开口管桩贯入特性的大尺度模型试验

开口管桩由于其承载力高、质量可靠、施工方便等优点得到越来越广泛的应用.土塞的生成使得开口管桩沉桩阻力不同于闭口管桩, 不仅包括桩外侧摩阻力、桩端阻力, 桩内侧摩阻力亦是其重要组成部分.针对开口管桩沉桩受力特性, 采用自主研发的大尺度模型试验装置, 进行不同桩靴形式下开口管桩的贯入试验, 并与闭口管桩进行对比分析.研究表明, 开口管桩随沉桩深度的增加趋于闭塞, 沉桩阻力随沉桩过程基本呈线性增加, 桩内、外侧单位摩阻力均存在"侧阻退化"效应; 桩体贯入时桩周地表隆起量随径向距离增加逐渐减小, 隆起速率随沉桩深度增加逐渐变缓, 桩周土影响范围约为5~7倍桩径; 桩靴对开口管桩土塞生成、沉桩阻力和挤土效应均有重要影响, 内30°桩靴土塞生成高度、桩内侧摩阻力及其所占总沉桩阻力比例最大, 桩周土地表隆起量最小, 外30°桩靴与内30°桩靴情况相反, 直角桩靴居中; 闭口管桩沉桩阻力、外侧摩阻力与挤土程度均大于开口管桩.      

基于捷径重试规则晶圆带式搬运系统性能优化

开口管桩由于其承载力高、质量可靠、施工方便等优点得到越来越广泛的应用.土塞的生成使得开口管桩沉桩阻力不同于闭口管桩, 不仅包括桩外侧摩阻力、桩端阻力, 桩内侧摩阻力亦是其重要组成部分.针对开口管桩沉桩受力特性, 采用自主研发的大尺度模型试验装置, 进行不同桩靴形式下开口管桩的贯入试验, 并与闭口管桩进行对比分析.研究表明, 开口管桩随沉桩深度的增加趋于闭塞, 沉桩阻力随沉桩过程基本呈线性增加, 桩内、外侧单位摩阻力均存在“侧阻退化”效应; 桩体贯入时桩周地表隆起量随径向距离增加逐渐减小, 隆起速率随沉桩深度增加逐渐变缓, 桩周土影响范围约为5 ~ 7倍桩径; 桩靴对开口管桩土塞生成、沉桩阻力和挤土效应均有重要影响, 内30°桩靴土塞生成高度、桩内侧摩阻力及其所占总沉桩阻力比例最大, 桩周土地表隆起量最小, 外30°桩靴与内30°桩靴情况相反, 直角桩靴居中; 闭口管桩沉桩阻力、外侧摩阻力与挤土程度均大于开口管桩.      

端承桩荷载传递与阻力分析试验研究

为了验证单桩承载能力,了解桩周和桩端阻力,采用钻孔灌注端承桩进行荷载和应变测试,并采用循环荷载方法,进行了端承桩荷载传递与阻力分析试验。根据静载试验和阻力测试结果,并依据地层剖面,分别求得单桩容许承载力、轴向力的分布、桩周岩土阻力和桩端岩基阻力,同时对如何考虑桩周阻力和利用桩端地基强度,提出了建议。     

用于垃圾土地基加固的碎石桩承载力

根据现有垃圾土地基碎石桩处理的试验,发现其破坏形式为桩体的侧向鼓胀;假设桩周垃圾土因桩的侧向鼓胀达到朗肯被动破坏状态,且不计地基垃圾土和桩身自重,由桩、桩周垃圾土的极限平衡,可以得到桩的极限承载力理论计算公式;依据已经进行的相关试验和参考资料确定公式中的计算参数,计算出桩的极限承载力;同时进行了桩身重型动力触探试验,可以由贯入击数推求承载力的特征值;经过理论计算与原位试验结果对比分析,两者比较接近.     

柔性桩复合地基承载力计算方法探讨

针对柔性桩复合地基承载力计算的复杂性和不确定性,本文对柔性桩复合地基承载力的计算方法进行探讨,选取指数函数为位移函数,根据弹性理论推导计算了桩体竖向位移、承载力及桩周的侧摩阻力。通过对实际工程的计算比较计算与实测结果,并分析了计算与实测结果存在差异的原因。     

海上风电桩–筒复合基础承载性能研究

基于有限元软件ABAQUS平台,建立了非匀质饱和黏土场地的海上风电桩–筒复合基础数值计算模型,对比研究竖向荷载V、水平荷载H和弯矩荷载M作用下不同筒结构尺寸的桩–筒复合基础的承载力系数,并采用正交试验法开展桩–筒复合基础的各向承载性能的影响因素研究.结果表明,饱和黏土的非匀质特性系数K对竖向承载力系数N_cV影响较小;K对水平承载力系数N_cH和抗弯承载力系数N_cM的影响呈指数型递减.筒结构直径D和入土深度L对各向承载力系数的影响存在交互作用.D对桩–筒复合基础承载力系数的影响最大,可以通过增加筒结构直径从而有效地提高桩–筒复合基础的承载性能.研究结果为海上风电桩–筒复合基础的设计提供了依据.     

不同桩体材料复合地基承载及变形性状对比试验研究

通过室内模型试验,实测得到碎石桩、夯实水泥土桩和CFG桩复合地基桩土荷载分担比、桩土应力比和桩间土深层变形,并对三类不同桩体材料复合地基的承载及变形性状进行了对比分析.认为碎石桩复合地基和夯实水泥土桩复合地基均存在有效桩长或有效复合土层厚度;碎石桩桩长超过有效桩长,对提高复合地基承载力和压缩模量、减小变形效果不明显,除一些特别情况如为处理可液化地基外,设计桩长可适当超过有效桩长,但不宜过长;夯实水泥土桩复合地基的有效桩长与桩身强度相关性显著,应以桩身强度控制进行夯实水泥土桩桩体设计,使按桩身强度确定的单桩承载力大于或等于由桩周土及桩端土的抗力所提供的单桩承载力;CFG桩复合地基桩身强度高,桩体自身压缩性小,可全桩长发挥侧阻作用,当桩端落在好的持力层时,能很好地发挥端阻,提高承载力,减小变形,设计时应优先选择好的桩端持力层进行设计.      

基于微结构指标主成分分析的沉桩挤土效应研究

前期研究已认识到,土的宏观力学性质及其表现从本质上应取决于土的微观结构.在结构性较强的软土中沉桩,桩周土体内部结构会发生显著变化,土体的强度与变形性质是这种内在变化的宏观表现,研究土体微观结构与宏观力学行为变化之间的关系,对认知土体的力学性质,从微观出发去认识沉桩挤土效应的机理,指导工程实践具有重要地理论和现实意义.本文基于天津滨海地基土实际静压桩工程,在沉桩的不同时刻、沿桩身的不同位置取桩周土体原状土样进行室内三轴固结不排水剪切试验,得到土体强度指标参数,同时进行对应的微观结构试验,得到垂直与水平方向的10个微结构指标.采用主成分分析方法,在微结构指标中提取3个主成分,较好地分析了土体微结构特征.研究表明:3个主成分与黏聚力之间存在较好的相关关系,而与内摩擦角之间的相关性相对较弱;第一主成分对各微结构信息的提取比较充分,第二、第三主成分是对第一主成分未反映信息的进一步补充.同时主成分分析表明,土体微结构性质对强度性质起控制作用,在沉桩过程中,近地表和下部土层宏观力学指标表现出了相反的变化规律.主成分分析方法较好地表述了土体的微结构性质,为进一步从微观入手解释沉桩挤土效应机理提供了有力依据.     

饱和软土地基中PHC群桩贯入过程的能量耗散模型

软土地基中群桩稳定性分析是岩土工程的难点之一.通过对饱和软土地基中群桩贯入全过程的力学分析,结合群桩效应与工作性能,根据功能平衡原理,建立了贯入过程中附加应力(含超静孔隙水压力)引起的耗散能量与外力做功、弹性势能三者的平衡关系;同时,针对饱和软土地基中高预应力管桩(PHC)的排土特性,结合现行桩基规范,分别给出了超静孔隙水压力势能、挤土耗散能、重力做功、超静孔隙水压力做功、摩擦耗能、土体弹性势能等的定量表达,构建了PHC群桩贯入过程的能量耗散模型;在此基础上,导出了局部能量安全系数与整体能量安全系数.将上述模型应用于某工程PHC群桩基础的稳定性分析中,并与数值模拟结果对比,验证了该模型的合理可靠性,对饱和软基中PHC群桩稳定性状态的判别具有一定指导意义.     

循环荷载下加固土体孔压的模糊正交试验分析

针对地铁循环荷栽下加固软粘土的孔隙水压力发展规律,对上海地铁4号线宝山一海伦引导段隧道周围的加固软黏土进行室内GDS循环三轴试验.结合重复正交设计法安排试验,借助模糊数学的理论与方法处理试验数据,充分考虑了振动频率(0.5、1.5、2.5 Hz)、动应力幅值(20、30、40 kPa)、固结比(1,1.4、2)以及超固结比(1、1.5,2)对土体孔隙水压力的影响.研究结果表明:振动频率、动应力幅值、固结比及超固结比对加固软黏土孔隙水压力的影响率分别为0.722、15.821、0.944及6.628;这说明影响加固软粘土孔隙水压力变化的主要因素是动应力幅值及超固结比.而固结比和振动频率的影响不显著.     

Observed Performance of Long Steel H-Piles Jacked into Sandy Soils

Full-scale field tests were performed to study the behavior of two steel H-piles jacked into dense sandy soils. The maximum embedded length of the test piles was over 40?m and the maximum jacking force used was in excess of 7,000?kN. The test piles were heavily instrumented with strain gauges along their shafts to measure the load transfer mechanisms during jacking and the subsequent period of static load tests. Piezometers were installed in the vicinity of the piles to monitor the pore pressure responses at different depths. The time effect and the effect of installation of adjacent piles were also investigated in this study. The test results indicated that, although both piles were founded on stiff sandy strata, most of the pile capacity was carried by shaft resistance rather than base resistance. This observation implies that the design concept that piles in dense sandy soils have very large base capacity and small shaft resistance is likely to be inappropriate for jacked piles. It was also found that the variation in pore pressures induced by pile jacking was closely associated with the progress of pile penetration; the pore pressure measured by each piezometer reached a maximum when the pile tip arrived at the piezometer level. A nearby pile jacking was able to produce large tensile stresses dominating in the major portion of an installed pile; both the magnitude and distribution of the induced stresses were related to the penetration depth of the installing pile.     

Termination Criteria for Jacked Pile Construction and Load Transfer in Weathered Soils

Pile jacking is a piling technique that provides a noise- and vibration-free environment in the construction site. To improve termination criteria for pile jacking and to better understand the behavior of jacked piles, two steel H piles were instrumented, installed at a weathered soil site, and load tested. A set of termination criteria was applied to the test piles, which includes a minimum blow count from the standard penetration test, a specified final jacking force, a minimum of four loading cycles at the final jack force, and a specified maximum rate of pile settlement at the final jacking force. The two test piles passed all required acceptance criteria. Punching shear failure occurred at the failure load for both piles and the shaft resistance consisted of approximately 80% of the pile capacity. Based on the results of field tests in Hong Kong and Guangdong and several centrifuge tests, a relation between the ratio of the pile capacity Pult to the final jacking force PJ and the pile slenderness ratio is established. The Pult/PJ ratio is larger than 1.0 for long piles but may be smaller than 1.0 for short piles. A regression equation is established to determine the final jacking force, which is suggested as a termination criterion for jacked piles. The final jacking force can be smaller than 2.5 times the design load for very long piles, but should be larger than 2.5 times the design load for piles shorter than 37 times the pile diameter.     

Centrifuge Model Study of Laterally Loaded Pile Groups in Clay

A series of centrifuge model tests has been conducted to examine the behavior of laterally loaded pile groups in normally consolidated and overconsolidated kaolin clay. The pile groups have a symmetrical plan layout consisting of 2, 2×2, 2×3, 3×3, and 4×4 piles with a center-to-center spacing of three or five times the pile width. The piles are connected by a solid aluminum pile cap placed just above the ground level. The pile load test results are expressed in terms of lateral load–pile head displacement response of the pile group, load experienced by individual piles in the group, and bending moment profile along individual pile shafts. It is established that the pile group efficiency reduces significantly with increasing number of piles in a group. The tests also reveal the shadowing effect phenomenon in which the front piles experience larger load and bending moment than that of the trailing piles. The shadowing effect is most significant for the lead row piles and considerably less significant for subsequent rows of trailing piles. The approach adopted by many researchers of taking the average performance of piles in the same row is found to be inappropriate for the middle rows, of piles for large pile groups as the outer piles in the row carry significantly more load and experience considerably higher bending moment than those of the inner piles.     

Base Resistance of Jacked Pipe Piles in Sand

The paper presents the results from an experimental program carried out at Trinity College Dublin, in which instrumented model piles were jacked into loose dry sand in a large testing chamber. A number of pile installations were carried out to study the effects of in situ stress, diameter, and wall thickness on the behavior of open-ended piles in sand. These indicated that plug stiffness and capacity may be expressed as simple functions of the cone penetration test end resistance and the incremental filling ratio prior to loading. The magnitude and distribution of shear stresses measured on the inner wall are shown to be compatible with existing experimental data and can be related directly to the stress level, interface friction angle, and dilation of the sand at the pile wall. The data are shown to facilitate a better understanding of the factors controlling plug resistance.     

Effects of Tip Location and Shielding on Piles in Consolidating Ground

Pile foundations located within consolidating ground are commonly subjected to negative skin friction (NSF) and failures of pile foundations related to dragload (compressive force) and downdrag (pile settlement) have been reported in the literature. This paper reports the results of four centrifuge model tests, which were undertaken to achieve two objectives: first, to investigate the response of a single pile subjected to NSF with different pile tip location with respect to the end-bearing stratum layer; and second, to study the behavior of floating piles subjected to NSF with and without shielding by sacrificing piles. In addition, three-dimensional numerical analyses of the centrifuge model tests were carried out with elastoplastic slip considered at the pile-soil interface. The measured maximum β value at unprotected single end-bearing and floating pile was similar and slightly smaller than 0.3. On the contrary, smaller β values of 0.1 and 0.2 were mobilized at the shielded center piles for pile spacings of 5.0 d and 6.0 d, respectively. The measured maximum dragload of the center pile in the group at 5.0 d and 6.0 d spacing was only 53% and 75% of the measured maximum dragload of an isolated single pile, respectively. Correspondingly, the measured downdrag of the center pile was reduced to about 57% and 80% of the isolated single pile. Based on the numerical analyses, it is revealed that sacrificing piles “hang up” the soil between the piles in the group and, thus, the vertical effective stress in the soil so reduced, as is the horizontal effective stress acting on the center pile. This “hang-up” effect reduces with an increase in pile spacing. For a given pile spacing, shielding effect on dragload is larger than that on downdrag.     

Load Testing of a Closed-Ended Pipe Pile Driven in Multilayered Soil

Piles are often driven in multilayered soil profiles. The accurate prediction of the ultimate bearing capacity of piles driven in mixed soil is more challenging than that of piles driven in either clay or sand because the mechanical behavior of these soils is better known. In order to study the behavior of closed-ended pipe piles driven into multilayered soil profiles, fully instrumented static and dynamic axial load tests were performed on three piles. One of these piles was tested dynamically and statically. A second pile served as reaction pile in the static load test and was tested dynamically. A third pile was tested dynamically. The base of each pile was embedded slightly in a very dense nonplastic silt layer overlying a clay layer. In this paper, results of these pile load tests are presented, and the lessons learned from the interpretation of the test data are discussed. A comparison is made of the ultimate base and limit shaft resistances measured in the pile load tests with corresponding values predicted from in situ test-based and soil property-based design methods.     

Estimation of Axial Load Capacity for Bored Tapered Piles Using CPT Results in Sand

Tapered piles in comparison to cylindrical piles can be beneficial in terms of the load capacity. In this paper, estimation of the load capacity for tapered piles using cone penetration test (CPT) resistance was investigated. Fourteen calibration chamber load tests using different pile types and six CPTs were conducted under various soil conditions. From the calibration chamber test results, the total, base, and shaft load capacities were analyzed in terms of soil conditions and taper angle. To evaluate CPT-based load capacity of tapered piles, normalized base and shaft resistances were obtained from normalized unit load-settlement curves. Based on the normalized base and shaft resistances, design equations that can be used to evaluate the base and shaft resistances of tapered piles were proposed. The proposed method is valid for sands of medium to dense conditions, while it may result in unconservative predictions for loose sands. To check the accuracy of the proposed method, field load tests using both cylindrical and tapered piles were conducted and compared with the predictions using the proposed method. A simplified approach using an equivalent cylindrical pile was also investigated and compared.     

Behavior of Pile Groups Subject to Excavation-Induced Soil Movement in Very Soft Clay

A series of centrifuge model tests was conducted to investigate the behavior of pile groups of various sizes and configurations behind a retaining wall in very soft clay. With a 1.2-m excavation in front of the wall, which may simulate the initial stage of an excavation prior to strutting, the test results reveal that the induced bending moment on an individual pile in a free-head pile group is always smaller than that on a corresponding single pile located at the same distance behind the wall. This is attributed to the shadowing and reinforcing effects of other piles within the group. The degree of shadowing experienced by a pile depends on its relative position in the pile group. With a capped-head pile group, the individual piles are forced to interact in unison though subjected to different magnitudes of soil movement. Thus, despite being subjected to a larger soil movement, the induced bending moment on the front piles is moderated by the rear piles through the pile cap. A finite element program developed at the National University of Singapore is employed to back-analyze the centrifuge test data. The program gives a reasonably good prediction of the induced pile bending moments provided an appropriate modification factor is applied for the free-field soil movement and the amount of restraint provided by the pile cap is properly accounted for. The modification factor applied to the free-field soil movement accounts the reinforcing effect of the piles on the soil movement.     

Effect of Installation Method on External Shaft Friction of Caissons in Soft Clay

The influence of the installation method on the soil flow pattern, resulting external radial total stress changes, and final external shaft friction after consolidation has been investigated for caissons in soft clay by means of centrifuge model tests, large deformation finite-element (FE) analysis, and a simple cavity expansion approach. Both the centrifuge measurements and the FE results show that more soil is forced into the caisson under suction than under jacking. However, the difference in the resulting external radial total stress changes or penetration-induced excess pore-water pressure is much less significant, since the expansion-induced excess pore pressure is smaller for thin-walled caissons than for driven piles. After subsequent consolidation, the influence of the installation method reduces further, and the final shaft friction ratios are close for the two installation methods. Based on the magnitude of heave ratios derived from the centrifuge measurements and the FE analysis, a simple form of cavity expansion approach can reasonably estimate external radial stress changes during installation and after consolidation, and final shaft friction ratios for the caissons. An approach for estimating the external shaft friction ratios for vertical pullout of sealed caissons is proposed.     

Centrifuge Modeling of Torsionally Loaded Pile Groups

This paper reports a series of centrifuge model tests on torsionally loaded 1×2, 2×2, and 3×3 pile groups in sand. The objectives of the paper are to investigate: (1) the response of the pile groups subjected to torsion; (2) the way in which the applied torque is transferred in the pile groups; (3) the internal forces mobilized in these torsionally loaded pile groups and their contributions to resist the applied torque; and (4) the influence factors that affect the load transfer, such as soil density and pile-cap connection. In these model tests, the group torsional resistances of the pile groups increased monotonically in the test range of twist angles up to 8°. Both torsional and lateral resistances of the individual piles were simultaneously mobilized to resist the applied torque. The torsional resistances were substantially mobilized at small twist angles, while the lateral resistances kept increasing in the whole range of twist angles. Thus, the contribution of the torsional resistances to the applied torque decreased at large twist angles. The piles at different locations in a pile group could develop not only different horizontal displacements, but also different pile–soil–pile interactions and load–deformation coupling effect, hence, the torsional and lateral resistances of the piles are a function of pile location. The soil density had a more significant effect on the torsional resistances than on the lateral resistances of the group piles.