保水堰的交替水流数值模拟初探

为了对保水堰的交替水流进行数值模拟,依据保水堰恒定流情况下的工作特性,将保水堰的水流形态分成堰流和满流两种状态,分别建立保水堰不同流态下的非恒定流数学模型。分析两种不同水流形态的交替机理,建立两种水流的转换条件,联立两种不同形态的数学模型构成保水堰的堰流和满流交替的非恒定流数学模型。利用数值计算的方法对保水堰的水流交替情况进行了模拟,结果表明,通过将两种流态的方程进行组合,可以合理地模拟保水堰的水流交替过程。     

区域沉降对保水堰保水性能影响研究

保水堰是长距离有压输水工程的重要水工建筑物，具有保压、调节流态、消能的作用。本文以南水北调中线工程天津干线为例，基于沿线两处大范围沉降区域内的安全监测成果，计算校核该区域内保水堰的保水高度、淹没深度及压力余富，分析区域沉降对保水堰保水能力的影响。     

保水堰局部水头损失系数的数值模拟

保水堰是分段低压输水管道中一种新型的衔接水工建筑物。文中采用VOF方法与标准κ-ε紊流模型相耦合，对保水堰的流场进行了数值模拟，计算出了保水堰的局部水头损失系数。为南水北调工程天津干线的设计提供了依据。     

自流压力输水管路保水堰最小安全超高分析

自流压力输水管路的保水堰是保证稳定供水和安全运行的重要工程措施。本文把调节池输水管道保水堰作为一个水力系统,分析保水堰的工作原理和运行特点,建立动态水流的数值计算模型。利用试验数据对计算模型进行验证后,采用数值方法对保水堰的水流特性进行模拟。结果表明,当输水系统停水时,长管道水流的惯性力作用可能引起调节池的水位跌落和波动,为了防止进水口发生水体脱空现象,保水堰的最小安全超高需大于上游突然停水时调节池的最大跌落深度,从而建立了保水堰安全超高的估算公式。     

驼峰堰的水力特性研究

驼峰堰是由三段圆弧曲线复合而成堰面的一种低堰，具有结构简单，整体稳定性和断面应力分布较好，堰体低，流量系数高，堰前不易淤积，且对地基要求较低，设计和施工相对简便等优点，因而，国内中小型工程采用较多。本文结合青海雪龙滩电站溢洪道挑流消能方案的试验研究，在几何比尺为１４０的模型上，对该工程进口段采用的驼峰堰特定体形的水力特性进行了详细的观测，并着重对自由溢流时流量系数随堰顶水头的变化规律，淹没流态判别，淹没度分析及压力分布等进行了阐述。     

曲线型低堰（设有鼻坎）水流衔接特性

介绍设有鼻坎曲线型低堰泄流能力，下游水流流态衔接变化规律的全过程，即水流流态衔接中的挑流，远驱水跃，底流，面流，波状水跃，波流和贯串其中的淹没流均能较明确地反应出来，同时整理了判别曲线型低堰产生淹没流流态的三种方法，另外，对波状水跃（１），（２），波流流态的概念作了简述，对淹没流的淹没条件了新的看法，供参考讨论。     

保水堰体型参数对过流能力影响的数值模拟

保水堰是一种新型溢流堰结构形式，为提升保水堰在大型调水工程中的输水能力，利用实测数据进行模型 验证，在确保模拟保水堰堰内水流流态规律准确性的前提下，探究工程中保水堰体型参数对输水系统过流能力的 影响。研究揭示了堰井段环状旋涡区的产生与发展机理，并对 11 种降低堰高方案进行数值计算，分析堰井段流 速矢量分布和环状旋涡区范围及能量耗散的变化，发现使输水系统过流能力增加的最佳堰高区间为 [1.0?P1≥P≥ 0.7P1]（P 为保水堰堰高；P1为堰前堰高）。当堰高在此区间内，通过降低 P 使堰前流速矢量仰角和堰后环状旋涡 区变小，能量耗散显著降低，降低 0.1P1，流量平均增加 2.1%。考虑到工程改造成本和过流能力提升效果，故在本 研究提出最佳堰高区间内修改保水堰的结构，为输水系统过流能力提升提供参考。     

高淹没度下低堰泄流能力初步研究

在宽河谷低水头水利工程中,溢流坝广泛采用了低堰作为泄流建筑物.其泄流能力比高堰低,尤其在较大淹没情况下,随淹没度的增加,流量系数加剧降低.结合湖南几个低水头工程的模型试验资料和实际运行资料,初步探讨了高淹没度下临界淹没度、淹没度、下游堰高等因素对低堰泄流能力的影响.提出了一定条件下高淹没度与低堰淹没系数的经验公式,并验证了公式的计算精度和适用范围.     

胡家岸引黄水闸过闸流量计算分析

本文通过历史观测数据,分析闸孔过流特征,确定胡家岸引黄水闸属于平底淹没孔流流态。基于水闸上下游水位、闸孔开度、开发孔数、流量系数等,建立过闸流量水力学推算公式。利用历史观测数据,采用最小二乘法的方法拟合流量系数与闸孔相对开度的关系曲线,建立利用闸孔相对开度计算流量系数的数学公式。最后,通过对实测数据与计算结果进行比较,验证了计算方法的准确性。     

驼峰堰的水力特性研究

驼峰堰是由三段圆弧曲线复合而成堰面的一种低堰，具有结构简单，整体稳定性和断面应力分布较好，堰体低，流量系数高，堰前不易淤积，且对地基要求较低，设计和施工相对简便等优点，因而，国内中小型工程采用较多。本文结合青海雪龙滩电站溢洪道挑流消能方案的试验研究，在几何比尺为１：４０的模型上，对该工程进口段采用的驼峰堰特定体形的水力特性进行了详细的观测，并着重对自由溢流时流量系数随堰顶水头的变化规律，淹没流态判     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。