙疏通,在重力作用下地下水顺层或沿裂隙通道流动。研究结果有助于提高对含水层受力变形与渗流相互作用的认识,进一步深化井孔-含水层系统对地震活动响应机制的研究     

Potential hydraulic connectivity of coal mine aquifers based on statistical analysis of hydrogeochemistry

Mining activities interfere with the natural groundwater chemical environment, which may lead to hydrogeochemical changes of aquifers and mine water inrush disasters. This study analyzed the hydrochemical compositions of 80 water samples in three aquifers and developed a water source identification model to explore the control factors and potential hydraulic connection of groundwater chemistry in a coal mine. The results showed that the hydrochemical types of the three aquifers were different. The main hydrochemical compositions of the loose-layer, coal-bearing, and limestone aquifers were HCO₃·Cl–Na, SO₄·HCO₃–Na, and SO₄–Na·Ca, respectively. The correlation, Unmix, and factor analyses showed that the hydrochemical composition of groundwater was controlled by the dissolution of soluble minerals (such as calcite, dolomite, gypsum, and halite) and the weathering of silicate minerals. The factor score plot combined with Q-mode cluster analysis demonstrated no remarkable hydraulic connection among the three aquifers in the study area. The water source identification model effectively identified the source of inrush water. Moreover, the mixing ratio model rationally quantified the contributions of the three aquifers to inrush water.     

分层抽水在大厚度含水层水文地质勘查中的应用

为查明深埋于 240 m 以下总厚度达 660 m 的多个大厚度含水层的渗透系数、涌水量、水质等参数, 基于钻孔 岩心和测井资料划分 6 个抽水试段, 利用分层抽水试验进行取样和计算相关参数。研究表明: 研究区洛河组和环 河组平均渗透系数均为上段小于下段, 同一含水岩组上下段含水层之间几乎没有水力联系; 洛河组上段含水层富 含锶优质淡水资源, 可作为城镇集中水源地的目标开采层, 同时要防止过度开采导致水质变差; 单孔多层段含水 层分层抽水试验不仅可以精确获取大厚度含水层的水文地质参数, 还对厘清含水层间越流关系及合理规划地下水开发 利用具有重要意义。     

快速评价海水入侵区地层渗透性实验研究

为快速评价海水入侵区不同埋深地层渗透性,减少实施常规水文地质试验对存在污染含水层的扰动,提出利用振荡试验技术确定滨海地层渗透系数。室内海水入侵砂槽物理模型中实施了注水式振荡试验,在人工潜水含水层和承压含水层中同步监测了试验主井和相邻观测井中水位响应;龙口海水入侵区地下水分层监测井中实施了提水式和注水式振荡试验;利用配线法计算了室内实验和现场实验中目标地层渗透系数。结果表明:海水入侵砂槽物理模型中实施振荡试验为滨海含水层现场利用振荡试验确定不同埋深含水层渗透系数提供了重要经验;相比于提水式振荡试验,注水式振荡试验更易于实施,激发方式(提水和注水)的不同并没有对试验结果造成明显的影响;利用振荡试验在非常短时间内(单井水位恢复时长大部分少于5 min)确定了龙口海水入侵区重要监测断面上不同埋深含水层渗透系数,实验结果准确可靠。     

开采条件下阜阳市深层孔隙水资源分析

阜阳市由于大量集中开采深层孔隙水导致了区域内地下水位不断下降,从而引发了一系列的环境地质问题,如地下水降落漏斗、地面沉降等。为了更合理地利用深层孔隙水以及开展地面沉降防治方面的工作,根据阜阳市1989~2008年20 a均衡期内的地下水开采量以及地面沉降的统计数据,利用水量均衡法对开采条件下深层孔隙水的水资源量进行了计算。计算结果表明:在20 a的均衡期内,开采的深层孔隙水为7.5×10~8m~3,黏性土压密释水量(Q_压)为3.88×10~8m~3,其占比为51.73%,可以看出这是产生地面沉降的直接原因;越流量(Q_越)为3.18×10~8m~3,其占比为42.40%;弹性释水量(Q_弹)为0.44×10~8m~3,占比为5.87%。与多年开采总量8.78×10~8m~3相比,差值为1.28×10~8m~3,误差为14.58%(其误差应为侧向补给量所导致)。根据计算结果,提出了应制定控制地面沉降等地质环境方面问题的管控措施,合理激发浅层地下水对深层地下水的越流补给;同时应增加越流量在地下水开采资源量中的所占份额。     

Characterization of a Regional Aquifer System in the Maritimes Basin,Eastern Canada

A regional hydrogeological study was carried out in the Maritimes provinces, in one of the main aquifer systems in Canada. The study area covers a land surface of 10,500 km², of which 9,400 km² is over Carboniferous and younger rocks. The sedimentary fractured bedrock is composed of a sequence of discontinuous strata of highly variable hydraulic properties, and is overlain by a thin layer of glacial till (mostly 4 to 8 m). Depending on areas, 46 to 100% of the population relies on groundwater for water supply. Almost all residential wells are shallow (28 m on average) open holes that are cased only through the surficial sediments. This paper describes a regional hydrogeological investigation based on targeted fieldwork, the integration of a wide variety of existing multisource datasets and groundwater flow numerical modelling. The aim of this paper is to present the current state of understanding of the aquifer system in a representative area of the Maritimes Basin, along with the methodology used to characterize and analyze its distinct behaviour at the regional, local and point scales. This regional hydrogeological system contains confined and unconfined zones, and its aquifer lenticular strata extend only a few kilometers. Preferential groundwater recharge occurs where sandy tills are present. The estimated mean annual recharge rate to the bedrock aquifers ranges between 130 and 165 mm/year. Several geological formations of this Basin provide good aquifers, with hydraulic conductivity in the range of 5 × 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁴ m/s. Based on numerical flow modelling, faults were interpreted to play a key role in the regional flow. Pumping test results revealed that the aquifers can locally be very heterogeneous and anisotropic, but behave similarly to porous media. Work performed at the local scale indicated that most water-producing fractures generally have a sub-horizontal dip along a north-east (45°) strike.     

Geoelectrical Sounding for the Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity of Alluvial Aquifers

Groundwater is a valuable resource for irrigation water. The use of groundwater for irrigation depends on environmental factors affecting long term sustainability and the costs of extraction which affect the economic viability. The cost of extraction depends upon the depth of drilling required and the rates of groundwater extraction that can be achieved. This is determined by the natural water flow through aquifers and so requires an estimation of hydraulic conductivity (K). In the irrigated area of Pakistan the Geoelectrical method, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was tested to estimate aquifer hydraulic conductivity. A resistivity meter was used to collect VES data by employing a Schlumberger electrode configuration, with half current electrode spacings (AB/2) ranging from 2 to 180 m and the potential electrode (MN) from 1 to 40 m. The field data were interpreted using the Interpex IX1D computer software and the aquifer resistivity (ρ) vs depth models for each location were estimated. A total of 102 groundwater samples from nearby hydrowells at different depths were also collected for Electrical Conductivity (EC) to measure groundwater resistivities (ρ_o). The resultant formation factor (F=ρ/ρ_o) values varied between 0.79 and 12.32 for the entire study area. The extreme values of F obtained from the VES surveys were paired with extreme values of K derived from field tests to provide a linear model of F:K. Seven pumping tests were also carried out to determine K and test the F:K correlation. The empirical relationship developed between the formation factors was highly significant and as such can be helpful for the estimation of hydraulic conductivity for groundwater pumping investigations in this area. This approach to deriving a relationship between the formation factor and hydraulic conductivity can be useful for groundwater investigations elsewhere.     

奎河两岸污灌区浅层地下水氮污染特征及同位素示踪分析

地下水中氮污染主要包括铵态氮和硝态氮,特别是当铵(NH₄⁺)作为地下水的主要污染物时,由于其在含水层中迁移规律复杂,且难以去除,成为研究该问题的难点。在奎河徐州段两岸通过钻孔对浅层地下水进行取样测试分析,研究区浅层地下水中氮的存在形式主要为NH₄⁺,其次为NO₃^-。通过对δ¹⁵N-NH₄⁺同位素分析可知,地下水中约27.3%的NH₄⁺来源于化肥,约72.7%NH₄⁺来自于动物粪便、生活污水等高δ¹⁵N值的污染源;对δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-同位素分析可知,地下水中约有15.2%的NO₃^-来源于化肥和土壤有机氮,63.6%的NO₃^-来源于动物粪便和污水;约21.2%的地下水样本中δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-值超出了污染源的同位素值,可能产生了反硝化作用。     

Groundwater Response to Tidal Fluctuation in an Inhomogeneous Coastal Aquifer-Aquitard System

This paper investigates tide-induced groundwater fluctuation and submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in a leaky inhomogeneous coastal aquifer system with an upper unconfined aquifer, a lower confined aquifer, and an aquitard between them. The upper left aquifer is formed due to land reclamation. The SGD defined as the groundwater flow from land into the sea is controlled mainly by the hydraulic gradient between land and sea. An analytical expression is developed to discuss and assess the effect of inhomogeneity on the groundwater head fluctuation in the leaky aquifer system. Joint effects of aquifers’ parameters such as leakage and hydraulic diffusivity on the groundwater head fluctuation and SGD are investigated. The predicted results from the analytical expression indicate that the groundwater head fluctuation in both unconfined and confined aquifers is dependent on dimensionless leakages and increases with dimensionless hydraulic diffusivity.     

Water quality as an indicator of hydrogeological conditions: a case study of the Belgrade Groundwater Source (Sava/Danube confluence area)

The City of Belgrade receives most of its drinking water supply from the alluvial aquifer of the Sava River. The wells are radial, placed in the lower part of the aquifer, so they partly run below the Sava riverbed. However, the groundwater quality of the wells in one part of the source (near the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers) is found to differ somewhat from the groundwater quality of the other wells. The finding gave rise to additional investigations. The results revealed the existence of a deeper, limestone aquifer which is isolated from upper alluvial sediments by a thick layer of clay in most of the terrain. The naturally potential hydraulic contact of the two aquifers was additionally maintained by well operation in this part of the source. According to multiple analyses of groundwater flow using a hydrodynamic mathematical model, a hydrogeological and hydraulic system of groundwater flow was defined. Although the wells are situated adjacent to the river, and some well laterals are below the riverbed, most of the groundwater that flows to the wells is partly from the wider zone of the alluvial aquifer, and partly from the deeper aquifer. The initial results of hydrochemical investigations also showed an unexpected, inverse oxic character of the groundwater in these two aquifers.