Effects of space and temperature dependent internal heat generation/absorption on MHD flow of a nanofluid over a stretching sheet

In this paper we analyzed the effects of space and temperature dependent internal heat generation/absorption(non-uniform heat source/sink) on magnetohydrodynamic boundary layer flow of water based nanofluid over a stretching sheet with different nanoparticles. The flow is generated due to linear stretching of the sheet and influenced by uniform magnetic field, which is applied normally to the stretching sheet. A scaling group of transformation is used to reduce the governing momentum and energy equations into non-linear ordinary differential equations. The resulting differential equations are solved analytically using hypergeometric functions and numerically by the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique. The influence of nanoparticle volume fraction, magnetic field, Prandtl number, non uniform heat source/sink, local skin friction coefficient and reduced Nusselt number are investigated for different nanoparticles.     

Free-surface flow past a submerged cylinder

This study employs a Lagrangian frame numerical method to investigate two-dimensional free-surface flow induced by a submerged moving cylinder. This method combines the advantages of vortex methods and boundary integral methods, and is capable of capturing the complex motion of free surface and vortices. A series of computations are performed to investigate the effects of Froude number, the depth of submergence and still water depth on the flow motion. Free surface deformation, wake vortex and hydrodynamic forces are studied.

     

Numerical simulation of viscous flow past an oscillating square cylinder using a CIP-based model

The flow past an in-line forced oscillating square cylinder at Reynolds number of 200 is studied using an in-house code, named constrained interpolation profile method developed in Zhejiang University(CIP-ZJU). The model is established in the Cartesian coordinate system using the CIP method to discretise the Navier-Stokes equations. The fluid-structure interaction is treated as a multiphase flow of the liquid and solid phases to be solved simultaneously. An immersed boundary method is used to deal with the boundary of the solid body. The CFD model is first applied to the computation of the flow past a fixed square cylinder for its validation. Computations are then performed for the flow past a square cylinder oscillating in the streamwise direction. Considerable attention is paid to the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes of the vortex shedding in the oscillating square cylinder wake. Various oscillation amplitudes and frequencies are simulated and their effects on the vortex shedding modes are analyzed via Lissajous patterns of the unsteady lift coefficient. The relationship among the lift coefficient, the drag coefficient and the lock-on range is also investigated quantitatively.     

A numerical model of a saturated-unsaturated porous flow system

The paper presents a numerical model of transient, saturated-unsaturated water flow through a porous medium. The model solves Richards' equation, which is assumed to present water flow in both unsaturated and saturated zones. The equation is solved by the implicit iterative finite difference method, using the over-relaxation technique. The model is tested by comparison with published laboratory experiments. The agreement between measured and computed values is very good for both infiltration and drainage experiments. The purpose of the model is the prediction of a soil-water regime either in natural conditions or under the influence of an irrigation or drainage system.     

前后缘改形翼型的流动控制机理研究

针对前后缘及上下表面正弦波浪型改形翼型对前缘流动分离及失速的影响,采用大涡模拟湍流模型对改形翼型在雷诺数1.6×105下不同攻角的流动控制机理进行了数值研究.研究表明,相对于NACA0012直翼型,改形翼型由于其前后缘及上下表面沿展向呈正弦波浪型变化的结构特性,使其在失速区得到了更平缓的升力曲线.在小攻角(α≤ 12°)工况,改形翼型的升力系数稍小,然而在大攻角(α≥15°)工况,其升力系数明显提高,最高可达20％.前后缘改形的扰流使得改形翼型前缘流动分离在最大截面处延迟了,分离线移至大约0.25c的位置,这样的三维流动结构有效的减少了升力在失速区的突降.     

掺气水流掺气浓度缩尺影响的估计

根据紊动扩散理论和相似理论导出了掺气水流试验的9个模型相似律。研究表明,若要求掺气水流的掺气浓度原、模型相似,并按重力相似律引伸,则掺气气泡的上浮速度应和水流流速一样满足重力相似律。在模型采用和原型相同的介质,即水和空气进行试验时,由于气泡上浮速度不相似,引起掺气浓度巨大的缩尺影响,本文首次对这种影响进行定量估计。研究表明,模型的比尺λL应足够大,以减小掺气浓度的缩尺影响。     

Experimental investigation of flow past a circular cylinder with hydrophobic coating

A series of experiments are performed in a gravitational low-speed water tunnel to investigate the influence of the hydrophobic coating on the flow past a circular cylinder. The mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles behind the cylinders are measured using the hot-film anemometer while the separation angles are obtained with the flow visualization technology. For the Reynolds number lower than 3 800, the hydrophobic coatings are in the Cassie state, the velocity deficit and the turbulence intensity in the wake of the hydrophobic cylinders are lower than those of the smooth cylinders which implies the drag reduction effect of the hydrophobic coatings. When the Reynolds number becomes higher than 6 600, the hydrophobic coatings turn into the Wenzel state. Through decomposing the velocity data in the turbulent wake into different scales based on the orthogonal wavelet transform, it is found that the total turbulence intensity in the wake of the hydrophobic cylinders becomes almost the same as in the wake of the smooth cylinders while the intensity of the large scales of vortex components in the wake of the hydrophobic cylinders is still lower. Furthermore, the separation angles show the same trend as a function of the Reynolds number but always take smaller values for the hydrophobic cylinders.     

线性剪切来流对方柱绕流特性影响的数值分析

为研究线性剪切来流对方柱绕流特性的影响,将对流出口边界条件引入特征线算子分裂有限元法中,建立了线性剪切来流的方柱绕流数值模型,并采用均匀来流的方柱绕流模拟结果验证了该模型计算方柱绕流问题的可靠性。数值模拟结果表明,剪切参数k对方柱绕流尾部形成的两排涡影响明显,涡脱落在k较大时被抑制,在k≥0.4时涡量最终形成一个类似三角形的区域;驻点随k的增加逐渐向高速侧分离点移动,在k≥0.3时驻点的位置不再发生变化;平均阻力系数在0.2≤k≤0.25时发生较大变化,平均升力系数在k≥0.2时为负。     

Entropy generation analysis for the peristaltic flow of Cu-water nanofluid in a tube with viscous dissipation

The purpose of the current investigation is to examine the influence of different physical parameters on the entropy generation. The entropy generation number due to heat transfer and fluid friction is formulated. The velocity and temperature distributions across the tube are presented along with pressure attributes. Exact analytical solution for velocity and temperature profile is obtained. It is found that the entropy generation number attains high values in the region close to the walls of the tube, while it falls to low values near the center of the tube.     

Numerical simulation of flow past circular duct

The Renormalization Group(RNG)k-ε turbulence model and Volume of Fluid(VOF)method were employed to simulate the flow past a circular duct in order to obtain and analyze hydraulic parameters.According to various upper and bottom gap ratios,the force on the duct was calculated.When the bottom gap ratio is 0,the drag force coefficient,lift force coefficient,and composite force reach their maximum values,and the azimuth reaches its minimum.With an increase of the bottom gap ratio from 0 to 1,the drag force coefficient and composite force decrease sharply,and the lift force coefficient does not decreases so much,but the azimuth increases dramatically.With a continuous increase of the bottom gap ratio from 1 upward,the drag force coefficient,lift force coefficient,composite force,and azimuth vary little.Thus,the bottom gap ratio is the key factor influencing the force on the circular duct.When the bottom gap ratio is less than 1,the upper gap ratio has a remarkable influence on the force of the circular duct.When the bottom gap ratio is greater than 1,the variation of the upper gap ratio has little influence on the force of the circular duct.     

Mixed convection flow of jeffrey nanofluid with thermal radiation and double stratification

This article addresses the two-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow of magnetohydrodynamic(MHD) Jeffrey nanofluid with mixed convection. Effects of thermal radiation, thermophoresis, Brownian motion and double stratifications are taken into account. Rosseland's approximation is utilized for the thermal radiation phenomenon. Convergent series solutions of velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration are developed. Graphs of dimensionless temperature and nanoparticle concentration are presented to investigate the influences of different emerging parameters. The values of skin-friction coefficient, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are computed and discussed for both Jeffrey and viscous fluids cases. We have observed that the temperature profile retarded for the larger values of Deborah number while an enhancement is noticed with the increasing values of ratio of relaxation to retardation times. Increasing values of thermal and nanoparticle concentration stratifications lead to a reduction in the temperature and nanoparticle concentration. The values of local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are larger for the viscous fluid case when compared with Jeffrey fluid.     

开孔桥墩墩后水动力特性PIV试验

为探讨桥墩上设置开孔对墩后水流结构的影响,采用粒子图像测试技术(PIV)对矩形开孔桥墩墩后的水平面和立面流场进行了测量,并对墩后的水流结构进行了分析。结果表明:矩形开孔桥墩能够改变开孔位置所在水深处尾流的运动规律,贯穿方孔的高速水流与墩侧绕流以及墩后低速区水流形成强烈的剪切作用,抑制了大尺度旋涡的发展与运动,并且切断了墩后底部水流的上升运动轨迹;墩后瞬时流场存在周期性的运动规律,具有高度间歇特性。     

方柱绕流CFX三维数值模拟

该文利用计算流体力学软件CFX,对恒定来流条件下黏性不可压缩流体的圆柱和方柱绕流进行了数值模拟。采用有限体积法和SIMPLE计算方法,求解不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程。首先开展雷诺数(Re)等于100和300时的圆柱和方柱绕流问题的二维数值模拟,分析比较了网格大小和时间步长对模拟结果的影响,并比较了不同柱体情况下的流体流动的差异性。进而对Re=100、300时方柱绕流问题进行了三维数值模拟,重点分析了各截面上阻力和升力系数、Strouhal数以及涡量特性与二维结果的差异。发现Re=300时,周向压力、速度场和涡量场与Re=100时相比存在明显的三维特性,并且由于二维流动结构发展成三维流动结构时需要消耗能量,导致三维的阻力升力系数计算结果均小于二维计算结果。研究表明,该文的数值结果与文献结果吻合良好。     

多孔方型人工鱼礁绕流的数值模拟研究

数值模拟得到了5种不同来流速度(0.1 ～0.8 n/s)下的多孔方型人工鱼礁周围的水流场.过礁体中心的铅垂面上速度分布表明:①不同来流速度下,上升流的最大速度和平均速度均分别为来流速度的0.74倍和0.12倍,上升流最大高度均为礁体高度的2.6 ～2.7倍,背涡区的长度和高度均分别为礁体高度的4倍和1.25倍;②在靠近礁体背流面形成水流方向与来流方向相一致的透水区.过礁体中心的水平面上速度分布表明:①不同来流速度下,背涡区的长度和宽度均分别为礁体宽度的4倍和1.8倍;②在鱼礁内部形成水流方向杂乱的旋涡区.本研究还初步比较了多孔方型人工鱼礁绕流与无孔方型人工鱼礁绕流的流场效应异同点.     

Natural convective heat transfer and nanofluid flow in a cavity with top wavy wall and corner heater

A numerical analysis of natural convection of nanofluid in a wavy-walled enclosure with an isothermal corner heater has been carried out. The cavity is heated from the left bottom corner and cooled from the top wavy wall while the rest walls are adiabatic. Mathematical model has been formulated using the single-phase nanofluid approach. Main efforts have been focused on the effects of the dimensionless time, Rayleigh number, undulation number, nanoparticle volume fraction and length of corner heaters on the fluid flow and heat transfer inside the cavity. Numerical results have been presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, velocity and temperature profiles, local and average Nusselt numbers. It has been found that nanoparticle volume fraction essentially affects both fluid flow and heat transfer while undulation number changes significantly only the heat transfer rate.     

坡面流阻力规律试验研究

通过实验室人工隆雨水槽试验，初步研究了坡面浅层均匀流及由降雨形成的浅层沿程变量流的流动阻力规律，根据试验中观察到的物理现象及对实测资料的分析，进一步明确了坡面浅层水汉与一般明渠流水力特性的差别，揭示了降雨、坡度和表面粗糙度对浅层流流动特性的影响，提出了“伪层流”的概念，根据实测资料建立了不同流区的Ｄarcy-Weisbach阻力参数f的定量关系式，研究成果可用于坡面流汇流计算及土壤侵蚀、产沙模拟等生产实践。     

方型人工鱼礁周围水流运动的数值模拟研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)技术,模拟得到了5种不同来流速度(0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8 m/s)下方型人工鱼礁(边长为3 m)周围的水流场。铅垂平面上的计算结果表明:当水流贴近礁体迎流面时,水流抬升而形成上升流;不同来流速度工况下,上升流最大速度均约为来流速度的0.64倍,上升流平均速度均为来流速度的0.12倍,而上升流的最大高度为礁体高度的2.62～2.65倍;由于流动分离,在礁体顶面形成一小旋涡区,而在礁体背水面后端形成背涡区;5种来流速度下的背涡区长度均为礁体高度的3.0～3.5倍,而背涡区高度为礁体高度的1.1～1.2倍。水平面上的计算结果表明:紧贴礁体四周为水流减速区,在礁体两侧形成小旋涡区(缓流区),而在礁体背部形成一大旋涡区(背涡区);背涡区内的水流旋涡结构随来流速度大小而变,但背涡区的最大宽度基本不随来流速度的改变而改变,约为礁体宽度的2倍。     

基于LES方法圆柱绕流三维数值模拟

该文采用计算流体软件CFX5中Large-eddy simulation(LES)模型计算了均匀流场中三维圆柱绕流的水动力特性。使用有限体积法对三维N-S方程进行求解。数值模拟着重研究了高雷诺数时展向各截面的压力、阻力、升力及涡管特性。数值计算结果表明:展向各截面柱体受力关于中截面对称且小于二维情况,柱体周围流场呈现明显的三维特性。     

Effects of variable fluid properties on the thin film flow of Ostwald-de Waele fluid over a stretching surface

We investigate, in this paper, the effects of thermo-physical properties on the flow and heat transfer in a thin film of a power-law liquid over a horizontal stretching surface in the presence of a viscous dissipation. The fluid properties, namely the fluid viscosity and the fluid thermal conductivity, are assumed to vary with temperature. Using a similarity transformation, the governing partial differential equations with a time dependent boundary are converted into coupled non-linear Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) with variable coefficients. Numerical solutions of the coupled ODEs are obtained by a finite difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. Results for the velocity and temperature distributions are presented graphically for different values of the pertinent parameters. The effects of unsteady parameter on the skin friction, the wall temperature gradient and the film thickness are presented and analyzed for zero and non-zero values of the temperature-dependent thermo-physical properties. The results obtained reveal many interesting features that warrant further study on the non-Newtonian thin film fluid flow phenomena, especially the shear-thinning phenomena.     

2-D eddy resolving simulations of flow past a circular array of cylindrical plant stems

In the present study, 2-D large eddy simulations(LES) are conducted for flow past a porous circular array with a solid volume fraction(SVF) of 8.8%, 15.4% and 21.5%. Such simulations are relevant to understanding flow in natural streams and channels containing patches of emerged vegetation. In the simulations discussed in the paper, the porous cylinder of diameter D contains a variable number of identical solid circular cylinders(rigid plant stems) of diameter d= 0.048 D. Most of the simulations are conducted at a Reynolds number of 2 100 based on the diameter D and the velocity of the steady uniform incoming flow. Though in all cases wake billows are shed in the regions where the separated shear layers(SSLs) forming on the sides of the porous cylinder interact, the effect of these wake billows on the mean drag is different. While in the high SVF case(21.5%), the total drag force oscillates quasi-regularly in time, similar to the canonical case of a large solid cylinder, in the cases with a lower SVF the shedding of the wake billows takes place sufficiently far from the cylinder such that the unsteady component of the total drag force is negligible. The mean amplitude of the oscillations of the drag force on the individual cylinders is the largest in a streamwise band centered around the center of the porous cylinder, where the wake to wake interactions are the strongest. In all cases the maximum drag force on the individual cylinders is the largest for the cylinders directly exposed to the flow, but this force is always smaller than the one induced on a small isolated cylinder and the average magnitude of the force on the cylinders directly exposed to the flow decreases monotonically with the increase in the SVF. Predictions of the global drag coefficients, Strouhal numbers associated with the wake vortex shedding and individual forces on the cylinders in the array from the present LES are in very good agreement with those of 2-D direct numerical simulations conducted on finer meshes, which suggests LES is a better option to numerically investigate flow in channels containing canopy patches, given that LES is computationally much less expensive than DNS at high Reynolds number. To prove this point, the paper also discusses results of 2-D LES conducted at a much higher Reynolds number, where the near-wake flow is strongly turbulent. For the higher Reynolds number cases, where the influence of the turbulence model is important, the effect of the sub-grid scale model and the predictive capabilities of the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) approach to predict flow past porous cylinders are discussed.