A comprehensive layered approach for implementing internet of things-enabled smart grid: A survey

The current power grid confronts severe challenges in satisfying customers' demands. Fast transition to the much more flexible power grid enriched with renewable energies, micro-grid, and distributed energy resources has been considered as a straightforward solution to the customers’ high demand. Using smart equipment and renewable energies, electric power generation and storage through the power grid domains will be facilitated, which enables bi-directional energy and information flows. The power grid with such enhanced features is called Smart Grid (SG). Controlling and managing the diverse sets of variables in the SG requires precise measuring, monitoring, communicating, and analytic systems which increase the complexity of the grid. This complexity is the main barrier to the realization of the SG up to now. The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) simplifies monitoring, communications, and data processing among smart things to connect to anything in the world. This motivates the SG stakeholders and researchers to proceed with the best way to exploit the IoT technologies in the SG. In this survey paper, we summarize various efforts in this regard to highlight the advantages of the IoT-enabled SG and its probable gaps. To this end, a comprehensive layered approach has been proposed in this paper to classify various applications of the IoT technologies in the SG. Investigating IoT opportunities in each architecture layer facilitates the role of each technology and its relationship with other technologies. Also, open issues and future measures for the realization of IoT-enabled SG have been discussed in the paper.     

视频监控技术在电力行业的应用技术研究

通过介绍视频监控新技术的发展,结合电力行业的业务应用需求,以及智能电网建设对电力视频监控新需求,研究了视频监控技术在电力行业的应用技术,提出了视频监控技术在电力行业的应用技术方案。     

电力通信网省地集约化监控运行支撑系统架构及关键技术

为支撑电力通信网省地集约化监控运行工作，对已有的技术支撑系统进行优化升级，提出了以中调通信调度台为信息中枢的支撑系统架构，并研发了监视、控制和资源调度方面的关键技术。成果在南方区域 5 省区电网广泛应用，结果表明电力通信网省地集约化监控模式运转效率明显提高，通信网安全运行水平显著提升，为电网安全稳定运行和公司数字化转型提供了更加可靠优质的通信支撑。     

可再生能源的关键技术与发展趋势

本文综述了可再生能源的发展概况.主要介绍了风能、太阳能和海洋能的利用。分析了利用可再生能源组成发电系统的关键技术.包括:电能变换、储能装置、电能质量控制与并网控制,并展望了未来发展趋势。     

Africa becomes electric

Sten Bergman is helping African villagers, far from the grid, get cheap and efficient power. As the Swedish Development Agency's representative to the World Bank's Africa Rural and Renewable Energy Initiative, Bergman is charged with helping set "a new template for rural electrification in Africa." That means scouting out low-cost energy technologies to match local needs, as well as explaining those technologies to government ministries, local leaders, utilities, "and the man in the street." The Initiative's philosophy is a radical departure from traditional development approaches. Rather than pursuing the centralized power systems favored by big utilities and international lending agencies, the initiative encourages the private sector to develop small independent grids in remote regions. The whole concept behind this African initiative is to channel electrical resources into activities that have an economic return.     

微电网技术应用分析

目前,微电网技术已成为智能化电网建设中最关键的技术之一.该技术在我国的发展受智能电网能源需求的影响深远,且与分布式发电技术密切相连.文章对微电网关键性技术及其应用进行了研究.     

智能电网系统的网络安全防护策略分析

受社会科技快速发展的影响以及专家长期的探索与研究，智能电网系统正在逐渐完善。当前，电网已不再局限于人工操作，在智能科技影响下，电网系统中涵盖了许多高科技元素，形成了当前的智能电网。随着智能电网的推广与应用，电网网络安全成了其中研究的重要主题。文中对智能电网、网络安全进行了简要概述，分析了常用的智能电网网络安全技术，提出了智能电网系统安全防护的优化措施，希望对提高智能电网系统的安全性有所帮助。     

风电机组低压穿越中的电力电子技术（上）

为了降低大规模风电并网对电力系统的影响．世界各国的电网运营商相继制定新的并网准则对并网风电场的输出特性作出严格规定,并网导则中的一项重要内容是要求风电场具有低压穿越（LVRT）能力。电力电子技术是提高风电场低电压穿越能力的重要手段,对于变速风电机组,电力电子设备已成为其标准配置,在低电压穿越过程中起到至关重要的作用;对...     

风电机组低压穿越中的电力电子技术(下)

为了降低大规模风电并网对电力系统的影响,世界各国的电网运营商相继制定新的并网准则对并网风电场的输出特性作出严格规定,并网导则中的一项重要内容是要求风电场具有低压穿越(LVRT)能力。电力电子技术是提高风电场低电压穿越能力的重要手段,对于变速风电机组,电力电子设备已成为其标准配置,在低电压穿越过程中起到至关重要的作用;对于定速风电机组,电力电子设备是使其满足并网导则的必要部件。本文以我国并网导则为例,介绍LVRT导则对风电机组输出特性的相关要求:分析电网电压跌落对不同类型风电机组的影响;在此基础上,针对不同类型的风电机组,介绍提高其LVRT能力的电力电子技术,并对LVRT技术中当前存在的问题和未来的发展方向进行了讨论。     

Electric power applications of superconductivity

The development of superconducting systems for electric power is driven by the promise of improved efficiency, smaller size, and reduced weight as compared to existing technologies and by the possibility of new applications. Superconducting power components can also contribute to improved power quality and increased system reliability. This paper addresses historical developments and technology status of four superconducting power applications: cables, superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), fault-current limiters, and transformers. Today, SMES is the only fully functional superconducting system and it has seen only limited use at grid power levels. A few model or demonstration units exist for each of the other three applications. Superconductivity faces several hurdles on the path to widespread use. Perhaps the most important is the need for operating voltages of 100 kV or more. Though progress in this and other areas has been rapid, considerable development is needed before superconducting devices perform reliably in the utility environment. As a result, today, most initial installations are aimed at niche applications and will be installed where space is limited, where power demands are increasing over existing corridors, and/or where initial development costs can be offset by enhanced power grid performance.     

Towards Privacy Protection in Smart Grid

The smart grid is an electronically controlled electrical grid that connects power generation, transmission, distribution, and consumers using information communication technologies. One of the key characteristics of the smart grid is its support for bi-directional information flow between the consumer of electricity and the utility provider. This two-way interaction allows electricity to be generated in real-time based on consumers’ demands and power requests. As a result, consumer privacy becomes an important concern when collecting energy usage data with the deployment and adoption of smart grid technologies. To protect such sensitive information it is imperative that privacy protection mechanisms be used to protect the privacy of smart grid users. We present an analysis of recently proposed smart grid privacy solutions and identify their strengths and weaknesses in terms of their implementation complexity, efficiency, robustness, and simplicity.     

Synchrophasor communication

Synchronized phasor measurements provide the basis for fine-grained wide area power quality monitoring in electric grids. Time-synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) are deployed at different locations in the grid and report 10–60 measurements/second to energy management systems or other applications. For control applications it is crucial to receive measurement data as soon as possible after a state change in order to trigger corrective actions in time to prevent incidents in the grid. In this paper we analyze characteristics of synchrophasor M2M communication for different network technologies, including VDSL, HSPA and LTE networks. We briefly review synchrophasor communication approaches and real-time demands. We then emulate PMU traffic and perform measurements on different networks. We show how the underlying technology influences one-way delay patterns for synchrophasor communication, which has direct implication on the achievable real-time properties.     

面向电网远程监控技术的研究

为实时了解周围环境(如附近高树、线路上的覆冰等)对电网运行状态的影响,解决由电网人工巡线的延时性造成无法实时监控电网线路的状态的问题,在深入研究电网监控技术的基础上,提出利用摄像头对电网输电线路及杆塔周围的情况进行远程监控,实现电网环境参数的实时监控,从而使工作人员做出正确判断和防治工作,提高电网的供电可靠性。     

Impact and control of network QoS on smart grid controlled electrical vehicle charging

Novel, networked information-rich control systems are emerging to provide a stable and cost-efficient operation of future electricity distribution grids. However, the dependence on fault-prone, low-cost, and heterogeneous network technologies and architectures challenges the grid control quality. In this work, we study the impact of varying network QoS for M2M connectivity on the low voltage grid operation in an electrical vehicle charging scenario. The analyzed charging control system relies on: (a) grid power sensing using smart meters via high latency power line communication and, (b) charging point actuation commands disseminated via unreliable wireless links (IEEE 802.11). Based on emulation results, we quantify the maximum acceptable meter reading delay from network transmission that sufficiently minimizes load prediction error. Further, based on the introduction of a timed reliable communication protocol, it is shown how changing the trade-off in QoS parameters of delay, loss and information inconsistency can be applied to overcome degradation of controller performance.     

基于评价指标的电网数据质量评价系统设计

为提高区域性电网数据质量检测和评价能力,构建区域性电网数据质量健康管理和监控的变量模型,以电网的配电电能质量指标、输出稳定性以及电压波动等为基准变量,采用多角度评价指标分析的方法进行区域性电网数据的可靠性评估和预测,采用关联信息融合的方法信息区域性电网数据质量评价的统计分析,结合回归分析和检验统计方法实现对区域性电网数据质量评价的目标函数构造,实现区域性电网数据质量评价。仿真结果表明,采用该方法进行区域性电网数据质量评价的准确性较高,对电网监测评价体系的构造完整性较强。     

输电线路在线监测传输系统的研究

通过对比有线和无线传输技术在电力通信网中应用的特点,提出利用以太网无源光网络(EPON,Ethernet Passive Optical Network)和无线保真(WIFI,Wireless Fidelity)混合组网方式为输电线路在线监测系统搭建电力专网传输平台,将现场监测终端信息通过WIFI方式汇聚至光网络单元(ONU,Optical Network Unit)设备,并通过光纤专网传输至线路端的变电站。该系统可节约纤芯资源、增加监测终端布点的灵活性,保证在线监测系统的信息稳定可靠地传输至监测中心,从而提高电网运行的安全性。     

基于SCMSWEB的网格资源监控研究与实现

网格监控是构建网格系统的重要组成部分,它对优化和管理网格内异构资源起着非常重要的作用.就当前网格监控面临的问题,研究网格监控体系构架GMA和当前流行的网格监控系统,分析了SCMSWEB网格监控系统的特点和结构,并实现了基于SCMSWEB的网格监控.     

智能配电网关键技术在电网规划中的应用

电力工程建设项目数量的不断增加,不仅给电力企业带来了较多的发展机遇,同时也带来了激烈的行业竞争。电力企业需要了解配网关键技术,并将其有效地应用在电网规划中,进一步提高电网运转的稳定性和安全性,更好地提高行业竞争力。为此,文中先概述了智能配电网的特点,然后分析了智能配电网技术在电网规划中的价值,最后讨论了各智能配电网关键技术,并提出了电网规划策略,以期满足电力企业的发展需要。     

基于LonWorks技术的校园电力能耗监控系统的研究与实现

为了有效地管理与节约校园电能耗,以＂节约型校园电力能耗监控系统＂的建设为背景,设计了基于LonWorks技术i.Lon Smart Server 2.0某高校的电力能耗监控系统,包括系统网络结构、使用的关键技术、系统最终实现。通过对系统进行测试验证,结果表明系统能够实现电力节能和监控管理功能。     

Energy yield prediction errors and uncertainties of different photovoltaic models

Mathematical, empirical, and electrical models have long been implemented and used to predict the energy yield of many photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The purpose of this paper is to compare the annual DC energy yield prediction errors of four models namely the single‐point efficiency, single‐point efficiency with temperature correction, the Photovoltaic for Utility‐Scale Applications (PVUSA), and the one‐diode model, against outdoor measurements for different grid‐connected PV systems in Cyprus over a 4‐year evaluation period. The different models showed a wide variation of prediction errors, demonstrating a strong dependence between model performance and the different technologies. In particular, it was clearly shown that the application of temperature loss correction based on the manufacturer's temperature coefficients of power at maximum power point assisted in improving the energy yield prediction significantly especially for the crystalline silicon (c‐Si) technologies. In most cases, the best agreement between the modeled results and outdoor‐measured annual DC energy yield for mono‐crystalline silicon (mono‐c‐Si) and multi‐crystalline silicon (multi‐c‐Si) technologies was obtained using the one‐diode model. The energy yield for the thin‐film technologies was more accurately predicted using the PVUSA model with the exception of the copper‐indium‐gallium‐diselenide (CIGS) technology, which was best predicted using the single‐point efficiency with temperature correction and one‐diode models, thus demonstrating similar physical properties to c‐Si technologies. The paper further quantifies the combined uncertainties associated with the predicted energy yield as a function of the input parameters for the single‐point efficiency, single‐point efficiency with temperature correction, and the PVUSA models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.