桩墙组合技术在漂卵石地层防渗工程中的应用

采用冲击法造孔,用导管法浇筑混凝土灌注桩,相邻的灌注桩用高压旋喷防渗墙连接,成功地解决了漂卵石地层的防渗问题.对禹门河水库围堰基础应用混凝土灌注桩与高压旋喷防渗墙共同组成的桩墙支护防渗体系取得了成功,在漂卵石地层的防渗工程中,采用桩墙组合防渗方案比单一的高压旋喷防渗墙或混凝土防渗墙方案节省投资,且施工速度较快.     

土工合成材料在三峡三期下游围堰中的应用

土工合成材料是一种新型高分子复合防渗材料,近年来在水利工程中广泛采用.三峡三期下游围堰采用双排高压旋喷防渗墙上接土工合成材料心墙防渗.土工合成材料铺设施工按照施工部位和施工方法不同划分为3部分:即土工合成材料与高压旋喷墙底部连接、土工合成材料与左侧混凝土纵向围堰及其与右岸混凝土护坡连接、自身粘接与铺设施工.对土工膜的生产性试验,施工方法,质量控制要点及措施进行了介绍.确保了围堰安全度汛,保证了基坑开挖正常施工.三峡工程三期下游围堰防渗效果良好.     

桩基与空箱结构一体化围堰施工技术及应用

在水利工程施工中,围堰施工时常会遇到场地狭小且水位波动频繁的工况,传统的重力式围堰和双排桩围堰很难适用。淮河航道临淮岗复线船闸工程,利用双排灌注桩结合旋喷桩与地下连续墙组成围堰下部防渗与承载体系,上接钢筋混凝土空箱结构,将常规基础防渗处理方法与空箱结构进行有效结合,形成一体化挡水围堰,有效地解决了有限空间和水位大幅频繁变化情况下的围堰施工难题。这种一体化挡水围堰防渗效果明显,结构稳定性高,工期短,工程造价低,对复杂作业面区水利工程围堰施工具有较高的借鉴价值。     

公伯峡水电站上下游围堰防渗技术

公伯峡水电站土石围堰布置五种防渗型式，分别是沥青防渗墙、现浇混凝土防渗墙、粘土心墙、土工膜防渗、高压旋(摆)喷混凝土防渗墙。通过对不同类型防渗墙的施工方法的介绍、比较、可供其他类似工程进行防渗设计及施工参考。     

公伯峡水电站土石围堰防渗布置与施工

公伯峡水电站土石围堰布置5种防渗型式，分别是沥青防渗墙，现浇混凝土防渗，粘土心墙，土工膜防渗和高压旋（摆）喷混凝土防渗墙。通过对不同类型防渗墙的施工方法，施工程序和防渗效果的比较，可为其他类拟工程的防渗设计及其施工提供参考。     

灌注桩与旋喷桩在顶管井施工中的应用

通过青龙河综合治理工程顶管井施工中采用的钻孔灌注桩与高压旋喷桩综合围护施工方法的总结,介绍了两者有效结合形成的具有止水和基坑支护的双重作用,并阐述了在复杂地质条件下,采用钻孔灌注桩与高压旋喷桩综合围护的工艺流程,为类似工程积累了宝贵经验。     

综合截渗技术在拦河闸除险加固中的应用

结合费县石沟拦河闸除险加固工程,应用混凝土防渗墙和高压旋喷桩施工技术,探讨了混凝土防渗墙和高压旋喷桩综合防渗技术在工程中的应用。阐述了混凝土防渗墙和高压旋喷桩的施工工艺,并对两者在工程中的应用效果进行了分析。     

龙背湾水电站上游围堰防渗墙复合连接施工工艺

防渗墙是一种地下连续墙,可截断或减少地基中的渗透水流,保证地基的渗透稳定和安全,在水利水电工程深厚覆盖层基础防渗工程中的应用广泛。龙背湾水电站上游围堰河床砂卵石覆盖层的防渗设计均采用塑性混凝土防渗墙结构。经历一个汛期多场洪水冲蚀,汛期结束时防渗墙受损坏较多,为不影响施工进度,经研究讨论,防渗墙的修补采用了高压旋喷防渗墙与原塑性砼防渗墙复合连接的方案。施工完成后经过两个汛期的运行,防渗效果良好。现结合该工程上游围堰塑性砼防渗墙与高压旋喷防渗墙搭接施工工艺作简要概述,为类似工程的施工积累一些经验。     

三道湾水电站枢纽一期工程围堰防渗形式的优化

结合三道湾枢纽工程实际情况,采用土工膜粘土心墙代替原高压旋喷防渗墙进行一期围堰防渗,有效地解决了施工基坑挡水,降低了围堰造价,节约了施工工期,取得较好的经济效益。     

双管高压旋喷补灌技术在万寿寺水库大坝防渗加固中的应用

该文分析万寿寺水库大坝渗漏产生原因,认为坝体填筑土不合格、填筑质量不高、长时间运行出现老化现象等是大坝产生渗漏的主因。应急抢险防渗加固采用单管高压旋喷灌浆,因坝体填筑土均匀性不好,相邻旋喷桩之间不能形成有效搭接,未能彻底解决大坝渗漏问题。通过在单管高压旋喷灌浆防渗墙轴线上游侧0. 5 m处补充布置一排双管高压旋喷灌浆与其套接,形成"单管+双管"双排高压旋喷灌浆套接防渗墙,彻底解决了大坝渗漏问题。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。