钛合金与NiAl封严涂层的电偶腐蚀行为研究

钛合金材料与不同材料相互连接,并处于富含氯离子的电解质溶液中,有可能使得材料发生电偶腐蚀而遭到破坏。采用极化曲线的方法分别研究了NiAl涂层、TA15的电化学行为。结果表明NiAl涂层的腐蚀电位较TA15的低,二者相差约30 mV,NiAl涂层腐蚀电流为1.718×10-4A,TA15腐蚀电流为1.170×10-5A。研究了NiAl封严涂层和TA15钛合金之间在5%NaCl水溶液中的电偶腐蚀行为。测试了NiAl-TA15电偶对的电偶电流-时间曲线,并通过计算出的平均电偶电流密度,评价了钛合金和NiAl封严涂层的电偶腐蚀敏感性。结果表明,TA15钛合金和NiAl封严涂层之间的电位差很小,电偶腐蚀倾向很小,电偶电流密度为0.0253μA.cm-2。电偶腐蚀过程中,腐蚀电位较低的NiAl涂层作为电偶对的阳极发生腐蚀,钛合金作为阴极得到保护。电偶腐蚀后电偶对的阳极、阴极的自腐蚀电位均升高,阳极电位从-347 mV正移到-242 mV,阴极电位从-323 mV正移到-210 mV;电偶电位为-300 mV。NiAl涂层含有较多孔洞,可以作为腐蚀介质的渗透通道,在含有Cl-并且有溶解氧存在的腐蚀性介质中,容易导致腐蚀的发生与发展。     

DX51D镀锌产品在氯离子环境中的电化学行为

为研究预拉伸变形对DX51D无铬钝化镀锌板在氯离子环境中的电化学行为及腐蚀机理,通过盐雾试验箱进行加速腐蚀试验,采用极化曲线和电化学阻抗谱分析,讨论了不同预拉伸变形量的DX51D无铬钝化镀锌产品在3.5wt%NaCl溶液中的电化学行为。结果表明,不同预拉伸变形量对DX51D镀锌板的腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流影响不大,但不同变形量的DX51D镀锌钢板的阻抗谱有较大差异。电化学阻抗谱和盐雾试验结果均表明,在0~30%的预拉伸变形范围内,DX51D镀锌钢板的腐蚀速度随变形量的增加先增大再减小,之后又随着变形量增加而增大。     

耐热不锈钢/钛合金接触腐蚀行为

对耐热不锈钢(1Cr11Ni2W2MoV、Cr17Ni2)和钛合金(TA7),在3.5%NaCl水溶液中的电偶腐蚀敏感性进行了评价。研究了试样表面状态和阴阳极面积比对两类材料接触腐蚀行为的影响规律,探讨了腐蚀机理。     

螯合剂与氧化剂协同降低CMP中Co/Cu电偶腐蚀

钴(Co)作为10 nm及以下技术节点的铜互连极大规模集成电路(GLSI)的新型阻挡层材料,在阻挡层化学机械抛光(CMP)中易与铜(Cu)发生电偶腐蚀。本文采用电化学、CMP、静态腐蚀实验以及扫描电镜(SEM)表征方法,研究了弱碱性抛光液中螯合剂和氧化剂在Co/Cu电偶腐蚀中的协同作用。研究表明:抛光液中的氧化作用,使得Co和Cu表面生成一层由氧化物及氢氧化物组成的钝化膜,抑制了Co和Cu的静态腐蚀;多羟多胺螯合剂浓度增加,抛光液pH升高,Co和Cu表面钝化膜的生成加快;CMP过程中,Co和Cu腐蚀电位均有明显降低,去除速率均加快。抛光液组分为1.5 ml·L-1H2O2、0.1%FA/O螯合剂、30%AEO-9、5%硅溶胶(质量分数)时,Co的腐蚀电位低于Cu的腐蚀电位;研磨状态下,Co/Cu腐蚀电位差降到-6 m V,电偶腐蚀电流很小,极大地减弱Co/Cu电偶腐蚀。同时,Co的去除速率为130 nm·min-1,Cu的去除速率为76.5 nm·min-1,Co与Cu的静态腐蚀均不明显,可以很好地满足阻挡层CMP要求。     

二元组合材料芯片电化学性能的高通量表征

尝试了利用丝束电极方法(wire beam electrode,WBE)对Cu-Cr,Ni-Cr系二元成分连续分布组合材料芯片的腐蚀电位、电偶电流密度等电化学性能进行了高通量测试和表征,并与常规电化学方法(交流(AC)阻抗、电偶腐蚀实验)的结果进行了对比。丝束电极方法测试二元组合材料芯片的结果表明,对于Cu-Cr系二元组合材料芯片而言,随着组合材料芯片中Cr含量的不断增加,腐蚀电位不断正移,电偶电流密度不断减小,耐蚀性能增强;对于Ni-Cr系二元组合材料芯片而言,随着组合材料芯片中Cr含量的不断增加,腐蚀电位不断正移,耐蚀性能增强。同时,电偶电流密度也随着Cr含量的增加而增大,这主要与Cr含量较高的芯片区域中出现第二相有关。丝束电极方法在100 s内就完成了对二元组合材料芯片的高通量电化学测量,且与常规电化学方法测试的结果一致,证明了丝束电极方法作为一种新的高通量电化学表征方法具有可行性。     

介质温度对耐高温铁素体不锈钢点蚀行为的影响

通过阳极动电位极化测试、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试及钝化膜电容测试等电化学腐蚀方法,研究了在不同温度的典型介质(NaCl质量分数为3.5％的溶液)中444铁素体不锈钢的耐点蚀行为及其影响规律.结果表明,随着介质温度的升高,444铁素体不锈钢的自腐蚀电位Ecorr和点蚀电位Ep均呈现降低趋势,而自腐蚀电流密度icorr增...     

铝对4Cr1.5Ni耐候钢组织和耐候性的影响

耐候钢具有良好的耐大气腐蚀性能,但传统耐候钢尚无法应用于高湿热海洋大气环境,相关报道指出其在万宁暴晒8年后出现腐蚀加速现象。为了满足海洋工程发展的需要,优化传统耐候钢或开发新型耐候钢尤为重要。以传统低碳钢成分为基础,同时考虑红土镍矿资源,设计4Cr1.5Ni和4Cr1.5Ni0.8Al两种新型耐候钢,采用室内干湿循环腐蚀加速试验模拟高湿热海洋大气环境,结合光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和电化学方法等表征手段研究新型耐候钢的组织和耐候性,着重分析了添加铝元素对试验钢微观组织、腐蚀初期锈层形貌、物相组成和保护能力的影响,相关结果可以为开发适用于高湿热海洋大气环境的新型耐候钢提供参考。结果表明,4Cr1.5Ni钢组织为铁素体和马氏体,4Cr1.5Ni0.8Al钢组织为铁素体和少量珠光体,添加铝元素会促进铁素体的形成。添加铝元素减小了4Cr1.5Ni钢的腐蚀速率、锈层厚度和腐蚀电流密度,增大了腐蚀电位和锈层电阻。4Cr1.5Ni0.8Al钢的α/γ(α-FeOOH/γ-FeOOH)值是4Cr1.5Ni钢的2.5倍...     

00Cr24Ni6M02N双相不锈钢优良的耐腐蚀性能

00Er24Ni6M02N双相不锈钢是具有优良的耐腐蚀性能的钢种，在正常情况下组织中有α铁奥体相和γ奥氏体相，并各占约50％。它的击破电位(Eb为+1050my)和保护电位(Ep为+950mv)都很高，使得它很难产生点蚀，即使存在点蚀坑也会被重新钝化，这在室内加速腐蚀试验和海港挂片试验中，都得到证实。它同时具有良好的耐应力腐蚀和冲涮腐蚀能力。00Cr24Ni6M02N双相不锈钢具有广泛应用前景。     

甲酸浓度对316L不锈钢腐蚀钝化?活化转变行为的影响

为深入认识316L不锈钢在甲酸溶液中的钝化-活化转变行为,在90 ℃、质量分数为0~30%的甲酸溶液中对316L不锈钢进行全浸试验和阳极极化曲线测试。研究了甲酸质量分数对316L不锈钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌、开路电位、初始钝化电位、临界电流密度、钝化电流密度和钝化膜破裂电位的影响规律,分析了H+ 和HCOO? 含量对活化区、过渡区和钝化区阳极反应的影响机制。结果表明,316L不锈钢在甲酸溶液中发生非均匀的全面腐蚀。当甲酸质量分数达到30%、腐蚀速率为1.2×10?3 mm·a?1时,316L不锈钢就具有明显的钝化?活化转变。随着甲酸质量分数增加,316L不锈钢的初始钝化电位正移、临界电流密度增大、钝化电流密度增大、钝化膜破裂电位负移。甲酸溶液中H+ 和HCOO? 含量的增加,会加速316L不锈钢活性溶解,抑制钝化膜生长,促进钝化-活化转变。      

稀土Ce对1Cr18Mn8Ni5N不锈钢耐均匀腐蚀性能影响

利用电化学的极化曲线及交流阻抗技术研究了不同稀土含量的1Cr18Mn8Ni5N不锈钢在硫酸介质中的腐蚀行为。应用扫描电镜对试样的腐蚀形貌及夹杂物形态进行了观察,利用EDS对夹杂物成分进行了分析。结果表明:钢中加入稀土Ce可改变夹杂物形态,并使其交流阻抗的极化电阻增大,极化曲线的腐蚀电位正移,降低了腐蚀电流密度,抵制了均匀腐蚀,改善了1Cr18Mn8Ni5N不锈钢的耐蚀性。当钢中稀土Ce质量分数为0.022%时,1Cr18Mn8Ni5N不锈钢可获得最好的耐均匀腐蚀性能。     

Hydrogen Uptake Enhancement and Accelerated Hydrogen Re-embrittlement of Cd-plated AISI 4340 Steel Bolts Coupled with IN718 Nuts

Hydrogen re-embrittlement on anodically coated high strength steels could be of great concern because the uptake of hydrogen from the corrosion process can cause component failure. A scratched Cd-coated AISI 4340 steel membrane has been coupled with different materials reproducing crevice conditions, and the hydrogen uptake has been measured using a modified Devanathan?CStachurski permeation apparatus. Experimental tests proved that, in presence of a crevice, metals nobler than cadmium strongly enhance local hydrogen reduction on exposed steel areas, thus possibly favoring brittle failure of high strength steel components during service. Therefore, the coupling of uncoated nuts made of noble passive alloys (like Inconel) to Cd-plated AISI 4340 steel bolts should be avoided.     

高强度钢构螺栓连接副紧固轴力波动问题分析

针对ML20MnTiB生产的10.9级扭剪型钢构螺栓紧固轴力标准偏差大的问题进行了试验分析,通过进行螺母的磷皂化试验和螺栓热处理试验,表明螺母表面润滑状态、螺栓热处理工艺都影响紧固轴力检验结果,但不是造成紧固轴力标准偏差大的主要原因。通过更换新的车刀,将螺栓尾部凹槽位置螺栓直径由13.9减小为13.6 mm,凹槽底部曲率半径由0.17增大为0.5 mm,使紧固轴力平均值由176降低为167 kN,同时标准偏差由17.4降低为15.5以下,解决了紧固轴力标准偏差大的问题。     

Galvanic Corrosion of Steel in Contact with Carbon-Polymer Composites. II: Experiments in Concrete

Studies were conducted to understand the galvanic interactions between CFRP and steel in chloride-contaminated concrete. CFRP-pultruded rod samples (6 mm in diameter), #3 deformed plain rebar (PR, uncoated), and #4 epoxy-coated reinforcing (ECR) steel bars were tested. After 350 days, potential measurements of CFRP and steel samples in chloride-contaminated concrete were ?200 and ?600 mV (versus CSE), respectively. These results confirm that chloride contamination in concrete could allow galvanic corrosion between CFRP and steel. The measured galvanic current densities were up to 0.7 and 100 μA/m2 for the CFRP-PR and CFRP-ECR couples, respectively, raising concerns about the degradation of both CFRP and steel. The results showed that PR steel was unaffected, as the corrosion rates estimated before and after the coupling with CFRP were similar. In contrast, coupling CFRP and ECR steel showed an increase of 10 times of the estimated corrosion rate, suggesting that galvanic interaction might affect the ECR steel.     

航标类紧固件十字槽发纹问题分析及解决措施

材料为30CrMnSiA的航标类紧固件,某工厂在自制加工过程中,连续发现十字槽底部有较为严重的发纹现象,部分已形成裂纹。通过从原材料、预冲孔大小、压力机床速度以及模具等方面对发纹形成原因进行分析,并提出解决措施。     

板坯连铸结晶器铜板水槽的优化设计

针对板坯连铸结晶器,采用有限元方法计算铜板横断面的温度分布,然后分析水槽排布、水槽宽度、水槽深度、螺栓布置对铜板断面温度的影响,在此基础上总结了不同水槽数量所对应的水槽宽度及水槽深度的最佳范围,并提出参数的优化方法。结果表明,当两个螺栓之间的水槽数目不超过6时,螺栓间距不宜超过140 mm,水槽深度与水槽宽度比值的最佳范围为0.3~3.2。当两个螺栓之间的水槽数量超过6时,螺栓间距为120~180 mm,水槽深度与水槽宽度比值的最佳范围为0.9~2.0。螺栓两侧的水槽可适当加深以加强对螺栓的冷却。     

工业海洋大气环境下阳极氧化6061铝合金的电偶腐蚀行为

在青岛典型的工业海洋大气环境下,进行硼硫酸阳极氧化6061铝合金与不同表面状态的30CrMnSiNi2A结构钢偶接件的户外大气暴露试验,通过电化学测试、腐蚀产物分析、力学性能检测、断口分析等,研究了偶接件中阳极氧化6061铝合金的腐蚀规律与机理.结果表明:经1 a户外大气暴露试验后,与镀镉钛结构钢偶接的6061阳极氧化铝合金力学性能最优,其强度σ_b和延伸率δ分别比原始试样下降6.45%和4.39%,远优于与结构钢裸材偶接的阳极氧化6061铝合金试样(分别下降10%和62.28%),略优于未偶接试样(分别下降6.77%和10.74%).沿晶腐蚀和表面点蚀是导致阳极氧化6061铝合金力学性能下降的主要原因,最严重的沿晶腐蚀裂纹深度达150 μm.青岛大气中的硫化物不仅会侵蚀试样表面形成硫酸铝,还会浸入到晶界促进沿晶腐蚀.      

Examination of Galvanic Action between Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass and Crystalline Alloys

Fe-based bulk metallic glasses (amorphous metals) have been developed, and several compositions are shown to have excellent corrosion resistance in chloride solutions. Further, thermal-spray amorphous metals are being developed for use as a barrier coating layer, to protect substrate materials from corrosion. Galvanic action between dissimilar metals and the coating/substrate for the amorphous-alloy coatings is of practical interest for a number of applications. The mixed-potential theory provides a useful approach for examining the corrosion behavior of the component materials in the galvanic couple and is applied in this study. Galvanic action was studied for an Fe-based structurally amorphous metal (SAM) 1651 and several crystalline alloys that included 1018 C-steel, stainless steel (SS) 316L, and alloy 22. Anodic and cathodic polarization curves of each of the metals were measured by potentiodynamic polarization. Based on the mixed-potential theory, the behavior of the component materials in a galvanic cell was predicted. The predictions are compared to the measured behavior of galvanic couples with the crystalline alloys. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium entitled “Iron-Based Amorphous Metals: An Important Family of High-Performance Corrosion-Resistant Materials,” which occurred during the MSandT meeting, September 16–20, 2007, in Detroit, Michigan, under the auspices of The American Ceramics Society (ACerS), The Association for Iron and Steel Technology (AIST), ASM International, and TMS.     

Development of stone tool use by wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

At the age of 3.5 years, wild chimpanzees at Bossou, Guinea, begin to use hammer and anvil stones to crack oil-palm nuts to get the kernels. To clarify the developmental processes, the authors did a field experiment in which stones and oil-palm nuts were provided. Infant chimpanzees' stone–nut manipulation was observed and video recorded. Data were collected from 3 infants younger than 4 years old from 1992 to 1995. The authors analyzed 692 episodes of infants' stone–nut manipulation and 150 episodes of infants' observation of nut cracking performed by adults. Infants observed other chimpanzees' nut cracking and got the kernels from them. The stone–nut manipulation developed from a single action on a single object to multiple actions on multiple objects. Although infant chimpanzees at the age of 2.5 years already acquired basic actions necessary for nut cracking, they did not combine the actions in an appropriate sequence to perform actual nut cracking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

宇航飞行器紧固件用钛合金的发展

钛合金是生产宇航飞行器紧固件的主要材料.介绍了宇航飞行器紧固件的分类、紧固件用钛合金的分类及性能特点,简述了国内外宇航飞行器紧固件用钛合金的发展,并对宇航飞行器紧固件用钛合金的研究和发展趋势作了预测.