Centrifuge model test on dynamic behavior of group-pile foundation with inclined piles and its numerical simulation

In this paper, dynamic behavior of a group-pile foundation with inclined piles in loose sand has been investigated with centrifuge model tests. The test results are also simulated with elastoplastic dynamic finite element method, in which, not only sectional force of piles, stress of ground, but also deformation of piles are calculated using a three-dimensional elastoplastic dynamic finite element analysis (Code name: DGPILE-3D). The numerical analyses are conducted with a full system in which a superstructure, a pile foundation and surrounding ground are considered together so that interaction between pile foundation and soils can be properly simulated because the nonlinearities of both the pile and the ground are described with suitable constitutive models. Different types of piles, vertical pile or inclined pile, are considered in order to verify the different characteristics of a group pile foundation with inclined piles. The validity of the calculation is verified by the model tests.     

Numerical Prediction of the Dynamic Behaviors of an RC Group-Pile Foundation

In a major earthquake, it is reasonable to assume that the mechanical behavior of a pile foundation and the surrounding ground is nonlinear. It is commonly accepted that the dynamic behavior of a group-pile foundation is not only related to its own mechanical properties, but also to the upper structure supported by the foundation, and to the surrounding ground. It is recommended, therefore, that a full system, which consists of superstructures, foundation and ground, be considered in the dynamic analysis because of the merit that relatively few assumptions are adopted. The most important thing in the dynamic analysis, however, is that the individual nonlinear behavior of soils and piles should be properly evaluated. In this paper, a new beam theory is proposed for a reinforced concrete material (RC material). The theory is based on a weak form in which the axial-force dependency in the nonlinear moment-curvature relation is considered. Its validity is verified by experimental results of an RC cantilever beam. Then, an elevated bridge with a 12-pile foundation is analyzed using a three-dimensional elastoplastic finite element analysis (DGPILE-3D). The piles are cast-in-place reinforced concrete and have a diameter of 1.2 m. Meanwhile, the ground soil is simulated with a tij subloading model in which the concepts of kinematic hardening and subloading are adopted. The purpose of the paper is to provide an accurate numerical way of evaluating the dynamic behavior of a pile foundation during an earthquake.     

深基坑剪力键支护模型优化研究

为寻求深基坑剪力键支护模型的优化形式,在剪力键支护体系构想与模型试验的基础上,设计了3组剪力键与直立桩之间不同组合形式的试验方案,在模拟基坑开挖过程中,对各方案中支护模型的桩顶水平位移、桩身内力及基坑外侧填土表面的沉降进行监测,同时设计了4个系列12组剪力键模型方案进行有限元数值模拟。结果表明:斜向桩与腰梁连接的节点位于直立桩桩身处的剪力键组支护效果优于斜向桩与腰梁连接的节点位于相邻直立桩中间的剪力键组; 腰梁位于直立桩上部的剪力键组支护效果优于腰梁位于直立桩中部和下部的剪力键组; 腰梁高度对支护效果的影响大于斜向桩与直立桩连接节点位置的影响; 剪力键模型的支护效果与斜向桩和竖向的夹角非正相关,并且在实际工程中夹角越大所占用的地下空间越大,基于数值模拟可认为斜向桩与竖向的夹角30°为剪力键支护结构的适宜角度; 斜向桩与腰梁连接的节点位于直立桩桩身处、斜向桩与竖向夹角30°且腰梁位于直立桩上部的剪力键组是较优的支护形式,这些成果可为剪力键支护技术的开发与应用中提供借鉴。     

可液化地基中单桩基础的三维数值分析方法及应用

在砂土液化大变形物理机制的基础上,建立了三维的砂土液化大变形统一本构模型,该本构模型能够实现对不同状态砂土单调和循环加载以及液化前后力学行为的统一描述。利用这一本构模型,在Open Sees有限元平台上发展了针对可液化地基中桩基础震动的三维弹塑性有限元动力时程分析方法。在有限元分析中,土体采用u–p格式流体固体耦合立方体单元模拟,桩基础采用立方体实体单元模拟。利用本文建立的本构模型和相应分析方法,对水平可液化地基中单桩基础,以及发生侧向流动的倾斜地基中单桩基础的离心机振动台试验进行了三维有限元数值模拟。模拟结果验证了数值方法在模拟地基和桩基础震动响应方面的有效性。     

倾斜软土CFG桩复合地基上的路堤破坏模式研究

通过4组土工离心模型试验,研究了山区底面倾斜的软土层CFG桩复合地基路堤破坏模式。试验模拟了4种地基:倾斜天然软基,水平CFG桩复合地基,倾斜CFG桩复合地基,以及施工有缺陷的CFG桩复合地基。试验结果表明:(1)路堤荷载作用下,CFG桩易发生多次桩体断裂,最终形成能够随软土移动的刚性短桩;(2)底面倾斜的复合地基上,CFG桩的断裂更集中在下坡方向,路堤破坏的影响范围远大于水平地基的情况;(3)缺陷CFG桩复合地基路堤变形显著增大。     

长短桩桩基础与其它类型基础的比较分析

采用三维弹塑性有限元方法对全短桩、全长桩、长短桩复合地基和长短桩桩基础进行了比较分析。筏板分析采用弹性薄板理论,土体采用莫尔-库仑弹性-理想塑性模型,桩体采用线弹性模型,桩土之间接触面采用非线性弹簧模拟。针对不同基础类型,从沉降性状和桩顶荷载大小以及长短桩的桩身轴力分布规律方面进行了比较分析。得出长短桩桩基础的平均沉降小于全短桩基础和长短桩复合地基,但仍大于全长桩基础。长短桩桩基础中长桩的中性点位置比长短桩复合地基的要深一些,受到的负摩阻力稍大些。长短桩桩基础中短桩作用发挥要比长短桩复合地基的短桩充分,而且其长桩的最大桩身轴力相比也小。     

超深开挖对单桩的竖向荷载传递及沉降的影响机理有限元分析

目前对于超深基础下的桩的设计尚未考虑超深开挖、坑底隆起对桩产生的作用。现场采用静载试验确定单桩承载力时也仍采用常规的地表加载并扣除开挖深度范围内桩侧摩阻力的方法,没有考虑深开挖效应的影响。采用经实际工程算例验证的土参数、桩身材料参数和桩土接触面参数,在均质土中建立了轴对称有限元模型,对三种不同试桩方法进行了模拟。通过开挖模拟,首先揭示了深开挖对桩的影响效应,在此基础上,对超深开挖对桩在开挖后再加载的荷载传递机理和沉降机理进行了研究。与常规试桩法和套管试桩法中的基坑底以下相同桩长的桩相比,超深开挖产生的影响效应使桩的极限承载力降低,竖向刚度减小,相同荷载下沉降加大,且其沉降中桩整体刺入所占的比例显著大于其它两者。桩侧摩阻力完全发挥时需要的桩土滑移量增大。此外,超深开挖可在桩身中产生较大的拉力,桩身中下部钢筋不能随意减少。     

复合桩基地基土中附加应力分布特征及沉降计算简化方法

利用有限单元法模拟分析了复合桩基在竖向均布荷载作用下的工作状态,经与常规桩基的计算结果分析对比,并结合有关试验结果以及经典的Boussinesq解答,得出了复合桩基地基土中附加应力的分布特征和变形规律。复合桩基桩间土存在较大的附加应力,并且沿桩身分布较为均匀,桩间土存在压缩变形,复合桩基沉降计算应同时考虑桩间土和桩端以下土体的压缩,最后提出了复合桩基沉降计算的简化方法并应用到工程实例计算中。     

均质土层中超长两桩基础承载性状的数值研究

基于三维有限元分析方法,研究了均质地基土中超长两桩基础的承载性状。在有限元模型建立中,为了考虑桩–土共同作用,桩和地基土均用8结点等参单元模拟;为了考虑桩–土间的变形非线性特性,桩–土间设置了一层有厚度的薄单元;桩身混凝土的应力应变关系用线弹性模型模拟,地基土用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性模型模拟,桩周薄单元用河海大学薄单元模型模拟。计算分析表明,基桩的竖向刚度随桩中心距的增大、桩长的增大而增大,但其总小于单桩的竖向刚度;桩侧阻端阻综合群桩效应系数随桩顶沉降、桩中心距的增大而增大,随桩长的增大呈先减小后增大或基本保持不变的变化特点。     

基于土体弹塑性理论的复合桩基附加应力分析

在考虑土的弹塑性及桩土接触特性的基础上,建立了复合桩基三维有限元模型,通过系统计算,绘出了在桩长L、桩径d及桩间距S条件下复合桩基土体附加应力的等值线变化图,对复合桩基附加应力的变化趋势进行了分析.     

长短桩组合路堤桩荷载分担规律离心模型试验与数值模拟

采用离心模型试验和三维有限元法,探讨路堤荷载下长短桩组合路堤桩的荷载分担规律。共进行4组离心模型试验,得到不同桩长比时长桩和短桩的桩土应力比随分级加载过程的变化曲线,以及相应的长桩和短桩桩身轴力的传递规律。基于离心模型试验的基本参数建立三维有限元模型,采用Gibson地基模拟离心场中软土地基强度沿深度方向逐渐增大的特性。计算结果与离心模型测试结果的对比验证模型建立的合理性;并且进一步研究长短桩组合路堤桩应用于存在持力层时的层状地基中的桩土荷载分担规律。研究结果表明:随着荷载的增加,长桩分担的荷载逐渐增大,而短桩和桩间土分担的荷载逐渐减小,且都趋于稳定值;桩长比越大,长桩分担的荷载越大;存在持力层时的层状地基更有利于长短桩组合路堤桩加固效果的发挥。     

斜桩承台桩基沉降影响有限元分析

马来西亚槟城二桥部分基础采用斜桩双承台,由于其采用斜桩基础,且桩基间距小于规范要求,沉降不方便计算。为控制其变形,需预估沉降值,通过有限元软件建立其中两个最具代表性的斜桩承台的空间模型,分为单承台和双承台两种情况,分析两种情况的沉降情况以及两承台间的相互影响,得出单承台和双承台两种情况下的沉降计算值以及变形情况,进而确定出双承台间的影响系数。同时比较桩身压缩量与总沉降的关系,结果表明沉降主要是由桩身压缩量引起,且总沉降满足要求。     

端承长桩下长短桩基础的受荷过程分析

针对端承长桩下长短桩桩筏基础这一新基础类型,运用三维弹塑性有限元方法数值模拟了外荷载分级施加过程中,基础中长桩、短桩以及垫层的荷载和位移变化曲线以及长短桩之间荷载的分担关系,从而有利于更深刻地理解端承长桩下长短桩桩基础的受荷与变形机理。     

深层开挖条件下抗拔桩极限承载力分析

抗拔桩极限承载力的确定对于工程设计有决定性作用,由于实际工程情况和现场试验条件的限制,深层开挖条件下的抗拔桩极限承载力实际上无法通过现场试桩得到,因而理论研究显得尤为重要。采用基于直接约束算法的桩土库仑摩擦模型,借助于弹塑性有限单元法对上海某工程的等截面和扩底抗拔桩单桩足尺试验进行对比分析,验证了所采用的理论计算分析方法的合理性,得到了上海软土地区抗拔桩有限元计算的相关参数。然后在此基础上,对比了等截面和扩底抗拔桩受力特性,通过在不同开挖宽度和埋置深度条件下抗拔桩极限承载力的对比分析和影响因素的探讨,最后得到了深层开挖条件下抗拔桩承载力变化的一般规律。     

刚性桩复合地基水平受力性能有限元分析

应用静力弹塑性有限元方法分析了群桩刚性桩复合地基在水平荷载作用下的反应规律 ,考察了不同设计参数对复合地基水平受力性能的影响 ,得到了水平荷载作用下桩身内力的分布规律。计算结果表明 :竖向荷载的大小对复合地基的水平承载力以及在水平荷载作用下的破坏模式有所影响 ;适当厚度的垫层可减小桩所分担的水平荷载 ,有利于桩身的安全。     

锤击荷载作用下大直径钢管群桩的动力特性分析

上海某机械厂有一大直径钢管桩,用于所生产柴油打桩锤出厂前的试用。目前试桩已不满足新生产大吨位柴油打桩锤的试打要求,因此拟增加8根短桩与试桩组成群桩。由于锤击荷载作用下长短组合群桩中荷载的分配及沉降的研究较少,为得到合理的群桩加固型式,采用有限元方法研究锤击荷载作用下群桩的动力承载特性。首先建立单桩有限元模型,分析竖向静荷载作用下钢管桩的沉降,并将模拟结果与现场静荷载试验结果进行对比,验证有限元模型的准确性,再分析锤击荷载作用下单桩的动力响应;其次建立锤击荷载作用下的长短组合群桩有限元模型,分析承台质量、承台埋深、辅桩桩长对群桩桩顶荷载分布及沉降的影响。结果表明锤击荷载作用过程中,角桩、边桩桩顶最大压应力较大,主桩桩顶最大压应力较小;承台埋深越浅,群桩桩顶应力越大,沉降反而越小;承台质量、辅桩桩长对群桩动力特性影响不大。     

基底倾斜的管桩复合地基路堤破坏模式研究

通过4组土工离心模型试验,研究了山区底面倾斜的软土层管桩复合地基路堤破坏模式。基于底面倾斜的天然软基路堤变形及失稳破坏特点,分析了桩端嵌入硬土层深度和桩顶格梁对于山区管桩复合地基路堤变形及失稳破坏模式的影响。试验结果表明,倾斜软土管桩复合地基上的路堤破坏模式主要有:(1)当桩端嵌入硬土层较深时,复合地基易发生下坡坡脚附近的桩体倾倒和桩间土绕流破坏;(2)桩端嵌入硬土层较浅时,复合地基易发生桩体向一侧的倾覆破坏,并伴随一定的桩间土绕流破坏,桩体倾覆程度显著大于桩端嵌入硬土层较深的情况;(3)当加格梁联系管桩桩顶时,复合地基易发生桩间土的绕流破坏。     

Seismic performance of group pile foundation with ground improvement during liquefaction

A pile foundation with ground improvement under the footing is a composite foundation with the objectives of enhancing the seismic performance and rationalizing the substructure by combining the pile foundation with ground improvement. Although the effectiveness of this method has been confirmed in previous studies for application to soft grounds, the applicability of this method to liquefiable grounds has yet to be fully investigated. In this study, therefore, centrifuge model tests and finite element analyses were conducted to clarify the effectiveness of this method and to ascertain the improvement in strength (stiffness) when the method is applied to a liquefiable ground. Firstly, in order to investigate the effect of an improved ground on the behavior of the pile foundation during liquefaction, dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted for three cases with different strengths of the improved ground. Then, three-dimensional soil–water coupled finite element analyses of the centrifuge model experiments were performed to validate the applicability of the analytical method. After that, parametric studies, in which the strength of the improved ground and the input ground motion were changed, were conducted using the same analytical model. The results confirmed that the horizontal displacement of the pile heads was reduced by the improved ground even in the liquefiable ground, and that the effect of this reduction was more remarkable in cases of high stiffness of the improved ground. Furthermore, it was possible to reduce the bending moments at the pile heads by applying the ground improvement. However, since the bending moment at the boundary between the improved ground and the natural ground became the local maximum, there was an optimum stiffness of the ground improvement at which the maximum bending moment of the piles was reduced. This is because improving the ground around the pile heads has the same effect as extending the footing. It was thus concluded that the behavior of the pile foundation is similar to that of a composite foundation comprised of a caisson and group piles.     

黄土基坑双排桩支护结构的有限元分析

运用有限元软件ABAQUS建立双排桩支护结构的有限元模型,分析了黄土基坑双排桩支护结构中排距和桩身强度(包括桩的截面尺寸及桩身混凝土强度)对桩位移和弯矩的影响,并且在基坑和桩身情况相同的条件下,比较了单排桩和双排桩。研究结果表明,黄土基坑使用双排桩支护体系比单排桩支护体系在安全性能方面更具有优越性。计算给出了双排桩排距和桩截面尺寸的最佳取值范围,以及桩身所用混凝土的最佳强度等级。本文为黄土基坑双排桩支护结构的设计和施工提供了一定的参考依据。     

桥梁桩基础有限元模型构建思路与应用

为了实现利用通用有限元程序建立桩基础有限元模型进行内力计算的目的,本文以桥梁基础规范的计算理论为指导,介绍了桩基础模型构建的思路。首先根据弹性地基梁理论,提出了用梁单元模拟基桩,把土对基桩的作用用一系列水平土弹簧和两个竖向土弹簧来模拟,并推导了土弹簧刚度的计算公式及公式中有关参数的取值方法。提出多排桩承台与桩顶连接方式的模拟,一定要能正确反应承台底面中心和桩顶的变位关系式。最后,通过一个双排桩实例来介绍这种建模方法的应用,并将模型计算结果与手算结果进行比较,发现两者误差较小,范围不超过1%,从而验证了桩基础的有限元模型构建思路是正确的。