湿度差驱动下溶液蒸发冷冻过程中冰体的发展规律

针对湿度(绝对湿度)差驱动下溶液的蒸发冷冻过程进行了分析研究,在热质平衡理论的基础上,考虑溶液表面冰体的形面变化特征,建立了蒸发冷冻过程中溶液表面冰体生长的热力学非稳态模型,分析了不同蒸发冷冻时刻,气-液界面间湿度(绝对湿度)差、气流速度以及气-液界面间质扩散对溶液表面冰体发展分布的影响,研究表明湿度(绝对湿度)差、气流速度和质扩散系数对溶液的蒸发冷冻作用明显。该理论模型及研究结果为强化湿度差驱动下溶液的蒸发冷冻及工程应用提供了理论指导和依据。     

声场作用下含盐液滴冻结过程及组分迁移特性的研究

为了揭示超声波辅助冻结的内部作用机理，明确声场作用下相变冻结过程中的热质传递规律及组分迁移特性，根据声场理论分析了超声波的空化作用和热效应，并在冻结过程能质守恒的基础上建立了超声波作用下液滴相变冻结及盐分迁移数学模型，研究了超声波对液滴冻结过程中气泡状态和液滴温度的影响，分析了不同盐浓度下液滴冻结过程中固液界面、溶液比例、盐度及盐水残余率的变化规律。结果表明，超声波空化作用强化了界面处的热质传递，液滴温度下降较快，有利于液滴的冻结；液滴盐浓度越高，凝固界面的移动越慢，液滴直径为2 mm时，盐浓度5wt%时达到冻结点的时间为15 s，盐浓度8wt%时达到冻结点的时间为20 s；超声波作用下盐浓度越低，冻结过程中盐分迁移变化越剧烈。     

聚酰胺酸溶液成膜过程中的传质行为

为了研究聚酰胺酸溶液成膜过程中的传质行为,采用自制液膜干燥实验装置在线测定聚酰胺酸溶液质量的变化.假设气、液两相传质通量相等的条件下,计算了溶剂气相传质系数和液面蒸气压.在此基础上考察了干燥温度、液膜厚度、溶液相对分子质量对液膜表面蒸气压的影响.结果表明,成膜过程中存在溶剂蒸发与聚酰胺酸溶液亚胺化反应的相互竞争.干燥初期溶剂蒸气压迅速升高,液膜表面溶剂的扩散为控制步骤;而干燥后期溶剂蒸气压较小,溶剂在膜内部扩散成为控制步骤.同时随着液膜厚度的增加、干燥温度的升高及溶液相对分子质量的减少,液面蒸气压的最大值呈现增大趋势.     

盐水液滴降压蒸发析盐过程传热传质特性

针对单个盐水(NaCl溶液)液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐的传热传质过程建立了数学模型。模型考虑了多孔盐壳在液滴表面的形成过程,降压过程引起的气流运动,液核通过多孔介质的传质扩散,以及液滴表面的蒸发换热和对流换热。将实验数据与计算结果对比,验证了模型的有效性。通过模型计算获得了液滴表面温度及液滴质量随时间的变化。结果表明盐水液滴在降压环境下蒸发析盐过程的温度变化分为4个阶段:温度骤降阶段、温度回升阶段、平衡温度阶段和温度上升阶段。平衡温度阶段,盐壳界面运动较慢,随蒸发进行,液核尺寸逐渐减小,盐壳界面运动速度加快。理论分析了环境压力对盐水液滴蒸发析盐过程的影响,环境压力越低,平衡温度越低,盐分完全析出时间越短。     

超声波作用对液滴冷却冻结过程的影响

为了揭示超声波辅助冷却冻结过程中的热质传递机理,在声场理论和热质守恒的基础上,结合液滴冷却冻结过程,建立了超声波作用下液滴冷却冻结数学模型,分析了冷却冻结过程中超声波对液滴温度、液固界面、液滴直径的影响,揭示了冷却冻结过程中超声波空化效应导致传质引起的传热量与超声波热效应产热量的变化规律。结果表明:超声波空化效应强化了液滴表面的传质,有利于液滴的冷却冻结;对于不同频率和强度的超声波,存在合理的超声波加载时间;将超声波作用下液滴冻结过程中液固界面的模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比,二者吻合性好,最大误差10.6%,最小误差0.3%。     

液态纳米燃料及其强化燃烧研究进展

液态纳米燃料是一种由纳米颗粒与燃料基液组成的特殊液-固两相混合物,具有热传输能力强、催化助燃性能好、污染物排放低等诸多优点。然而,纳米颗粒的小尺寸特征使得液态纳米燃料的热/质输运机理、雾化蒸发特性以及燃烧化学反应过程极其复杂,导致液态纳米燃料强化燃烧理论与应用研究至今还存在许多问题。本文首先介绍了液态纳米燃料制备与稳定性处理方法,其次分析了纳米颗粒影响下液态燃料热物性参数、雾化、蒸发与燃烧特性的研究进展,然后重点综述了液态纳米燃料在动力装置性能提升与污染物减排领域的潜在应用价值。在此基础上,对液态纳米燃料强化燃烧技术的未来研究方向进行了展望,指出高效可控制备方法、热物性参数变化规律与数学描述、催化助燃与减排机制是液态纳米燃料领域亟需解决的重点问题。     

酸钠溶液对CO2的吸收动力学研究现状

碳酸钠溶液吸收CO2的过程为一带有化学反应的相际间对流传质过程。吸收速率不仅与CO2沿扩散途径的扩散速率有关,而且与液相本体中化学反应速率有关,过程的总推动力较物理吸收为大。近期国内外研究工作者依据不同的思路和数学方法,提出了各自的描述碳酸钠溶液吸收CO2动力学的传质-化学反应模型和计算方法,并与实验结果相对照。本文试以对流传质的溶质渗透、表面更新和双膜等三种理论模型将他们分类,并分别扼要介绍,供业内人士参考。     

温度对正向渗透的影响机制与数值模拟

正向渗透(FO)是一种以溶液自身渗透压作为推动力的膜分离技术。温度对溶液、膜的性质以及溶液与膜之间的相互作用有很大影响,进而影响FO的水通量。利用数值模拟与试验研究了温度对FO性能的影响。结果表明,当膜两侧等温时,FO水通量随着温度的升高而增大;当膜两侧不等温时,原液(FS)一侧温度的影响比提取液(DS)一侧更大,主要是因为温度升高降低了溶液黏度,强化了过膜扩散过程,而温度对DS渗透压的影响不明显。在不同温度条件下,FO水通量和热通量随流量的增大而增大,主要是由于流速的增大压缩膜表面的流体边界层,强化了传质和传热过程。     

利用LNG冷能的海水淡化流程比较

冷冻法海水淡化方法的制冷系统耗电量大,因而应用得并不广泛。另一方面,液化天然气(LNG)在其汽化过程中会释放出大量冷能。因此,将LNG蒸发和海水冻结两个过程结合起来可以在汽化LNG的过程中同时制取淡水。本文比较了两种冷冻法海水淡化的方案,即二次冷媒/海水直接接触法和二次冷媒/海水间接接触法。鉴于其简单和便于应用,选择间接接触法开展进一步研究。按照冷媒的不同工作状态提出了两种流程。在无相变流程中,二次冷媒在整个循环中保持在过冷液体状态。而在相变流程中,二次冷媒在冷冻海水时蒸发,并在汽化LNG时冷凝。在不同制冷温度下对两个流程的性能进行了分析。研究表明,相变流程制冷剂流量和功耗均较小。同时,研究结果说明利用LNG冷能进行海水淡化是可行的。     

填料塔中二液相并流蒸发过程的实验研究

以异丁烷和水作为换热工质,对其在填料塔内直接接触蒸发换热过程进行了研究。2种工质都以液态形式从填料塔顶部进入,在填料表面并流换热,异丁烷吸热之后气化上升,最后从顶部离开填料塔。研究结果表明:在此蒸发换热过程中,二相液体间的对数平均温差及异丁烷气体的流量都对填料塔的体积换热系数有影响;体积换热系数与对数平均温差近似成负幂指数变化;异丁烷气体流量的增大则会使体积换热系数线性增大,而水流量的变化则对体积换热系数的影响不大。     

Modelling of transient mass transfer in liquid and liquid‐solid pulsating systems: Applications and extension to heat transfer

The dynamic surface renewal model of Maucci et al. (2001) is applied to transient mass transfer problems and extended to transient heat transfer measurements in pulsating, two‐phase flows. The model is also used to simulate mass transfer for square‐wave liquid velocity pulses in a liquid‐solid column. Experiments and simulation show that, when flow reversal occurs, the average mass transfer for a pulsating flow can be significantly higher than for steady state flow at the same bulk flow rate. This increase depends mainly on the relative pulse magnitude. The influence of pulse frequency and symmetry is second‐order. Apparent differences between various published studies are resolved.     

Effect of partial wetting on liquid/solid mass transfer in trickle bed reactors

The wetting efficiency of liquid trickle flow over a fixed bed reactor has been measured for a wide range of parameters including operating conditions, bed structure and physico-chemistry of liquid/solid phases. This data bank has been used to develop a new correlation for averaged wetting efficiency based on five different non-dimensional numbers. Finally liquid/solid mass transfer has been determined in partial wetting conditions to analyse what are the respective effects of wetting and liquid/gas flow turbulence. These effects appear to be separated: wetting being acting on liquid/solid interfacial area while the liquid/solid mass transfer coefficient is mainly connected to flow turbulence through the interstitial liquid velocity. A correlation has been proposed for liquid/solid mass transfer coefficient at very low liquid flow rate.     

强制气流作用下溶液蒸发过程的传质规律

针对强制气流作用下溶液的蒸发过程,在分析气液相间力学特性的基础上,根据Levich涡流衰减理论和边界层理论,将气流流动状态与相间传质结合,研究了湍流气流横掠液面过程中气液相间的传质变化规律,分析了雷诺数、气流流道结构及普朗特混合长度对传质的影响,得到了气液相间的湍流质扩散系数的变化规律,湍流气流横掠液面条件下的对流传质准则数Sh=0.221Sc1/3Rex1/2. 结果表明,湍流扩散系数、传质系数与气流的流动状态密切相关,气流流道结构对气液相间的传质有重要影响.     

Heat and mass transfer in granular potash fertilizer with a surface dissolution reaction

Potash is a widely used granular fertilizer and when exposed to high humidities it readily adsorbs water vapour forming a liquid electrolyte solution on each particle. Heat and mass transfer due to air flow through granular potash beds is studied experimentally and numerically. A one dimensional experimental setup is used to measure the temperature and air humidity response and mass gain of a potash bed subjected to a change in air flow. A porous media mathematical model is developed to predict the transient temperature and moisture content distributions. The processes are modelled as nonequilibrium heat and mass transfers between the porous solid and air flow gaseous phases. The state of the surface electrolyte solution is modelled by the thermodynamics of electrolyte solutions. Experimental and numerical results show non‐equilibrium internal moisture and heat transfer processes exist with significant differences in the pore air and particle temperature and surface relative humidity.     

MASS TRANSFER WITH CHEMICAL REACTION IN PARTIALLY WETTED FLAT PLATE CATALYST PELLETS: RIVULET FLOW ANALYSIS

Mass transfer with chemical reaction is analyzed in a system formed by a flat plate solid catalyst, partially wetted by a flowing rivulet of a liquid in contact with a stagnant pure gas. The paper solves the fluid dynamic problem of the liquid phase first, and afterwards incorporates the mass transfer and the chemical reaction. The system is assumed to be isothermal and at steady state, with a first order kinetics whose limiting reactant is in the gas phase. This work studies the influence of the gas-liquid surface tension, the liquid reactant flow rate, the liquid viscosity and the angle of inclination of the solid, upon the wetting factor. The model proposed also predicts the effect of these parameters and the Thiele modulus on the overall effectiveness factor and the molar flux of the limiting gaseous reactant at the catalytic solid-liquid interface in a direct way. This approach makes the wetting factor a non-manipulated variable.     

Mass transfer characterization for hydrocarbon liquid–particle collision based on sensitive tracing of fluorescent probe

The heat and mass transfer characteristics during the collision process of hydrocarbon droplets and polyethylene particles in a liquid-containing gas–solid polyethylene fluidized bed reactor significantly affect the product quality. In this work, the mass transfer process of single-component hydrocarbon and bi-component hydrocarbon liquid films on the polyethylene particle surface were quantitatively characterized by a newly developed experimental approach, based on a novel synthesized hydrocarbon liquid soluble fluorescent probe for sensitive tracing of hydrocarbon liquid diffusion. It was found that the boiling point and surface tension of the liquid as well as the surface temperature of the particle are the key factors affecting the mass transfer properties of the liquid film. Marangoni convection was observed and characterized on the particle surface. The critical time for the onset of Marangoni flow is between 4 and 8 s.     

Mass transfer at the confining wall of helically coiled circular tubes with gas–liquid flow and fluidized beds

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various dynamic and geometric parameters on mass transfer coefficients in two-phase helically coiled flow systems. Computation of mass transfer coefficients was facilitated by the measurement of limiting current at the electrodes fixed flush with the inner surface of the tube wall. Two flow systems were chosen: a two-phase liquid solid fluidized bed and a two-phase gas–liquid up flow. An equimolar potassium ferrocyanide and potassium ferricyanide solution in the presence of sodium hydroxide was used as the liquid phase. In the fluidized bed, glass spheres and sand of different sizes were employed as fluidizing solids. In two-phase flow system nitrogen was employed as inert gas. The pressure drop in the presence of fluidizing solids in helical coils was found to increase with increase in the pitch of the coil and was maximum for straight tube. The mass transfer coefficients were found to increase with increase in liquid velocity. The mass transfer coefficients in case of gas–liquid flow were found to be independent of liquid velocity and the pitch of the coil, and were largely influenced by gas velocity only. The data were correlated using j_D factor, Helical number, Froude number and Stanton number.     

Hydrogenation of 2‐ethylanthraquinone under Taylor flow in single square channel monolith reactors

The hydrogenation of 2‐ethylanthraquinone (EAQ) to 2‐ethylanthrahydroquinone (EAHQ) was carried out under Taylor flow in single square channel monolith reactors. The two opening ends of opaque reaction channel were connected with two circular transparent quartz‐glass capillaries, where Taylor flow hydrodynamics parameters were measured and further used to obtain practical flow state of reactants in square reaction channels. A carefully designed gas‐liquid inlet mixer was used to supply steady gas bubbles and liquid slugs with desired length. The effects of various operating parameters, involving superficial gas velocity, superficial liquid velocity, gas bubble length, liquid slug length, two‐phase velocity and temperature, on EAQ conversion were systematically researched. Based on EAQ conversion, experimental overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients were calculated, and also studied as functions of various parameters as mentioned earlier. The film model, penetration model, and existing semi‐empirical formula were used to predict gas‐solid, gas‐liquid, and liquid‐solid volumetric mass transfer coefficients in Taylor flow, respectively. The predicted overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients agreed well with the experimental ones. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Mixing and solid‐liquid mass transfer characteristics in a three phase pulsed plate column with packed bed of solids in interplate spaces—a novel aerobic immobilized cell bioreactor

BACKGROUND: The pulsed plate column (PPC) with packed bed of solids in the interplate spaces finds use as a three phase aerobic bioreactor and is a potential heterogeneous catalytic reactor. Good knowledge of the extent of mixing in the liquid phase and solid‐liquid mass transfer coefficient are essential for modeling, design and optimization of these columns. The present work aims at the study of liquid phase mixing and solid–liquid mass transfer characteristics in a three phase PPC. RESULTS: Residence time distribution studies were performed. Dispersion number was found to increase with increase in liquid superficial velocities, frequency of pulsation, amplitude of pulsation and the vibrational velocities. Increase in frequency and amplitude of pulsation, and hence increase in vibrational velocity, resulted in increase of the solid–liquid mass transfer coefficient. CONCLUSIONS: The mixing behaviour in this contactor approximated a mixed flow behaviour. The three phase PPC was found to outperform many other kinds of three phase contactors in terms of solid liquid mass transfer characteristics. Empirical correlations developed can be used for the determination of solid–liquid mass transfer coefficients for three phase PPC and hence can facilitate the design, scale‐up and modeling of these columns, when used as chemical or biochemical reactors. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enhancement of mass transfer in flow channels under thermal gradients

Overall mass transfer coefficients, at the solid liquid interface in a rectangular cross-section flow reactor, were obtained using the limiting current technique. Empirical correlations were developed for single-phase flow for a full range of surface configurations, for laminar and turbulent flow regimes, and for isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Isothermal mass transfer was almost doubled by the selection of the reactor slope and surface configuration. Imposition of up to a 30°C difference at the interface, enhanced mass transfer approximately four times, over the isothermal case. Mathematical simulation for mass transfer in flow reactors, is shown to agree within 15% of experimental values found in the literature and for the experiments reported here.