塑性变形对钒在钢中析出行为的影响

本文讨论塑性变形条件下钒在钢中析出行为的热力学，动力学条件，定量分析了ＶＣ质点析出，长大行为与温度，变形量，变形速率的关系，理论计算及实验结果表明，塑性变形使钢中ＶＣ质点的开始析出温度提高，随着变形量和变形速率增大，ＶＣ质点尺寸趋于细小，分布更弥散。     

钢中稀土微合金化及其对钒铌沉淀相析出规律的影响

稀土在钢中有一定的固溶量,可达10^-5-10^-4数量级。固溶稀土可以改善与晶界有关的钢的性能,抑制晶粒长大,影响珠光体、马氏体、贝氏体的数量、形态和分布;在奥氏体区能抑制碳氮化钒析出,在铁素体区能促进碳氮化钒析出;稀土对碳化铌形态、大小、分布、数量有影响,可降低碳、铌活度,阻碍碳化铌在奥氏体区的析出。     

1000MPa级高强钢显微组织与析出相分析

利用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜等分析手段,对1 000 MPa级高强钢的显微组织与析出相进行了研究。结果表明,试验钢的显微组织为板条状贝氏体和板条状马氏体,并存在少量残余奥氏体。大量析出相分布在基体上,平均尺寸30～60 nm,组织强化、析出强化、位错强化是高强钢主要的强化方式。     

卷取温度对纳米析出高强钢中析出相的影响

以新型热轧纳米析出强化钢为研究对象,利用透射电子显微镜分析了不同卷取温度下纳米析出相的形貌特征及尺寸分布。分析结果表明,当卷取温度小于650℃时,纳米析出颗粒尺寸小,但数量较少,对高强钢力学性能的贡献有限;当卷取温度高于650℃时,纳米析出颗粒逐渐长大并粗化,这也不利于提高材料的强度;只有当卷取温度为650℃时,钢中纳米析出颗粒无论是数量还是尺寸,均更有利于纳米析出高强钢获得优异的力学性能。     

钒对车轮钢组织及力学性能的影响

钢中加入的微合金元素钒、铌、钛等,可以与钢中的碳、氮元素结合,起到沉淀强化及细晶强化作用,从而改善钢的综合性能。为了研究钒对高碳车轮钢组织及力学性能分布的影响,用200 kg真空炉冶炼了2炉碳质量分数为0.60%左右的试验钢,钒质量分数分别为0及0.07%,试验钢热处理方式均模拟现场且工艺保持一致。热处理后,用光学显微镜进行微观组织形貌观察及铁素体体积分数分析;用扫描电子显微镜进行拉伸断口、珠光体片层间距观察;用EBSD进行珠光体团尺寸分析;用透射电镜对析出物形貌进行分析;并对试验钢力学性能进行测试。结果表明,添加钒可以使表面下相同深度处铁素体体积分数增加1.7%～4.8%,标准差降低6.1%～72.5%,且相邻深度处铁素体体积分数变化更小,组织均匀性更好;使珠光体团尺寸更加细小,小角晶界(5°～15°)数量明显增多,使表面下相同深度处平均晶粒度提高约0.5级,标准差降低9%～17%,晶粒大小更加均匀,且基本不影响相邻深度处奥氏体晶粒度变化;使表面下相同深度处珠光体片层间距减小约20%,标准差降低10%～17%,且略微降低相邻深度处珠光体片层间距梯度变化;提高表面下相同深度处抗拉强度约...     

钢中回火马氏体碳化物析出形态

使用透射电镜系统地研究了低，中，高碳合金钢中马氏体回火时碳化物的析出形态。结果表明，低，中碳回火马氏体中碳化物主要以交叉（多重变态），分布为主，但也有单一排列的碳化物，高碳回火马氏体中既可看到交叉碳化物分布组态，也可看到单一方向分布组态。大部分单一排列组态的碳化物与马氏体孪晶并无直接关系。     

钒和钼对微合金化贝氏体钢第二相析出的影响

利用热模拟试验机Gleeble - 3800,热模拟试验研究了V、Mo、V+Mo等元素、加热温度、保温时间对微合金化贝氏体钢中第二相析出的影响.结果表明,Nb、V、Ti、Mo的复合加入有利于第二相的析出,加热温度和保温时间对析出量的影响较小.     

回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢析出相与力学性能的影响

 为了调整COST-FB2转子钢的强韧性,采用OM、SEM和TEM等手段研究了回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢的析出相类型与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度由350 ℃升高到750 ℃,试验钢的强度、硬度不断下降,塑性和冲击功上升;试验钢350 ℃和570 ℃回火后的高强低韧性可通过再次在700 ℃回火改善。淬火后COST-FB2转子钢中的残余奥氏体,可通过在570 ℃回火消除;在350 ℃和570 ℃回火后马氏体板条内部有大量针状的M₃C,700 ℃回火后的显微组织中M₃C消失,M₂₃C₆在原奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界上析出,750 ℃回火后晶界上的M₂₃C₆有聚集粗化的现象,部分马氏体板条存在回复现象。     

微量硼对热轧低焊接裂纹敏感性钢力学性能的影响

采用相同轧制工艺试制低焊接裂纹敏感性钢,对比分析了微量硼元素对显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:含硼钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度比无硼钢分别要高150和105MPa,但冲击韧性明显低于无硼钢.显微组织分析可知,硼的偏聚机制使组织中保留了明显的原始奥氏体晶界,并获得具有较大有效晶粒尺寸的板条贝氏体束,同时在贝氏体板条晶界上分...     

高速列车铸钢制动盘材料的研究

为满足我国高速列车快速发展、实现盘形制动装置国产化的需要,选用铸钢作为制动盘材料,对其化学成分和盘结构进行设计,并对制动盘材料进行性能研究,通过1:1制动动力试验台对制动盘进行验证试验.研究结果表明,所研制的高速列车铸钢制动盘材料在常温及高温下的力学性能良好,抗热变形能力和热稳定性能优异,韧性、耐磨性和铸造工艺性能好,是理想的制动盘材料:试制的铸钢制动盘紧急制动距离短,盘面光洁,完全满足我国高速动车组制动技术条件及<铁路主要技术政策>的规定;铸钢制动盘与粉末冶金闸片相匹配的摩擦副摩擦制动性能良好,而且安全可靠,能满足200 km/h和300 km/h高速动车组的运行要求.     

Effect of Ce content on mechanical properties of U75V steel

U75V steel with different Ce content was smelted by vacuum induction furnace and hot rolled. The mechanical properties and microstructures of the steel were analyzed by Gleeble 1500 hot compression testing machine, JB 300B impact testing machine, HVS 1000 hardness tester and STEMI 508 microscope. The results show that at the same compression temperature, the peak stress increases with the increase of compression rate because the work hardening effect is greater than the recrystallization softening effect. For the same compression rate, the peak stress decreases with the increase of compression temperature. Higher deformation temperature is beneficial to dynamic recrystallization and the rheological softening is more significant. The peak stress of the experimental steel decreased by 5% from 10954MPa to 10405MPa after the addition of trace rare earth. With the increase of compression temperature, the peak stress of the steel is not changed obviously. Without adding rare earth, the peak strain decreases with the increase of deformation temperature under the condition of constant strain rate. However, when adding rare earth, the peak strain is delayed at 1050℃. Ce changes the driving conditions for dynamic recrystallization of U75V steel. Adding rare earth will reduce the impact performance of U75V steel at room temperature. A small amount of rare earth can improve the low temperature (-20℃) impact performance of U75V steel. The hardness of the original U75V steel is 9488N/mm2, which is far beyond the hardness range specified by the national standard. The hardness of steel is reduced to 368N/mm2 by the addition of 13×10-6 rare earth Ce. The hardness is further reduced to 327N/mm2 by adding 440×10-6 rare earth Ce. After the addition of rare earth Ce, the pearlite grain size decreases, the number of granular pearlite decreases, the number of flake pearlite increases, and the mechanical properties are improved.     

Ce含量对U75V钢力学性能的影响

摘要：利用真空感应炉冶炼了含有不同Ce含量的U75V钢,并对其进行热轧。借助Gleeble 1500型热压缩试验机、JB-300B型冲击试验机、HVS-1000硬度测试仪以及Stemi-508显微镜对实验钢的力学性能及显微组织进行了分析。结果表明,相同的压缩温度,由于加工硬化作用大于再结晶的软化作用,峰值应力随着压缩速率的增加而提升;相同的压缩速率,峰值应力随着压缩温度升高而降低。较高的变形温度有利于动态再结晶的发生,流变软化作用更加显著。添加微量稀土后实验钢峰值应力略微降低,由109.54MPa降至104.05MPa,降低了5%,说明添加微量稀土Ce后实验钢的塑性略微提升。随着压缩温度的提升添加多量稀土与微量稀土实验钢的峰值应力没有发生明显变化,即实验钢的塑性没有明显变化。未添加稀土时,当应变速率不变时,峰值应变随变形温度的升高而呈降低趋势。而添加稀土后,压缩温度为1050℃时峰值应变均延迟发生,说明添加稀土Ce改变了U75V钢动态再结晶的驱动力条件。添加稀土会使U75V钢的常温冲击性能降低,微量稀土可以一定程度地提升其低温（-20℃）冲击性能,但是添加过量稀土后实验钢的常温和低温冲击性能均会降低。原始U75V钢的硬度为948.8N/mm2,大大超出国标规定的硬度范围。添加质量分数为13×10-6的稀土Ce后硬度降低为368N/mm2,添加440×10-6稀土Ce后硬度进一步减小至327N/mm2。加入微量稀土元素后有助于U75V钢硬度降低至国标范围的中值。实验钢加入稀土元素,珠光体晶粒尺寸减小,粒状珠光体的数量减少,片状珠光体的数量增加,有利于提高实验钢的力学性能。     

Preparation and printability of 24CrNiMo alloy steel powder for selective laser melting fabricating brake disc

Spherical 24CrNiMo alloy steel powder used for selective laser melting (SLM) fabricating high-speed train brake disc was prepared by the vacuum induction melting gas atomisation (VIGA) method. Powder morphology, particle size, flowability and microstructure were measured. Part properties fabricated by SLM were investigated via some modern analysis method. The experimental results showed that powder mean particle size D₅₀ was 75?μm, flowability was 16.69?s/50?g and apparent density was 4.71?g?cm^?3. 24CrNiMo alloy steel specimen microstructures prepared by SLM consisted of proeutectoid ferrite and granular bainite. Average microhardness was 346?HV, tensile strength was 1223?MPa, extensibility was 13.1% and the product of strength and elongation was 16.1?GPa%. 24CrNiMo alloy steel powder prepared by the VIGA method had good laser printability and huge potential application value for SLM-fabricated brake disc.     

Effects of quenching temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of H13 mandrel steel

Optical microscope,stereomicroscope,scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and mechanical property testing were used to research the effects of different quenching temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the H13 mandrel steel.The results indicate that following an increase in the quenching,the degree of alloying is enhanced due to the carbides dissolving gradually in austenite,which improves the hardenability of the specimens,as well as their room and high-temperature strength.At the s...     

回火温度对TiC增强耐磨钢TiC粒子析出行为的影响

通过对新型Ti C增强耐磨钢进行在线回火热模拟试验,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结合能谱INCA Feature功能分析了回火温度对Ti C粒子体积分数和尺寸分布的影响。结果表明:与未经热处理的试验钢相比,回火后钢中Ti C析出相的体积分数有所增加。但温度较低时(500℃),析出相增加不明显且小尺寸粒子(1~3μm)所占比例偏低,大于5μm的析出相所占比例高。随回火温度的增加,高于550℃后,析出相总量显著提高,同时尺寸分布在1~3μm范围内的粒子所占比例明显增加,650℃回火时,达到72%左右。且粒子的最大尺寸及其比例均下降。因此,500℃回火主要有利于Ti C粒子的粗化长大,而温度超过550℃后则Ti C粒子的形核、析出过程更加显著,粒子尺寸较小。     

Effect of Nb and Ti on second-phase precipitation and mechanical properties of 430 ferritic stainless steel

The influence of Ti and Nb on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and second-phase precipitation of 430 ferritic stainless steel was investigated.In addition to optical microscopy,transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses,tensile tests,and carbonitride extraction experiments were conducted to investigate the microscopic mechanisms.The results showed that the primary precipitates in SUS 430 ferritic stainless steel were Cr_(23)C_6,Mn_(23)C_6,and Cr_7C_3,and the primary strengthening mechanism was precipitation strengthening.When Ti was added separately,the main precipitates were TiC and TiN.However,coarse TiC adversely affected the mechanical properties of steel.When double-stabilized with Ti and Nb,coarse TiC was replaced by fine NbC.The type of precipitation was altered,and precipitation and solid solution strengthening occurred.Therefore,the tensile strength and plastic strain ratio(r-value) improved to 433.60 MPa and 1.37,respectively.     

淬火工艺对铜沉淀强化UHS钢组织性能的影响

 超高强度钢不仅可以降低海洋装备本身质量，而且节约能源，但这类钢应用过程中要求具有良好的强韧性匹配，而淬火工艺显著影响其后续的相变和性能。采用Thermo Calc软件、光学显微镜、扫描电镜以及透射电镜等研究了淬火工艺对低碳(w(C)<0.05%)铜沉淀硬化超高强海工钢组织性能的影响。结果表明，910 ℃淬火、450 ℃时效处理后峰值硬度达到386HV，700 ℃时效后空冷可得到部分二次马氏体组织，峰值硬度为357HV。525 ℃以下时效，富铜相析出的平均半径约为5 nm，产生较高的强化增量。820~910 ℃淬火，随着淬火温度降低，细小的(Nb，Ti)C粒子能够有效抑制奥氏体晶粒的长大，细化晶粒和马氏体板条块，同时基体中小角度界面密度增加，强韧性提高。其中820 ℃淬火强度最高达到1 109 MPa，-80 ℃ V型冲击功为91 J。     

2 200 MPa级二次硬化型超高强度钢析出相及力学性能

 采用SEM、TEM、HRTEM、物理化学相分析法研究了回火温度对Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-W系2 200 MPa级二次硬化型超高强度钢的析出相及力学性能的影响。结果表明,试验钢在回火过程中具有明显二次硬化现象;抗拉强度、屈服强度在490、530 ℃达到峰值,峰值强度分别为2 243、1 859 MPa;试验钢在510 ℃具有较好的综合力学性能,抗拉强度为2 185 MPa,屈服强度为1 859 MPa,冲击功为35 J;在400～440 ℃回火时,马氏体板条内和板条界处析出大量粗大的层片状渗碳体;回火温度高于470 ℃时,板条内析出大量均匀弥散分布的细小M2C碳化物及少量的laves相Fe2W,这是产生二次硬化现象的原因;随着回火温度的升高,M2C型碳化物中的钼、钨元素质量分数增加,铁、铬质量分数降低。     

改进310奥氏体不锈钢长期时效后的组织与性能

借助扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及高温、室温拉伸和硬度测试研究了实验室研发的改进310奥氏体不锈钢在700℃长期时效后的组织与性能.700℃时效1000 h后,实验钢在晶界和晶内析出了大量(Cr,Fe,Mo)₂₃C₆、(Cr,Fe)₂₃C₆、σ相和少量的χ相.析出相对实验钢的室温力学性能有明显的强化作用.强度增加,硬度升高20 Hv,同时延伸率仍保持在30%以上.高温下,析出强化效应减弱,延伸率轻微下降.通过断口表面和剖面观察发现,时效1000 h后,实验钢的高温拉伸断口为韧性断裂,未观察到裂纹和孔洞;而室温拉伸断口为脆性断裂,断口附近则观察到σ相中出现裂纹和孔洞.从σ相的脆-韧转变和实验钢基体的室温和高温强度的不同,讨论了在室温拉伸过程中产生裂纹和孔洞的原因,以及时效对室温和高温力学行为的不同影响.