Towards standardisation of proof load testing: pilot test on viaduct Zijlweg

Proof load tests of bridges can be very useful for structures with a lack of information, or for structures of which the effect of material degradation is difficult to assess. Contrary to diagnostic load testing, proof load testing is not well-defined in current standards in terms of required load and analysis of measurements. The risk related to the high loads used in proof load testing requires standardisation for these tests. The paper highlights important considerations for proof load testing that may lead to the development of guidelines in the Netherlands, by illustrating a pilot study on the viaduct Zijlweg in the Netherlands. This reinforced concrete bridge rates too low in shear. Topics of interest are the required load that the bridge has to withstand to be approved by the load test and the interpretation of the measurements during the test to avoid permanent damage to the structure. These measurements were compared to the stop criteria from existing codes for buildings, to examine if recommendations for the use with bridges can be formulated. The final result of the test on this case study is that the capacity of the viaduct is proven to be sufficient for shear and bending moment.     

预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构抗震性能研究综述

为加快建筑工业化进程,预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构近年来成为研究重点。对预制混凝土剪力墙结构抗震性能相关内容进行了回顾总结:1)预制剪力墙结构震害情况;2)国内外预制钢筋混凝土大板结构、无粘结后张拉预应力预制混凝土剪力墙结构、预制叠合剪力墙结构研究成果;3)预制钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的水平接缝、竖向接缝、钢筋连接方式等研究进展。并对预制剪力墙结构国内抗震设计规范进行了简要介绍,就装配式剪力墙结构今后研究重点与待解决问题给出了建议。     

钢骨混凝土梁柱框支剪力墙试验与恢复力模型研究

针对工程中经常使用的框支剪力墙结构,提出采用钢骨混凝土转换梁、框支柱对其加强,以改善结构抗震性能。进行了4榀1/4缩尺比例的模型试件拟静力试验,施加竖向荷载和单调及往复水平荷载,其中3榀试件采用钢骨混凝土转换梁和框支柱,1榀试件采用钢筋混凝土转换梁和框支柱。研究了结构承载力、变形、刚度、延性、耗能能力和破坏形态。试验结果表明,结构配置钢骨后各项性能指标均得到改善,延性系数可提高2.29~3.43倍。基于理论公式及试验数据,进一步建立了单调荷载和往复荷载作用下结构三折线型恢复力模型,模型考虑了强度退化和刚度退化,与试验结果较为吻合。     

木-混凝土组合梁剪力连接件研究现状综述

木-混凝土组合结构是在木结构和混凝土结构基础上发展起来的一种新型结构。试验研究表明,当木梁和混凝土板用可靠的剪力连接件连接起来共同作用时,抗弯承栽力和抗弯刚度都有较大的提高。文章总结了近年来国内外木-混凝土组合结构的特点,主要介绍了国内外木-混凝土组合结构剪力连接件的研究现状,展望了我国现阶段木-混凝土组合梁剪力连接件领域的研究方向。     

某超市管道改造混凝土梁开洞鉴定与加固处理

现代建筑领域针对结构的改造已经十分普遍,很多改造施工都会在结构构件上开洞,例如在房屋梁、板、柱以及剪力墙等构件上开洞。开洞不可避免地对构件截面产生削弱,容易导致结构体系作用荷载、约束条件发生变化,相应的结构构件受力性能也会发生变化,而原结构构件截面或配筋往往都不能继续满足承载能力及正常使用的要求。因此,有必要对该类建筑结构进行开洞后的鉴定,并在此基础上提出经济、合理、有效的加固处理措施。文章结合某超市消防管道改造工程中梁体后开洞鉴定实例,详细介绍了鉴定分析的过程,以便为类似工程处理提供参考。     

Einführung in die Neuausgabe von DIN 1045-1

Introduction in the New Edition of DIN 1045-1 Resulting from editing of the National Annex of the new European design standard for concrete structures Eurocode 2 and under consideration of experiences with the use and interpretation of the German design standard a consolidated new edition of DIN 1045-1 is published in 2008. In this paper the changes and their backgrounds in the new edition of DIN 1045-1 are explained. This paper will clarify the new or changed rules for – the moisture classes because of alkali-silica-reaction (ASR) – the concrete cover – the effective creep coefficient – the temperature intervals for steel characteristics – the minimum shear resistance – the shear interfaces – the increase of shear for punching at wall-end and -corner – the reinforcing steel fatigue characteristics – the crack width limiting minimum reinforcement for thick members – the transverse reinforcement in the lap zone and at columns – the ductility reinforcement     

最小配箍率下钢筋混凝土简支梁受剪性能试验研究

为研究配置最小配箍率有腹筋梁的受剪性能,以配箍率、剪跨比和混凝土强度为变量,完成了集中荷载作用下36根钢筋混凝土简支梁(12根无腹筋梁和24根有腹筋梁)的受剪性能试验,对其裂缝发展、破坏形态、临界斜裂缝倾角、主斜裂缝荷载、受剪承载力及跨中挠度等进行了分析.结果 表明,最小配箍梁与无腹筋梁的裂缝发展、破坏形态差异较大,剪...     

Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams by means of vertical prestressed reinforcement

Strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) elements critical to shear with prestressed transversal reinforcement can be an efficient method to increase the shear resistance of structures, allowing the development of the full flexural capacity. However, research on the performance of this technique is very limited, and methods for designing the optimum amount of prestressed transversal reinforcement and assessing the retrofitted structure have not been produced yet. Nonlinear finite element models are an important tool regarding predicting the efficiency of these interventions. In this paper, a shear-sensitive fibre beam formulation is extended in order to account for the effects of unbonded vertical external prestressed reinforcement in the structural response of RC beams. The model is validated with experimental tests available in literature, succeeding in capturing the gain of shear strength brought by different strengthening solutions. A parametric study is performed to find the optimal quantity of transversal reinforcement that ensures flexural failure mechanism in a beam with insufficient internal shear reinforcement. The relative simplicity of the numerical model makes it suitable for engineering practice.     

钢筋混凝土板柱节点受冲切承载力计算方法分析

钢筋混凝土板柱节点受冲切承载力是目前板柱结构存在的突出问题,对确保此类结构的安全性至关重要。在国内外大量研究的基础上,回顾了国内外学者提出的板柱节点受冲切承载力模型理论的发展过程,重点阐述了桁架模型、临界剪切裂缝理论、塑性理论、切向应变理论和临界截面应变理论等。针对板柱节点受冲切承载力的几种典型计算方法,深入分析了混凝土强度、板有效高度、配筋率、纵筋屈服强度和柱边长等参数对板柱节点受冲切承载力的影响,并利用试验数据分析了各种计算方法的适用性及局限性,提出对板柱节点受冲切承载力计算方法的认识并阐述其发展方向。     

混凝土结构加固设计

随着我国经济的发展,建筑的改造加固被提升到了我国城市建设的显著位置,为了满足新的使用功能要求部分老建筑在改造过程中需要采取必要的加固措施。文章阐述了混凝土结构建筑的加固原理,详细介绍了混凝土结构加固常用的方法及技术,并且论述了结构加固过程中需要注意的事项。     

碳纤维对梁抗剪加固时的优化布置探讨

依据《碳纤维片材加固修复混凝土结构技术规程CECS146：2003》,引入加固长度,推导碳纤维对钢筋混凝土梁斜截面抗剪加固的优化布置,得出结论：对一根钢筋混凝土梁要想达到预期的加固受剪承载力,当碳纤维布带间距越小所使用碳纤维片材面积就越小,也就是说越经济。理论推导结果与众多试验结果一致。     

剪力墙结构置换加固应力重分布

为深入揭示无支撑置换混凝土加固过程中剪力墙的受力变化规律,对某剪力墙住宅结构无支撑置换加固施工进行全过程监测。基于ABAQUS有限元分析软件,采用生死单元、等效升温以及添加场变量的方法实现剪力墙施工全过程模拟。结合施工监测数据及有限元模拟结果分析了置换剪力墙及与置换剪力墙相连的梁、楼板受力变化过程; 最后给出了考虑应力重分布后,无支撑分段置换墙体正截面受压承载力计算方法。结果表明:有限元模拟方法能有效模拟混凝土无支撑置换加固施工过程; 由于剪力墙分段拆除和置换,墙体出现了应力重分布现象,且应力重分布程度与墙体分段施工顺序有关; 应力重分布会引起墙体洞口处出现应力集中,但应力集中对加固效果的影响较小,同时还会影响与置换剪力墙相邻的连梁、楼板结构的受力,导致该处应力增加; 建议对剪力墙结构进行无支撑置换加固时,有必要通过分段优化设计和受压承载力复核控制应力重分布的影响。     

高烈度地区框架-核心筒结构中美抗震设计方法对比

按照中美相关抗震设计规范分别对位于中国8度抗震设防区和美国典型高烈度区域（旧金山地区）的两栋层高与结构相似的钢筋混凝土框架 核心筒高层建筑结构进行了设计。介绍了抗震设计过程中根据中美相关抗震规范确定的地震作用参数与材料强度,比较了两国混凝土结构尤其是剪力墙结构抗震构造措施的异同。建立了两结构的空间弹性分析模型,采用振型分解反应谱法计算了两结构的弹性地震响应,比较了两结构自振周期、基底剪力、层剪力、结构层间变形、构件尺寸、配筋以及连梁受剪承载力等。计算结果表明：按照两国设计规范分别设计的结构,其设计地震作用水平相当;根据美国规范设计的结构连梁受剪承载力与中国规范设计方案相比偏低,约为中国规范设计方案的0.63~0.95倍;中美两国规范设计的剪力墙约束边缘构件的范围与配筋差异较大,中国规范设计方案剪力墙约束边缘构件内纵筋和箍筋集中在端部固定范围内,美国规范设计的箍筋约束范围大,对应端部固定范围的配筋比中国规范配筋量小。     

竹筋混凝土梁构件力学性能研究

基于钢筋混凝土结构理论,对竹筋混凝土梁的力学性能进行研究,提出了竹筋混凝土梁的计算方法。对竹筋混凝土梁的配筋、受弯和受剪承载力进行了计算,验算了挠度,并与钢筋混凝土梁进行了对比,为竹筋混凝土构件应用于结构次要部位的可行性提供参考。     

边缘配置高强纵筋装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙抗震性能研究#br#

为促进高性能绿色建筑结构发展,推动高强钢筋和中高强再生混凝土的工程应用,研发了边缘构件采用环筋扣合连接方式且配置高强纵筋的装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙,对6个剪跨比为2.2的装配式混凝土剪力墙进行了低周反复荷载试验。分析了不同再生粗骨料取代率、混凝土强度、边缘暗柱纵筋强度及搭接位置对装配式再生混凝土剪力墙的破坏形态、滞回性能、承载力、延性、刚度退化规律、耗能能力等抗震性能指标以及可恢复性能的影响。试验结果表明：边缘构件配置高强钢筋的装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的破坏形态以弯曲破坏为主;再生粗骨料取代率对装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的承载力、延性和耗能能力影响不大,各剪力墙均具有较好的抗震性能;边缘暗柱采用HRB600纵筋可有效提高装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的承载力、耗能能力和可恢复性能;边缘暗柱纵筋在剪力墙底部塑性铰区搭接,会导致装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙的延性明显下降。给出了边缘配置HRB600纵筋的装配式中高强再生混凝土剪力墙水平承载力计算式,计算结果表明普通混凝土剪力墙的水平承载力计算模型同样适用于该装配式剪力墙结构。     

Modeling of debonding failure for RC beams strengthened in shear with NSM FRP reinforcement

The shear capacity of reinforced concrete members can be successfully increased using near-surface mounted (NSM) fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. Tests conducted thus far have shown that failure is often controlled by diagonal tension associated to debonding between the NSM reinforcement and the concrete substrate. In absence of steel stirrups and/or when the spacing of the NSM reinforcement is large, debonding involves separately each of the bars crossed by the critical shear crack. In order for shear strengthening of beams with NSM reinforcement to be safely designed, an analytical model able to encompass the failure mode mentioned above must be developed. This paper presents two possible approaches, a simplified and a more sophisticated one, to predict the FRP contribution to the shear capacity. In the first approach, suitable for immediate design use, an ideally plastic bond–slip behavior of the NSM reinforcement is assumed, which implies a complete redistribution of the bond stresses along the reinforcement at ultimate. The second approach, implemented numerically, accounts for detailed bond–slip modeling of the NSM reinforcement, considering different types of local bond–slip laws calibrated during previous experimental investigations. It also takes advantage of an approach developed by previous researchers to evaluate the interaction between the contributions of steel stirrups and FRP reinforcement to the shear capacity. The paper illustrates the two models and compares their predictions, with the ultimate goal to evaluate whether the first simple model can be used expecting the same safety in predictions of the second model.     

冲击荷载下棚洞抗冲切性能研究

本文对落石冲击下棚洞钢筋混凝土顶板的破坏形式进行了研究,并按整体抗力相等的原则将板内配筋等效为薄钢板,在考虑垫层缓冲作用的基础上讨论了混凝土强度、棚洞顶板厚度以及顶板内所配钢筋的配筋间距、横纵向钢筋直径等因素对提高顶板抗冲切破坏性能的影响。结果表明:即使冲击速度不大,大质量的破坏性落石仍然会导致顶板贯穿块形成;板内配筋对贯穿块的阻力随着配筋间距的增大而减小,两者成反比例关系;横、纵向钢筋直径对配筋对贯穿块的阻力有显著影响,配筋阻力与横、纵向钢筋直径的平方之和成正比;垫层对落石冲击力的分散作用使得顶板上部的加载面积变大,这可以在一定程度上提高棚洞顶板的抗冲切承载力以及板内配筋对贯穿块的阻力;棚洞顶板的剪切破坏受多种因素控制,因此,在实际工程中应对棚洞所在区域的地质情况进行综合分析以对其进行设计。     

复合墙板受力性能平面有限元分析

对三组复合墙板试件进行了平面有限元分析并与拟静力试验结果进行了比较,分析了骨架曲线、墙板裂缝分布及发展、钢筋应力分布等。分析表明,由斜拉筋连接的复合墙板在边框的约束下各部分能够很好地共同工作,其受力性能接近或优于普通实心剪力墙,为将复合墙板简化为普通实心剪力墙进行设计提供了试验和理论依据。边框面积的增大以及边框配筋的增加在一定程度上可以大大提高复合墙板的承载能力以及延性耗能性能,但要注意边框尺寸和配筋的匹配问题。     

Schubversuche an simulierten Durchlaufbalken ohne Querkraftbewehrung

Shear test on simulated continuous beams without shear reinforcement This paper presents an experimental investigation on the shear behavior of continuous beams without shear reinforcement. A total of five rectangular 2‐span reinforced concrete beams under a uniform load were tested. In each beam the shear failure was arranged to take place in the main span, while the short span was highly reinforced by stirrups. The reaction at the end support of the short span was adjusted by different schemas during the test in order to obtain different M/V‐ratios at the main span. By this means significant differences in the failure location and thus the maximum shear force at failure between continuous beams have been observed. The experimental observations showed that the shear resistance is not a pure sectional property but it represents rather a structural character, which cannot be described by the model included in EC 2. The observations were interpreted using the proposed approach and generally could be well explained. Based on the knowledges obtained from this investigation and some other experimental programs, this paper suggests some remarks on the planning of test for continuous beams that conforms to the behavior of concrete structures in the practice.     

Zur Momentenumlagerung in Elementdecken mit Gitterträgern

Moment Redistribution in Precast Plates with Lattice Girders Semi precast slabs consist of precast plates with lattice girders and an in‐situ concrete topping. The structural behaviour is nearly equivalent to monolithic slabs. However, the shear capacity at the interface between precast element and concrete topping has to design thoroughly. Although technical approvals of lattice girders do not allow non‐linear analysis due to insufficient experience, a linear elastic analysis with limited moment redistribution is permitted. For a moment redistribution of 30% the use of class B (high ductility) reinforcement is required according to DIN 1045‐1. Hereby, a sufficient rotation capacity has to be ensured for both bending reinforcement and lattice girder, too. Beam tests with lattice girders of class A (normal ductility) reinforcing steel have performed at the institute of structural concrete at RWTH Aachen University revealed high plastic rotations without reducing the shear capacity.