连铸结晶器物理模拟中吹气量的相似转换

依据相似原理,考虑了气液流动之间的相互影响和实际吹氩时的高温膨胀,采用修正弗劳德准数对现场吹氩量和实验吹气量之间进行相似转换,并推导出四种常用的模拟气体与现场吹氩量之间的换算关系.以断面为210mm×900mm的结晶器为原型,采用0.6∶1的缩小水模型对现场实际工况条件进行模拟.结果表明,模拟与现场情况能够较好的吻合.当模型水流量为3.80m³·h^-1、吹气量为0.93L·min^-1时,气泡在结晶器内分散均匀,气泡逸出不会造成过大液面波动;当水流不变、吹气量增加到2.79L·min^-1时,气泡聚集在水口周围上浮,水口周围波动剧烈,渣层出现裸露.模拟现象与现场浇注现象的相似性验证了吹气量相似转换的正确性.     

RH上升管喷嘴数量及其布置对流动、混合与传质的影响

通过物理模拟测定了RH精炼过程的循环流量、钢包的均混时间、真空室内物料的平均停留时间及容量传质系数,重点分析了RH上升管内的提升气体用喷嘴个数及其布置对上述4个方面特性的影响．结果表明,提升气体用喷嘴个数及其布置对RH内钢水流动有很大的影响,循环流量随喷嘴个数和气泡行程的增加而增大,但均混时间、平均停留时随喷嘴个数和气泡行程的增加而减小．     

145 t RH真空精炼装置内钢液循环流动特性的水模型研究

基于相似原理,建立几何相似比1:7水模型研究了145t RH真空精炼装置内钢液循环流动行为,研究了提升气量(60~140 m³/h) 、浸渍管浸渍深度(400~600 mm) 、真空室液面高度(426~526 mm)对钢水循环流量和混匀时间的影响。结果表明,循环流量随提升气量增加而增大且呈近似线性关系,混匀时间随提升气量增加而呈非线性减小;500 mm的浸渍管浸渍深度和526 mm的真空室液面高度下均出现较理想的循环流量;130 m³/h提升气量、600 mm浸渍管浸渍深度和526 mm真空室液面高度可获得最佳循环流动特性。     

RH精炼过程中IF钢洁净度控制

为了优化RH处理工艺、提高RH精炼后的IF钢水洁净度,通过分析T[O]含量的变化研究了RH纯循环时间、镇静时间、钢包顶渣氧化性对IF钢洁净度的影响.实验结果表明:适当延长纯循环时间有利于钢液洁净度的提高,加TiFe后保证纯循环时间6~8min以上可使RH真空处理结束后钢液T[O]降至30×10^-6以下;随着RH真空处理结束后镇静时间的延长,中间包钢水T[O]含量总体呈下降趋势,镇静时间大于30 min的炉次,T[O]可控制在35×10^-6以下;RH结束后渣中T.Fe每提高1%,平均Al、Ti总损失会增加1.05×10^-6 min^-1,其中Al损失率0.40×10^-6 min^-1,Ti损失率0.65×10^-6 min^-1.     

中间包吹氩去除钢水夹杂物

通过现场实验,研究了中间包吹氩位置和氩气流量对钢水洁净度的影响,重点探讨了在注流区吹氩对钢水洁净度的影响.结果表明:在T型中间包注流区内进行合适流量吹氩可提高钢水洁净度,在浇铸区拐角处和塞棒附近吹氩对钢水洁净度没有明显的影响;在注流区内吹氩,合适的氩气流量为6L·min^-1,与不吹氩相比,钢中总氧降低率和夹杂物的去除率均可提高10%左右,但15L·min^-1的大流量吹氩将会显著增加钢中总氧和大型夹杂物数量.分析认为:注流区内大的湍流强度可将氩气泡击碎成弥散小气泡,大量小气泡在钢液中上浮,不但提高了气泡捕捉夹杂物的概率,而且增加了夹杂物之间的碰撞机会,其结果是增大了夹杂物的粒径,促进了夹杂物的上浮去除;同时,注流区离水口距离最远,在注流区吹氩,碰撞长大的夹杂物有更长的时间上浮排出.以上两个因素的共同作用,使得在注流区吹氩对去除钢水夹杂物有显著效果.     

弓形浸渍管RH混合传质均匀性的数值模拟

为了提高RH系统真空精炼的效率,采用了一种新型弓形浸渍管RH装置.通过欧拉-欧拉方法对弓形浸渍管RH装置进行了数值模拟,计算了循环流量、均混时间、真空室液面流速分布、真空室内传质均匀性、真空室内RTD和钢包内RTD,并与传统RH进行对比.结果表明,在实际生产条件下,弓形管RH的循环流量比传统RH增加了91％～99％,均...     

RH真空精炼过程的动态模拟

建立了描述RH真空精炼装置内钢液动态脱碳（脱气）模型。对RH真空精炼时的脱碳、脱氧、脱氮和脱氢过程进行了动态模拟研究，考察了浸渍管直径、循环流量、吹氩量、氧含量和真空度对脱碳和脱气过程的影响。动态脱碳（脱气）模型考虑了反应机理，认为脱碳是通过上升管中Ar气泡表面、真空室中钢液的自由表面和真空室钢液内部脱碳反应生成的CO气泡表面进行的，并且考虑了精炼处理时的抽真空制度。该模型能全面描述RH精炼过程中不同时刻钢液中碳、氧、氮和氢的含量，能较好预测实际过程，可用于RH真空精炼过程的优化和新工艺开发。     

RH真空精炼过程循环流量的水模型研究

建立了钢厂250 t RH真空精炼装置1/4的水模型,研究浸渍管内径(520～750 mm)、驱动气体流量(1 000～3 000 L/min)、浸渍管浸入深度(525～800 mm)和真空室压力(0～25 kPa)等参数对RH循环流量的影响。结果表明,随驱动气体流量、浸渍管浸入深度增加、浸渍管内径增大以及真空室压力减少,RH钢水循环流量增加;为获得较大流量,浸渍管浸入深度应≥560 mm,真空室液面高度应≥200 mm。得出循环流量的回归方程,通过对钢厂250 t RH设备工艺参数作相应调整后,RH装置的生产效率明显提高。     

RH真空处理GCr15轴承钢中全氧及显微夹杂物的行为研究

针对RH工艺生产轴承钢,通过现场试验研究了RH真空处理时间对钢中全氧和显微夹杂物的影响.试验结果表明,延长RH真空时间可以进一步降低钢中全氧和显微夹杂物的数量,RH脱氧主要是通过显微夹杂物的去除,全氧与显微夹杂物随时间的变化关系基本一致;真空处理25min可使钢液中全氧和显微夹杂降低约60%,比14min时多降低约13%,并得出邢钢轴承钢生产条件下,RH精炼过程钢液的表观脱氧速度系数为-0.036min^-1;工艺优化后147炉轴承钢产品的平均全氧为6.7×10^-6.     

RH设备形状对钢液流动和混合特性的影响

采用水模拟和数值模拟方法对大真空室、椭圆浸渍管及常规RH模型的流场特性进行分析和比较.经过对循环流量和混匀时间的测定,得出椭圆管RH的流场特性参数最佳,大真空RH与普通RH相近.椭圆管RH增大循环流量后可促进脱碳,大真空RH则大大提高钢液表面反应层的脱碳效果,但其对提升气量和工艺操作条件有严格的要求.结合2种改进模型的特点,对RH设备进行几何和供气参数的优化匹配是提高精炼效率的关键.     

RH喷吹参数对循环流量和均混时间影响的物理模拟

以某厂300tRH真空精炼装置为研究原型,建立1∶6.5的水力模型对RH喷吹精炼工艺进行物理模拟。研究了喷吹位置、喷吹气量及驱动气体流量对循环流量和均混时间的影响。结果表明:不同喷吹气量、驱动气体流量条件下,获得大循环流量和短均混时间的最优喷吹位置不同。较小的喷吹气量(2.98~3.53m3/h)或者较小的驱动气体流量(0.93~1.02m3/h)时,宜采用低顶枪枪位(153.8mm)喷吹;喷吹气量大于3.91m3/h或者驱动气体流量大于1.12m3/h时,宜采用真空槽底部喷吹角度120°的侧喷嘴喷吹。顶枪与侧喷嘴复合喷吹有利于提高RH喷吹工艺的适应性及循环效率。     

Modeling of Liquid Level and Bubble Behavior in Vacuum Chamber of RH Process

In the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus (RH)refining process,liquid steel flow pattern in a ladle is controlled by the fluid flow behavior in the vacuum chamber.Potassium chloride solution and NaOH solution saturated with CO 2 were respectively used as a tracer to investigate the liquid and gas flow behaviors in the vacuum chamber.Principal compo-nent and comparative analysis were made to show the factors controlling mixing and circulation flow rate.The liquid level and bubble behavior in the vacuum chamber greatly affect fluid flow in RH process.Experiments were per-formed to investigate the effects of liquid steel level,gas flow rate,bubble residence time,and gas injection mode on mixing,decarburization,and void fraction.The results indicate that the mixing process can be divided into three re-gions:the flow rate-affected zone,the concentration gradient-affected zone,and their combination.The liquid steel level in the vacuum chamber of 300 mm is a critical point in the decarburization transition.For liquid level lower than 300 mm,liquid steel circulation controls decarburization,while for liquid level higher than 300 mm,bubble behavior is the main controlling factor.During the RH process,it is recommended to use the concentrated bubble injection mode for low gas flow rates and the uniform bubble injection mode for high gas flow rates.     

Behaviour of Argon Gas Bubbles in an Electromagnetic Driven Swirling Flow

An innovative steelmaking process is suggested using an electromagnetic driven swirling flow in the up‐leg of an RH vacuum degassing vessel. The effectiveness of this new process depends on the two‐phase flow behaviour of molten steel and argon gas. A physical and a mathematical model are developed to understand the effect of electromagnetic driven swirling flows on the behaviour of gas bubbles in the up‐leg of an RH vessel. Both water model experiments and numerical simulation show the distribution and trajectories of the gas bubbles. The gas bubbles’ trajectories are spiral and move towards the centre of the up‐leg in the swirling flow field. The accumulation of gas bubbles depends on the swirling number. At the same time, the swirling flow can prolong the residence time and trajectories of non‐metal inclusions in the vessel. The viscous drag force becomes important for small bubbles in the RH degassing vessel, and small bubbles have the trend to rotate with the swirling flow.     

Study of Argon/Molten Steel Two-Phase Flow in Refining of High Clean Steel Using Two-Fluid Model

RH vacuum degasser is a very important secondary refining device in the production of high quality steels. The flow field of molten steel in RH system plays a significant role in determining productivity of the equipment. The homogeneous model and VOF method were often used to predict the flow field in RH system, but these kinds of models simplified the interaction between gas bubbles and molten steel. In the present work, a numerical model of a whole RH system, including vacuum degasser, immersed legs and ladle,was built based on gas-liquid two-fluid model, and it could be used to analyze the interaction between argon bubbles and molten steel, to understand the effect of the bubble size to the flow field.     

300 t RH精炼装置浸渍管浸入深度的试验研究

基于相似原理,按照1:4的比例对马钢300 tRH精炼装置建立了水模型,考察了不同浸渍管浸入深度对循环流量、混匀时间、真空室内停留时间等参数的影响。试验结果表明,随着浸入深度的增加,循环流量呈上升趋势,当浸渍管浸入深度大于500 mm时,循环流量上升趋势减缓;浸渍管浸入深度大于500 mm时,混匀时间出现低点;当浸入深度到达520 mm时,真空室停留时间上升趋势开始减弱,当浸入深度超过560 mm后,真空室停留时间变化较小。综合考虑以上因素,马钢300 t RH最佳的浸渍管浸入深度应控制在520～560 mm内。     

Mathematical Modelling of Molten Steel Flow Process in a Whole RH Degasser during the Vacuum Circulation Refining Process: Application of the Model and Results

A three‐dimensional mathematical model for the molten steel flow during the RH refining process has been applied to the circulatory flow processes in both a practical RH degasser and its water model unit. The model was presented earlier [1] and one of its characteristics is that ladle, snorkels and vacuum vessel are regarded as a whole. Using this model, the fluid flow field and the gas holdups of liquid phases and others have been computed respectively for a 90 t RH degasser and its water model unit with a 1/5 linear scale. The results show that the mathematical model can properly describe the flow pattern of molten steel during the refining process in an RH degasser. Except in the area close to the liquid's free surface and in the zone between the two snorkels in the ladle, a strong mixing of the molten steel occurs, especially in the vacuum vessel. However, there is a boundary layer between the descending liquid stream from the down‐snorkel and its surrounding liquid, which is a typical liquid‐liquid two‐phase flow, and the molten steel in the ladle is not in a perfect mixing state. The lifting gas blown is ascending mostly near the up‐snorkel wall, which is more obvious under the conditions of a practical RH degasser, and the flow pattern of the bubbles and molten steel in the up‐snorkel is closer to an annular flow. The calculated circulation rates for the water model unit at different lifting gas rates are in good agreement with experimentally determined values.     

Mathematical modelling of molten steel flow in a whole degasser during RH refining process

Abstract

A three-dimensional mathematical model for molten steel flow in a whole degasser during the RH (Ruhrstahl–Heraeus) refining process is proposed. The model has been developed considering the physical characteristics of the process, particularly the behaviour of gas–liquid two phase flow in the up snorkel and the momentum exchange between the two phases. The fluid flow fields and gas holdups of liquid phases, among other parameters, in a 90 t RH degasser and a water model unit of one-fifth linear scale have been computed using this mathematical model. The results show that the flow pattern of molten steel in a whole RH degasser can be well represented by the mathematical model. Apart from the area close to the free surface and the zone between the two snorkels in the ladle, the molten steel in an RH degasser, especially in the vacuum vessel, is reasonably fully mixed during the refining process. However, there is a boundary layer between the descending liquid stream from the down snorkel and the surrounding liquid, which is typical liquid–liquid two phase flow, and the molten steel in the ladle is not perfectly mixed. The blown lifting gas ascends mostly near the up snorkel wall, which is more obvious under the conditions of an actual RH degasser, and the flow pattern of bubbles and molten steel in the up snorkel is closer to annular flow. Calculated circulation rates for the water model unit at various lifting gas rates are in good agreement with values determined by means of water modelling experiments.