天然气凝析液起伏管道集输敏感特性模拟研究

天然气凝析液管道采用气液混输技术进行输送,地形起伏可能造成管线内流型复杂和流动不稳定,导致管线低洼处容易产生积液,影响集输效率。采用多相流模拟软件LedaFlow建立某凝析气田集输管道水力模型,模拟分析地形起伏对管线压力和持液率分布的影响,探究削弱地形起伏对压力波动影响的集输条件,模拟分析输气量、管径以及管道出口压力对起伏管道水力特性的影响。研究表明:地形起伏增大了压力和持液率的波动,使流动不稳定。高输量、小管径和低压集输能够削弱地形起伏的影响。高压集输压降小,低压集输压降大,存在最优运行压力使生产成本最低。该研究为气液混输管路输送参数的选取提出了合理化建议,对复杂地貌条件下天然气凝析液集输管道的设计和运行管理具有意义。     

基于OLGA的起伏湿气集输管道水力特性研究

由于多相流动的经济性,气田大部分集输管道都采用气液混输技术。集输管线在通过地形起伏的地区时,气体的压力、温度及流速将随之变化,地形起伏不均是造成气田气液混输管道生产不稳定的一个重要因素。采用多相流模拟软件OLGA建立了湿气集输管道水力计算模型,模拟分析了地形起伏程度、管道输气量、管径、含水率对管道压降的影响。并对不同影响因素下的模拟结果进行分析,该分析结果为地形起伏地区气田集输管道的运行管理和设计提供了理论基础。     

湿气管道内气-油-水三相界面模型研究

随着普光气田的探测发现,国家加大对湿气田的探索开发。湿气管道内存在三相流动时,界面模型的选取对管线压降与管流平均持液率计算准确性具有一定影响。根据各界面模型对实验数据的计算效果,分析各界面模型的适用条件,为建立完善的湿气管道水力计算模型提供理论依据。     

榆林气田天然气凝析液管道工艺设计方法研究

本文在分析了榆林气田天然气凝析液混输管线原设计的基础上,结合这条气液混输管线的现场运行状况,对天然气凝析液两相混输管路的工艺设计方法,进行了分析研究。通过横向对比榆林天然气凝析液管线的具体设计数据,纵向对比管线设计数据与现场运行数据的差异,并采用当前较为先进的OLGA工艺设计计算软件对之进行核算,结合以往的工艺设计经验,对目前所采用的天然气凝析液混输管道工艺设计方法提出一些可供参考的新建议和想法。     

高气液比倾斜管临界携液流速研究

天然气在管道输送过程中,随着温度和压力的降低会产生凝析液,凝析液聚集在管道的低洼处形成积液,不仅堵塞管道影响输气效率,而且腐蚀管线。生产中,通常采用提高气速的方法排出管道积液,能够使得管道积液从低洼处被携出的最小气速为该管道的临界气速。文中根据倾斜管内液相的基本动量方程,进行适当假设,建立倾斜管临界携液模型,并设计地势起伏的管路与实验管架,进行不同工况的实验,以确定管道的临界携液气速。另外还挑选出合适的气液界面摩擦系数,代入临界气速方程进行求解。结果对实验值与模型计算值进行对比,吻合度较好,其中Linehan的气液界面系数更适用于黏度较小流体模型的计算,Wongwises的气液界面系数则更适用于黏度偏大的流体。     

天然气管道后期运维工艺优化设计与地温影响分析

为提高天然气管道工艺系统设计质量,保证输送天然气基础建设水平,提出一套天然气管道工艺系统优化设计方案。以“某公司供气管道”为例,借助SPS软件,完成对水力计算模型的构建;在精确地计算某公司管道水力系统热力等参数的基础上,全面地分析和研究地温对天然气管道工艺系统的具体影响。结果表明,在使用长距离输气管道时,地温通常会对天然气管道工艺系统产生明显的影响,通过科学、合理地使用地温,可以保证该管道优化设计质量。当管道线路相对较长时,地温对其管线内气体温度会产生明显的影响。     

湿气管道积液模型研究现状

天然气凝析液输管道输送过程中会产生少量积液,但对管道压降却影响巨大,本文介绍了目前的低液量管道的界面模型并根据现有实验这些模型的应用情况进行了总结。     

天然气管线清管收球作业风险分析及应对

斯伦贝谢长和油田工程有限公司延北项目天然气开发采用井下节流、低压集气工艺,采气管线及集气管线共计316km,管线多经地形起伏山区,在清管作业过程中,因管道积水静压阻力、地形起伏诱发段塞流等,造成天然气压力波动、瞬时气液流量剧烈波动等原因,造成收球端天然气净化厂压缩机入口带液等情况威胁压缩机组安全,严重时损坏机组,造成全厂停车。天然气净化厂总结了实际清管收球作业过程中出现的问题,并针对相关风险制定了应对措施,尤其在预防压缩机入口带液方面采取了多种措施控制,并在实际清管作业过程中实践和验证了其良好的实用效果。     

借助地图软件高程数据分析油气混输管道运行工况的方法

油气混输与单相输送的水力特性因受到油气之间的滑脱作用有很大的不同,在地形起伏较大地区管线该现象表现更为明显。在没有高程数据情况下模拟长距离油气混输管线压降,使结果产生较大的偏差,借助G l o b a l m a p p e r软件获取高程数据,利用P i p e p h a s e稳态多相流软件对管线进行模拟计算,使计算结果更加精准。     

湿气管道水合物形成概率计算

水合物的生成给湿气管道流动安全带来隐患,管道流动安全评价对于保障安全生产和减少损失具有重要意义。湿气管道内水合物形成概率的计算是湿气管线流动安全评价的基础。选择管道入口参数为随机因素,基于可靠性的极限状态法,选用较高精度的Har-PR预测酸性天然气含水量,在湿气管线水力和热力计算基础上,按Chen-Guo模型计算水合物形成条件,以实际流动温度和水合物形成温度之差建立概率极限状态方程,采用组合概率法计算管线的水合物形成概率。分析环道入口数据认为,入口压力、温度符合正态分布,流量符合最大极值分布。示例计算表明：随机变量的均值和标准差都影响着湿气管道的水合物形成概率;湿气管道的水合物形成概率对不同随机工艺参数的敏感性不同;单随机变量样本数和组合随机变量样本总数同时影响着全线的水合物形成概率。     

水平管气液两相分层流界面剪切预测研究进展

水平管气液两相分层流虽流型简单,但由于界面存在复杂的动量和能量传递,分层流的界面剪切预测至今没有一致的结论。本文从理论模型、实验模型、数值计算3个角度出发,详细阐述水平管气液两相分层流界面剪切预测的研究现状,得出不同研究方法的优势和缺陷。针对3种研究方法,指出理论模型通过模型简化和经验关联式来建立封闭模型,实验模型则在封闭关系上修正经验关联式,但由于简化假设和实验条件的限制,使得这两种研究方法对界面剪切应力的预测具有一定的局限性;数值计算能够弥补机理模型在流场细节等方面的不足,但能够提供界面剪切预测或封闭关系的工作很少。此外,对比了5种不同形式的已有模型对气液两相分层流持液率和压降预测的结果。最后展望了水平管气液两相分层流界面剪切预测的研究趋势,提出理论和实验研究需要提出更详细的局部模型,并考虑工程实际工况进行研究,发展针对气液界面计算的新方法,并为分层流提供封闭关系则是数值计算研究面临的挑战。     

The effect of gas injection on the hydraulic transport of slurries in horizontal pipes

The hydraulic transport of solid particles in a horizontal pipe is a well known practice in chemical plants and mining industry. The injection of gas into the flowing slurry results in a variety of flow patterns that affect the pressure gradient of the three-phase mixture in comparison with solid-liquid slurry flow. Furthermore, it may reduce or increase the pressure gradient relative to the conventional hydraulic transport of solids. This study constitutes the first attempt to formulate one-dimensional hydrodynamic models for evaluating the pressure gradients for stationary and moving solid beds overlaid by three-phase slug flow and for fully suspended three-phase slug flow of non-settling suspensions. The models for slug flow over stationary and moving beds are formulated by coupling the solid-liquid two-layer models of Doron et al. [1987. Slurry flow in horizontal pipes—experimental and modeling. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 13, 535-547] with a three-phase slug flow model. The proposed model for fully suspended three-phase slug flow constitutes an extension of the simple model for gas-liquid slug flow in horizontal pipes of Orell [2005. Experimental validation of a simple model for gas-liquid slug flow in horizontal pipes. Chemical Engineering Science 60, 1371-1381]. The proposed models, that are applicable to Newtonian slurries, were tested against the experimental data available in the literature over a wide range of operating conditions. In general, a good agreement was obtained between the predicted and experimental results.     

湍流-层流气液分层流的模型

The time-dependent liquid film thickness and pressure drop are measured by using parallel-wire conductance probes and capacitance differential-pressure transducer. A mathematical model with iterative procedure to calculate holdup and pressure drop in horizontal and inclined gas-liquid stratified flow is developed. The predictions agree well with over a hundred experimental data in 0.024 and 0.04 m diameter pipelines.     

A new mechanistic model to predict gas–liquid interface shape of gas–liquid flow through pipes with low liquid loading

Devising a new mechanistic method to predict gas–liquid interface shape in horizontal pipes is concerned in this article. An experiment was conducted to find the pressure gradients of air–water flow through a 1‐in. pipe diameter. Comparing results of model with some experimental data available in the literature demonstrates that the model provides quite better predictions than existed models do. This model also predicts flow regime transition from stratified to annular flow better than Apparent Rough Surface and Modified Apparent Rough Surface models for both 1‐ and 2‐in. pipe diameters. The model also leads to reliable predictions of wetted wall fraction experimental data. Although one parameter of new model was evaluated based on air–water flow pressure loss experimental data for 1 in. pipe, it was considerably successful to predict pressure drop, liquid holdup, stratified‐annular transition and wetted wall fraction for other gas–liquid systems and pipe diameters. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1043–1053, 2015     

ANALYTICAL SOLUTION FOR LAMINAR-LAMINAR TWO-PHASE STRATIFIED FLOW IN CIRCULAR CONDUITS

Many attempts made in modelling stratified two-phase flow for predicting the operational flow characteristics (pressure drop, holdup, etc.) assume mostly plane interface between the phases. Obviously, the interaction between the stratified layers and the resulting flow characteristics may be significantly affected by the configuration of the interface. Moreover, complete analytical solutions for stratified flows in circular conduits a re not yet available even for laminar flows with plane interface and most of previous studies resort to average two-fluid modelling.

The present study presents analytical solutions for laminar stratified two-phase flows in pipes with plane and curved interfaces.     

Experimental Study of Two-Phase Air–Water Flow in Large-Diameter Vertical Pipes

Recently, due to an increase in production demand in nuclear and oil and gas industries, the requirement to migrate toward larger pipe sizes for future developments has become essential. However, it is interesting to note that almost all the research on two-phase gas–liquid flow in vertical pipe upflow is based on small-diameter pipes (D ≤ 100 mm), and the experimental work on the two-phase gas–liquid flow in large-diameter (D > 100 mm) vertical pipes is scarce. Under the above circumstances, the application of modeling tools/correlations based on small-diameter pipes in predicting flow behavior (flow pattern, void fraction, and pressure gradient) poses severe challenges in terms of accuracy. The results presented in this article are motivated by the need to introduce the research work done to the industries where the data pertaining to large-diameter vertical pipes are scarce and there is a lack of understanding of two-phase gas-liquid flow behavior in large-diameter (D > 100 mm) vertical pipes.

The unique aspect of the results presented here is that the experimental data have been generated for a 254-mm inner diameter vertical pipe that forms an excellent basis for the assessment of modeling tools/correlations. This article (i) presents the results of a systematic investigation of the flow patterns in large-diameter vertical pipes and identifies the transition between subsequent flow patterns, (ii) compares it directly with the existing large- (150 mm) and small-diameter data (28 mm and 32 mm) in the same air–water superficial velocity range, (iii) exemplifies that the existing available empirical correlations/models/codes are significantly in error when applied to large-diameter vertical pipes for predictions, and last (iv) assesses the predictive capability of a well-known commercial multiphase flow simulator.     

湿天然气在上倾管道的气液两相流动特性研究

利用VOF (Volume of Fluid)模型模拟了湿天然气在上倾管道的气液两相流动特性。讨论了管道内气体入口流速对气液两相流动特性的影响。结果表明,当管道内气体入口流速较低时,由于气液界面的切应力小于液相在上倾段的重力分力,因此气体无法将液体携带至管道上倾段。随着气速的增加,气液界面的切应力逐渐增大,气液界面开始出现波纹,气体逐渐将液体携带并完全平铺于管道上倾段。     

Correlation of pressure gradients for the stratified laminar-turbulent pipeline flow of two immiscible liquids

The parameters introduced by Lockhart and Martinelli to correlate pressure gradients accompanying the flow of gas-liquid mixtures in horizontal pipes have been found to be useful in correlating data for the stratified flow of two immiscible liquids in the laminar-turbulent regime. Curves through liquid-liquid data available from three different sets of experiments, though being significantly displaced from the Lockhart-Martinelli curves for gas-liquid systems, represent the data with a maximum deviation of approximately 24%.