大型双射流流化床的流体动力学特性

在Ф0 .5m× 8m大型双射流流化床中 ,通过摄像、放像逐帧分析法和sthVCD软件分析录像转换的VCD ,得到了不同管间距下双射流典型的运动图像 .同时研究了两射流独立存在区、过渡区和射流合并区 3种流型的相互转变 ,得出了流型转变的关系式 .不同射流管间距下相同射流气速的射流深度相比 ,管间距减小则射流深度减小 ;在较小的管间距和相对高的射流气速下 ,两射流在射流深度之内始终合并 ,表现为射流合并高度 .得出了射流深度、射流合并高度的定量关系式 .分数维关联维数表明大型双射流流化床是一个确定性混沌系统 ,考查了管间距、静床高度对关联维数的影响     

大型单射流流化床的流动特性

在φ500mm×8000mm的大型单射流半圆形流化床中,采用内径为42mm的半圆形射流管,以小米为实验物料,利用摄像法研究了射流气速、静床高度与射流深度的关系,得出了射流深度的定量关联式．藉PC—4光导纤维测浓仪,研究了大型射流流化床径向、轴向空隙率分布规律,最后得出了射流区各点空隙率分布的定量关系式．     

大型射流床流动特性实验研究

在内径 5 0 0 mm的大型半圆型流化床中 ,以属于 Geldart D类的小米为试验物料 ,使用的半圆形喷口内径 42 mm。利用多路压力信号快速循环采集系统和快速傅立叶变换分段功率谱方法采集和处理数据。结果表明射流崩塌的频率随喷口射流气速的增大而增大 ,随静床高度的增大而减小。同时应用摄像法 ,考察了射流深度与喷口射流气速、静床高度的关系 ,结合 30 0× 5 0 mm二维射流床的实验结果 ,得到了射流深度的定量关系式     

气固流化床内射流穿透深度的CFD模拟及其实验验证

在经典的Gidaspow无黏性双流体模型中考虑离散颗粒对流体和固体动量守恒方程的影响后,建立了一个具有模拟大规模流化床内气固两相流体动力学特性潜在优势的简化数学模型。在CFX4.4商业化软件平台上通过增加用户自定义子程序考察了二维气固流化床(高2.00 m、宽0.30 m)内射流气速、喷嘴尺寸、环隙气速和静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响,并以树脂颗粒(粒径670 μm、密度1474 kg·m^-3)为研究对象在厚度为0.025 m的矩形床内进行了对比实验。结果表明,选取空隙率为0.8的等高线作为射流边界比较合适;射流穿透深度随射流气速或射流喷口尺寸的增加而增大;射流周围环隙气速由0变到最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度随环隙气速增加而增大,在最小流化速度时达到最大值,然后随环隙气速增加单调减小,当环隙气速大于2.5倍最小流化速度时,射流穿透深度减小程度变缓;在相同射流气速下射流穿透深度随着静床高度的增加而减小,静床高度对射流穿透深度的影响随着射流气速增加呈现扩大的趋势。     

水力喷射空气旋流器中射流流型及其对传质面积和气相压降的影响

为了进一步提高水力喷射空气旋流器(WSA)的传质效率以及认识射旋流体系的气液传质机理,对WSA中的射流流型进行了系统的观察研究,绘制出了不同进口气速下射流流型图。以CO2-NaOH化学吸收体系测定了相应射流流型下的有效比相界面积a。结果表明,在低射流流速(≤4.42 m·s-1)下,液相射流随着进口气速增大,主要存在稳态射流、变形旋线射流、破碎旋线射流、雾化旋线射流、贴壁雾化旋线射流5种流型;在高射流流速(≥6.19 m·s-1)下,射流主要出现稳态射流、破碎旋线射流以及雾化旋线射流3种流型。a值与流型有关,雾化旋线射流下的a值大于其他流型下的对应值。低流速下的贴壁雾化,不利于气液两相充分接触,对应a值较小。a值与射流流速有一定关系,随着射流速度的增大而略有增大,且随着射流流速增大至8.84 m·s-1以上,增大的幅度变大。     

流化床中射流机制和双射流相互作用

在文献的基础上, 通过实验和模拟的方法研究了射流机制和双射流的相互作用. 采用一个300 mm′51 mm的两维气固流化床,内置两个垂直射流, 使用多路毕托管系统测量射流穿透深度. 使用描述气固流态化的双流体模型进行模拟,用改进的IPSA求解模型方程,通过数值模拟, 讨论了射流产生的机理, 再现了双射流, 并发现双射流的相互作用可分为三类：孤立射流、过渡射流和互作用射流,提出了相应的射流间距判据. 发现影响双射流穿透深度最主要的因素是射流动量、两相间曳力、射流间距和床层表观气速, 建议使用Froude数、Reynolds数、床层表观气速、射流间距和喷口直径来关联不同区域的射流穿透深度. 得到了一个关联式并与文献中的关联式或实验数据做了比较.     

流化床射流深度的研究

综述了近三十年来流化床中垂直向上射流、水平射流射流深度的研究状况,结合笔者在多环隙气速、混合物组分射流深度的一系列研究结果,详细论述了射流深度的测试方法、影响因素（射流气速、固体颗粒物性、床层操作压力、环隙气量、放大效应）,同时对诸多射流深度关联式进行了分析,指出了应注意的问题．探讨了射流深度的研究方向．     

水力喷射空气旋流器中射流流型及其对传质面积和气相压降的影响

为了进一步提高水力喷射空气旋流器（WSA）的传质效率以及认识射旋流体系的气液传质机理,对WSA中的射流流型进行了系统的观察研究,绘制出了不同进口气速下射流流型图。以CO₂-NaOH化学吸收体系测定了相应射流流型下的有效比相界面积a。结果表明,在低射流流速（≤4.42 m·s^-1）下,液相射流随着进口气速增大,主要存在稳态射流、变形旋线射流、破碎旋线射流、雾化旋线射流、贴壁雾化旋线射流5种流型;在高射流流速（≥6.19 m·s^-1）下,射流主要出现稳态射流、破碎旋线射流以及雾化旋线射流3种流型。a值与流型有关,雾化旋线射流下的a值大于其他流型下的对应值。低流速下的贴壁雾化,不利于气液两相充分接触,对应a值较小。a值与射流流速有一定关系,随着射流速度的增大而略有增大,且随着射流流速增大至8.84 m·s^-1以上,增大的幅度变大。     

双射流流化床空隙率的分布

在 ３００ ｍｉｎ×５０ ｍｉｎ×２６００ ｍｍ的二维射流床中,采用内径为 １１ ｍｍ的对称双射流管,研究了等速射流条件下射流管间距、喷口射流气速、静床高度对床层空隙率分布的影响,发现射流管间距、喷口射流气速是双射流产生射流区合并的主要原因;并得到了具体实验条件下空隙率分布的数据．同时研究了双射流管不等速射流条件下空隙率分布的规律．     

气固流化床中侧向射流穿透深度的研究

本文以小米和两种硅胶为物料，在314×25mm的二维射流流化床中，用摄像法研究侧向射流穿透深度，并得到了关联式，误差小于25％．当射流倾角变化范围不大、并忽略射流位置的影响时，可以得到简化公式，误差小于40％使用基于对流体模型的计算机程序进行模拟，分析了射流产生的机理，研究了射流气速、直径、倾角和位置对射流穿透深度的影响．模拟值和实验值较吻合．     

灰熔聚气化装置冷模射流流化床的研究

概述了灰熔聚冷模气固射流流化床的研究现状，内容主要包括：射流形成的条件及流型划分、射流深度、射流势能区、颗粒混合及运动、空隙率分布、气泡行为、分离特性；并预测了今后的研究趋势。     

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON GAS FLOW IN THE GRID ZONE OF JETTING-FLUIDIZED BEDS

A grid model describing the gas flow and interchange in the grid zone of jetting fluidized beds is proposed. Based on this model, longitudinal gas concentration profiles in the jet and annulus are calculated. The longitudinal gas concentration distribution is also experimentally investigated in a jetting fluidized bed with an inside diameter of 50 mm at the ambient temperature, and a jetting fluidized bed with an inside diameter of 80 mm at high temperatures. Comparison between the calculated and experimental results has shown that the experimental profiles can be qualitatively predicted by the grid model. The results indicated that the concentration in the grid zone depends on the gas exchange between the jet and the annulus, and the net gas flow from the jet to the annulus. The gas exchange rate is mainly affected by the inlet gas velocity from the nozzle. The present study is thought to be helpful to understand the grid gas behavior in the jetting fluidized bed coal gasifier.     

Jet penetration depth in a two-dimensional spout-fluid bed

The jet penetration depth was proposed to be an important parameter to describe the jet action during the chemical process of spout-fluid bed coal gasification. A two-dimensional cold model of a spout-fluid bed coal gasifier with its cross section of and height of 2000 mm was established to investigate the jet penetration depth. Four types of Geldart group D particles were used as bed materials. A multi-channel pressure sampling system and a high-resolution digital CCD camera were employed for experimental investigations. The effects of spouting gas velocity, spout nozzle diameter, static bed height, particle property and fluidizing gas flow rate on the jet penetration depth have been systematically studied by pressure signal analysis and image processing. Experimental results indicate that the jet penetration depth increases with increasing spouting gas velocity and spout nozzle diameter, while it decreases with increasing particle density, particle diameter, static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate. Additional, a new correlation considered all of the above effects especially static bed height and fluidizing gas flow rate, was developed for predicting the jet penetration depth in spout-fluid beds. The correlation was compared with published experimental data or correlations, which was in well agreement with the present experimental results and some other references.     

Comparison of jetting phenomena in 30-cm and 3-m diameter semicircular fluidized beds

Jetting phenomena in a 30-cm and a 3-m diameter semicircular transparent cold flow models were compared. Momentum dissipation, jet penetration depth, and jet velocity profiles were studied by visual observation and pitot tube traverse. Gas interchange between the jet and the emulsion phase of the fluidized bed was investigated by injection of tracer gas helium or carbon dioxide. The two-phase Froude number first proposed empirically to correlate the jet penetration depth was found to be still applicable for large jets up to 255-mm in diameter. A theoretical basis based on buoyancy is suggested for the applicability of the two-phase Froude number. Extension of the Froude number to apply in the case of two-phase jets where jets also carry solids and in the case of concentric jets is also outlined. Not only the gas velocity profiles in the jet are similar, tracer gas injection data indicated that gas concentration profiles in the jet are also similar as well.     

Experimental and numerical study of fluid dynamic parameters in a jetting fluidized bed of a binary mixture

The solid circulation pattern, the voidage profile, and the jet penetration height have been investigated experimentally and computationally in a cold-flow model of jetting fluidized beds (JFBs) of a binary mixture in this paper. This rectangular two-dimensional bed is 0.30 m wide and 2.05 m high with a central jet and a conical distributor, which roughly stands for the ash-agglomerating fluidized-bed coal gasifier. A video camera and coloured particle tracer method were employed to explore the fluid dynamics in the bed. In terms of the average physical properties of binary mixtures, a hydrodynamic model describing the gas-solid flow characteristics in a jetting bed is resolved by using a modified Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equation (SIMPLE) algorithm. This paper focuses on three features of the fluid dynamics—solid circulation pattern, voidage profile, and jet penetration height. The solid circulation pattern is composed of three regions: the jetting region, the bubble street, and the annular region. Above the central nozzle the time-averaged isoporosity contours are almost elliptic, while near the walls of the bed, the voidage in high solid concentration region is approximately equal to that at the minimum fluidization state. The jet penetration height increases with increasing jet gas velocity and with decreasing average particle diameter. The increase in weight percentage of the lighter component in the binary system reveals that reduction of average density causes the enlargement of jet penetration height. The simulated results show good agreement with the experimental data.     

Statistical study of the grid zone behavior in a shallow gas—solid fluidized bed using a mini-capacitance probe

The behavior of the grid zone in a shallow-air-sand fluidized bed was studied by means of a mini-capacitance probe coupled with the on-line correlation technique. Experiments were carried out in a bed with a diameter of 203 mm. The bed had a height of 50 mm and was operated at different air flow rates. A perforated “plexiglas” plate with a hole diameter of 1.59 mm and a thickness of 9.53 mm was used as the distributor. The technique has been found to be effective in determining locally or microscopically the jet penetration depth and the dead zone height. The phenomenon of jetting in a shallow gas—solid fluidized bed is described semi-quantitatively.     

CFD simulation of jet behaviors in a binary gas-solid fluidized bed: comparisons with experiments

Based on the experimental observation of the fluidization characteristics of solid mixtures (resin and rapeseed) with different densities and sizes, the jet behaviours of the binary system are simulated in a two-dimensional jetting fluidized bed 0.30 m in width and 2.00 m in height. A simple mathematical model, by introducing two additional force terms in both gas and particle phase momentum equations of Gidaspow’s inviscid two-fluid model, is used to explore the effects of jet gas velocity and mixture combination on the jet penetration depth in the fluidized bed with a binary system. Experimental results show that there is a fluidization velocity interval (u_if-u_ff) for the resin-on-rapeseed (flotsam-on-jetsam) segregated bed. The simulated jet penetration depth increases with the increase of jet gas velocity and the volume fraction of the flotsam (resin), which is in fair agreement with experimental data. The above findings show that the hydrodynamic model of Brandani and Zhang (2006), by introducing the average physical properties from Goossens et al.(1971), can be used to predict the jet behaviors of a well-mixing binary system.