基于卡尔曼和扩展卡尔曼滤波的耦合载波跟踪方法

鉴于低信噪比高动态环境下的载波跟踪过程中,接收信号存在显著的各阶频偏变化率,故提出了一种基于卡尔曼和扩展卡尔曼滤波的耦合载波跟踪方法。载波跟踪通过基于卡尔曼滤波的锁频环辅助基于扩展卡尔曼滤波的锁相环来实现,对频率斜升信号和频率加速信号分别进行了载波跟踪环路结构的分析,得到系统方程,并进行了载波跟踪系统性能仿真。经仿真验证,在信噪比为-20 dB条件下,该方法跟踪频率斜升信号收敛时间小于60 ms,跟踪频率加速信号收敛时间小于90 ms,对两种信号的频率跟踪残差均小于5 Hz,相位跟踪残差均小于0.25rad,跟踪性能显著优于传统环路。     

直扩导航系统中数字科思塔斯环的FPGA设计与实现

引言 扩频接收机载波的同步包括捕获和跟踪两个过程,载波捕获即多普勒频移的粗略估计通常包含在伪码同步过程中,而精确的载波相位及多普勒频移则通过FLL（锁频环）和PLL（锁相环）跟踪来实现。锁频环直接跟踪载波频率,而锁相环则直接对载波相位进行跟踪。锁相环具有较高的跟踪精度,但对通信链路干扰的容忍能力差,特别是受载体动态引入的多普勒频移影响较大;而锁频环具有较好的动态性能,但跟踪精度较低。     

基于锁频环与锁相环相结合的载波跟踪技术

针对锁频环与锁相环各自在载波跟踪方面的优点与不足,设计了一种基于Costas环的锁频环与锁相环相结合的载波跟踪环路.基于锁频环与锁相环各自锁定时残余频差与残余相差都接近于0的原因,提出了mc、mpe两个阈值,当阈值满足设定的条件时,载波跟踪环路自适应地选择相应的工作状态.仿真结果表明,在阈值达到设定的条件时环路能够正确地实现工作状态的转换,在多普勒频移为固定值以及阶跃函数时能进行准确的跟踪,达到了设计目的.     

GPS接收机载波跟踪环路设计

载波跟踪环路设计是GPS接收机中的关键技术,载波环鉴别器的类型确定了跟踪环的类型,为了有效地防止因为数据跳变引起的鉴别误差,并且使其频率鉴别范围大,精度高,采用一种二阶锁频环（FLL）辅助三阶锁相环（PLL）的方法。通过Matlab仿真载波环路比较了两种鉴频和鉴相算法的性能。结果表明,该方法鉴别范围大,精度高,切实可行。     

高动态微弱信标信号载波捕获跟踪的设计与实现

为了研究高动态低信噪比下信标信号的载波捕获跟踪问题,采用两级二阶锁频环(FLL)和一级三阶锁相环(PLL)技术方案。FLL采用基于周期图的鉴频方法,实现极低信噪比下信号载波的捕获。PLL中的三阶锁相环通过对环路压控振荡器(VCO)的输入控制信号进行监测,自适应地调整环路滤波器的带宽,以满足高动态下信号载波频率动态范围大的要求。在基于FPGA构建的信号处理板上验证了上述实现方案,并给出实验结果。     

高动态环境下扩频系统的快速同步方案

提出了一种应用于高动态环境下扩频系统的快速同步方案,通过优化帧结构设计,利用PN序列自相关达到快速的帧捕获,通过对鉴频环路的结构修改,采用FLL和PLL协同工作的方式,利用四相鉴频器跟踪频率变化,进行大频率搜索;利用叉积自动频率跟踪算法联合Costas环作为载波跟踪算法;环路滤波器采用扩展卡尔曼滤波技术,在提升信号捕获速率的同时,降低噪声的影响,提高捕获精度。经仿真验证,可以在相对较低的复杂度下获得良好的性能。     

基于ASPeCT的BOC调制信号捕获与跟踪研究

针对BOC调制信号传统捕获算法的模糊问题,在对直接捕获法、BPSK-Like法以及ASPeCT法分析的基础上,确定了ASPeCT法作为信号接收机捕获模块的设计方案。然后设计了基于BOC调制信号的跟踪环路,在对载波环和码环分析的基础上,确定了锁频环辅助锁相环作为环路中载波环的设计方案,以及修正后的EMLP鉴相器为环路中码环的设计方案。最后,对基于ASPeCT法捕获及基于锁频环辅助锁相环、ASPeCT修正码环的信号跟踪进行了实验仿真,验证了捕获模块和跟踪环路方案的有效性。     

采用锁频环和锁相环联合捕获的载波跟踪

针对传统锁频环-锁相环跟踪算法中环路状态转换过渡中出现频率阶跃的问题,提出了一种采用锁频环和锁相环联合捕获的方式替代单一锁频环进行捕获的改进算法,同时对环路状态转换的门限进行了推导。仿真结果表明,改进的算法在转换过程中更加平稳,环路性能得到了优化。在信噪比为-10 dB且存在加加速度时跟踪环路在转换时没有出现频率阶跃,达到了设计目的。     

高阶QAM信号多状态自适应卡尔曼滤波载波同步算法

通信信号盲载波恢复是非协作模式下接收方解调的关键环节之一。为提高频偏捕获范围与速度,同时有效增强算法跟踪时变频偏能力,本文针对正交幅度调制(QAM)信号,通过理论推导得出滤波器环路带宽的变化特性,提出一种基于自适应判决引导扩展卡尔曼滤波的载波同步算法。该算法在现有卡尔曼滤波载波同步算法的基础上,引入多状态自适应切换机制自适应地改变滤波器参数,并依据实验测试数据分析得出调整原则并完成滤波器参数的选取。理论分析和仿真表明,与已有的卡尔曼载波同步算法及二阶数字锁相环算法相比,该算法不仅捕获速度更快范围更大,且能在存在时变多普勒频移的情况下较好地跟踪时变频偏和相位,在大频偏条件下的算法跟踪性能与鲁棒性等方面均有优势。      

高动态环境载波跟踪环路的设计

为了满足高动态环境下对测轨定位的需求,对数字中频接收机载波同步跟踪关键技术进行了研究。针对高动态环境下载波同步需要解决的捕获带宽、捕获速度与跟踪精度的矛盾,综合利用了传统数字锁频环路和数字锁相环路的优点,设计了一种适合高动态环境下数字中频接收机的锁频联合锁相环工作的环路方案。仿真和测试结果表明:改进算法解决了环路跟踪精度和动态性能不能兼顾的矛盾,信号跟踪环路能在高动态环境中实现对信号的稳定跟踪。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.