法国不断变革的交通运输管理体制及启示

结合政治体制改革、社会经济发展、交通运输政策法律等背景,回顾从1870年法国运输部成立至今140余年内法国交通运输管理体制的演变历程:第一阶段(1870年-20世纪40年代),侧重公路与铁路建设与管理;第二阶段(20世纪40-70年代),加快建设公路网,公路交通发展迅速;第三阶段(20世纪70-90年代),大力发展公共交通,环保理念深入人心;第四阶段(20世纪90年代-21世纪初),施行铁路改革,发展一体化运输;第五阶段(2007年至今),高度重视交通运输与生态、能源、可持续发展的和谐统一.阐述各阶段法国交通运输管理的侧重点,重点介绍了其现行行政管理架构;总结了其管理体制演变的特点,即采用大部制的形式且不断变革,趋向综合、宏观协调管理.提出对我国交通运输大部制管理与改革的思考与启示.     

中国武器制式体系的建立与发展(1864—1955)

制式武器的定型与列装是现代武器制造的关键环节之一。中国兵器工业的标准化与制式武器的发展与国防建设休戚相关,近百年的历程复杂多变,大体分四个阶段。晚清时期,李鸿章等洋务大员虽励精图治,军购与仿造却被似是而非的"画一"所误,制式观念淡薄,虽出现了少量制式的枪、炮、弹、药,但陆海军的武器装备体系远未成型。北洋政府曾试图确定基本制式武器,因受时局所困而未成。1932~1934年,国民政府在国际顾问的帮助下,拟定了一份较完整的陆军武器制式体系,初步完成中国第一次制式武器体系的建立,并在"抗战"中对国、共的军队都产生了较大影响。1955年,中国仿照苏联标准,正式投产一批新制式的武器,重建了武器装备体系。总体来看,中国制式武器的发展承上启下,原有基础与国内外局势决定了标准的选择。不同标准的优劣比较,实际上反映了以"仿造"为本的制造业受国际"强势"标准牵制并与之博弈的过程。技术转移主导中国兵工行业的标准化进程,预期的技术来源是确定武器制式的重要依据。     

苏联专家援建包头钢铁公司考略

包头钢铁公司(简称包钢)是"一五"时期苏联重点援助钢铁项目之一,由苏联黑色冶金设计院完成初步设计方案,从选址到1号高炉出铁,都是在苏联专家指导下进行的.基于档案等文献资料对苏联专家从1953年参与包钢筹建到撤走的七年时间所做的具体工作进行了梳理,认为苏联专家援建包钢是包钢得以建立的重要因素,对于苏联钢铁技术向中国的转移...     

我国城市化进程中的脆弱性分析

我国正处于快速城市化时期,人口和产业向城市加速聚集.从已有的国际经验看,在这一阶段城市快速发展与防灾能力不足的矛盾将日益尖锐,城市脆弱性将日益突出.作为目前世界上灾害最严重的国家之一,如何最大限度地降低城市脆弱性,切实有效地提高城市防灾减灾能力,推动城市化安全和健康发展,已经成为我国当前所必须面对的重要问题.本文将借鉴...     

袁隆平与中国杂交水稻工程

中国杂交水稻育种理论研究及其成果的推广应用是世界作物育种及其推广史上一项伟大的科学工程。本文阐述了近50年时间里以袁隆平为代表的中国杂交水稻育种学家、技术专家勇于探索,独创中国杂交水稻育种理论与技术方法的关键点;讨论了此项成就的产生、形成与发展过程。本文认为,杂交水稻科研成果及推广是新中国科技领域自主创新、社会主义大协作的标志性成就;袁隆平在他50多年的作物育种科研生涯中,实现了从育种专家向育种学家的转变;中国杂交水稻事业的巨大成就,得益于袁隆平院士的献身科学与不懈追求,得益于全国成千上万杂交水稻研究者的无私奉献和勇于实践,得益于从中央到地方各级领导的重视和相关部门的鼎力支持。     

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程

北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程是我国“十一五”时期的一项重大科学工程。工程从2004年初开工建设,经过五年的努力,按指标、按计划、按预算、高质量地完成了各项建设任务,并于2009年7月通过了国家验收。本文报告了北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程的建设进程,总结了在激烈的国际竞争中改造方案的选择和工程的质量、经费和进度控制等方面的经验。     

“第178场中国工程院科技论坛——工程思维与工程方法论”综述

正1论坛背景工程哲学是21世纪以来国际上哲学研究的新领域,也是其关注的新热点。中国工程院工程管理学部在中国工程院领导的支持下,联合中国自然辩证法研究会及其工程哲学专业委员会,自2004年以来先后开展了工程哲学和工程演化论研究,并陆续出版了《工程哲学》(2007年第1版,2013年第2版)和《工程演化论》(2010年)等专著,为"工程哲学"学科的发展做出了重要贡献,并标志着我国在工程哲学领域的研究进入了世界前列。在工程哲学的理论体系中,工程思维和工程方法论是一项重要内容,也是不可或缺的组成部     

追寻半导体材料的自立自强：十二年科技规划时期江苏锗提炼的探索过程

1956年制定的《1956～1967年科学技术发展远景规划》将解决锗的原材料问题列为发展半导体技术的核心环节.20世纪50年代末至60年代初,国内多地开始尝试锗提炼.江苏溧水发现含锗赤铁矿后,在中国科学院江苏分院(江苏省科委)和江苏省冶金局先后主持下,探索出了一套独特的工艺和设备方案.梳理了半导体技术在江苏取得锗提炼突...     

旧金山金门大桥建设的技术与管理创新

美国旧金山金门大桥建成于1937年,至今已有近八十年的历史。它在建造和运营管理中,创下了众多第一次,开拓了工程创新的新局面。然而,最初,金门大桥被公认为是"不可能完成的任务"。除了复杂的地形条件、更长的跨度等技术壁垒外,资金、工期等管理壁垒束缚了它成功的步伐,那它是如何突破技术壁垒和管理壁垒以获得技术创新与管理创新的?本文以金门大桥的筹建、施工、运营等方面的历史为背景,试图解答其创新是基于何种背景产生的,以及其做法对今天的工程创新有何启发意义。最终发现,公众参与、科学管理及集成性创新对金门大桥的成功起着至关重要的作用,而且其克服壁垒走向创新的做法值得借鉴性学习。     

总体设计部构想与习近平治国方略

试图从系统工程的角度来阐释国家运行系统的特征和规律以及良好的状态;着重研究改革开放近40年中国共产党和社会各界精英对国家运行系统设计的探索;重点阐述习近平总书记运用系统思维总体设计治国方略。据此,指出新常态下"六位一体"的国家运行系统战略布局是发展的必然趋势,总结了习近平总书记治国方略总体设计的三大方面内涵,并将习近平治国方略概括为:中国梦、总布局、新常态是国家运行系统提升的必要抉择,"四个全面"是国家运行系统提升的战略路径,实现这些战略应该用"五个统一"来增强国家运行系统提升的保障能力。总之,习近平总书记的总体治国方略是将国家运行系统从现实的状态提升到更加满意状态的必要途径。     

19世纪末至20世纪前半期中国的军事工程

19世纪末至20世纪初,世界军事工程的样式,已开始从要塞炮台式体系为主,演变为以野战筑垒体系为主,中国军事工程体系也或先或后地进行了这种演变。其进程大致是:一、自中法战争至抗击八国联军侵华战争(1884—1949)中出现的"地营"等多种筑垒法,"精筑壕垒"法,"桤筑溝墙"法;二、北洋政府时期的"堑壕"与阵地布障法;三、国民政府时期对苏区构筑的"碉堡"工事,抗战中以沿海为主以内陆为辅的守备工事,总崩溃前的城防与江防工事;四、人民军队在1928至1949年的军事斗争中所创独具特色的军事工程。     

民国时期山西工业的崛起

During the Republic of China, Shanxi's industry grew up rapidly and its causes, experiences and lessons can be used for reference to today's industrial construction. Based on the view that ideas build reality, this paper introduces and comments on the scientific ideas of Yanxishan. Furthermore, the construction practice and achievements of Shanxi's industry are also presented and the association between Yanxishan's ideas and the construction achievements is discussed in the paper too. Finally, the author discusses the lessons we could draw from Shanxi's industrial construction in the Republic of China.     

To Expand Ocean Fishing Industry and Develop Ocean Territory

Deep ocean fishery is an integral part of a nation’s maritime power. A well-developed ocean fishing industry not only provides citizens with more nutrient diets, but also is a strong indicator of a country’s claim over the natural resources in oceans. China now has a relatively sizeable ocean fishing fleet, which gradually developed over a more than 20 year time period. However, China’s ocean fishery faces a set of problems calling for immediate responses. For example, both the unsystematic and loose collaboration with the resource-rich countries and the low level of organization among Chinese fishing companies are preventing the industry from being a continuous and sustainable one. Chinese fishing companies are mostly stuck in the production segment in the industry chain, due to international division of labor, lacking effective connections both with the domestic markets and with the foreign ones. The industry is also tormented by a low profitability, the expensive applicable technologies, a lack of information on natural resources, the ever-increasing oil price and fishing license fee, etc. To deal with those challenges, the author made a set of policy propositions, including, but not limited to, enhancing the level of organization among the fishing companies, allowing more favorable subsidies, and cultivating a well-rounded industry chain, etc.     

AIChE and Its Role in the Early Shaping of Chemical Engineering

In the 20 years from the late 19th century to early 20th century, industry developed rapidly in Europe and the U.S. During this period new branches of engineering science came into being. In order to have deep understanding of engineering science, the author chooses American Institute of Chemical Engineers as her case study target. On the basis of important sources and literatures, the paper made a study on the history of the formulation of chemical engineering as a new discipline from the perspectives of historiography and sociology of science. The paper shows that in the rapid growth of the chemical industry in the U.S, chemical engineers has become a new profession, and chemical engineering as a discipline is gradually shaped by the interaction and intersection of chemistry and mechanical engineering. In 1888, Boston Institute of Technology (the predecessor of MIT) started to design chemical engineering courses and to train engineers needed in chemical industry. Chemical engineers paid more attention to the connection of their work with pure chemistry and mechanical engineering. They tried to find out their own professional and knowledge boundaries in industry. The chemical industry grew along with the formation of chemical engineer groups and institutionalization of chemical engineering education. In such a context, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers was established in 1908. The AIChE was a distinguished mark of the institutionalization of chemical engineering. It played an important role in the shaping and promoting of the new discipline: defining the professional identity of the chemical engineer; constructing a platform of academic communication; clarifying the boundary of chemical engineering and the relationship among chemical engineering, chemistry, mechanical engineering and other disciplines; reforming the education of chemical engineering at American universities, standardizing the curriculum of chemical engineering; promoting the connection among academic institutions, universities and enterprises.     

Engineering Construction of Military Supply Chain on the Basis of Informatization Warfare

The modern warfare is more dependent on the war energy. It is not only focus on the use of high-tech, including information technology and other tools, to increase the efficiency in the use of war energy in the battlefield, but also work on the conversion efficiency and quality from the economy energy to the war energy. In this regard, we shall pay particular attention to military acquisition which is acting as a bridge in the process of transition from economy energy to war energy. The acquisition department will be in close contact with other functionalities, e.g.: logistics, technology support and other services departments to display the supporting function of the military supply chain in future battlefield. The modern information warfare is becoming to be more and more stereoscopic with a high speed pattern which is in depth and excluding the line operation. It is driving the war movement into a multi-dimensional area. The original line-operation model, i.e. working on the front line, did not exist any more. The joint service on war is much more preferred. The recent practice showed that the logistics support is expected to play a very special role in the future war. No matter how advanced the weaponry will come to be, as long as there is no immediate, sufficient and precise support from logistics side, the tactical arrangements/operations as well as the combat effectiveness cannot be commenced smoothly. The information technology as a philosophy, which is influencing and infiltrating the various fields of this era, is maturing itself in a dynamic development. In the field of logistics support, the application of information technology is an enhanced technology to develop the resource space, improve the efficiency of allocation and to ensure an effective materials transportation and resource usage. The main focus and further development of information technology is aiming at achieving the optimal efficiency in military economy by constructively settling the complicated relationship between the military supply chain and external environment which are connected to the other in a systematic way to maintain a smooth and well-ordered operation of supply-chain system. To start with the supply chain construction, firstly we shall be clear that the logistics acquisition is playing a crucial role in the military supply chain. Secondly we shall set up an effective operating mechanism for the cooperation between market and military. At the same time, we shall put our efforts in strengthening the organizational functions of the supply chain and its supporting capabili-ties, and demonstrating the forces constitute, work distribution, command system and operational models in the logistics support. As a consequence, everybody will have the same clear understanding on the requirement of the supply chain construction which will be adaptable to the needs of future battlefield.     

Discussion on GHG Emission Reduction in the Steel Industry

Based on the analysis of carbon emission sources in steel manufacturing process, the status quo and the characteristics of GHG emission in the steel industry are analyzed. It is concluded that CO_{2 is the major greenhouse gas that contributes to greenhouse effect and it is mainly caused by energy consumption. As there are many CO2 emission calculation methods for the steel industry or plants, involving aspects such as direct emission, indirect emission, and credits, it should be noted that it makes little sense to compare CO2 emission indexes from different sources. Based on the estimation of direct CO2 emissions in the steel industry in China from 1991 to 2008, it is indicated that the specific direct CO2 emission per ton steel is de-creased from 3.29t in 1991 to 1.92t in 2008, which shows that energy-saving and emission reduction in the Chinese steel industry has made significant progress. Besides, this paper introduces international develop-ments in low carbon technologies, such as ULCOS, COURSE 50, etc.. Meanwhile, the low-carbon technolo-gies, mainly the secondary energy utilization technologies, and CO2 emission reduction potential during the “Twelfth Five-year Plan” in China are analyzed. This paper predicts that, compared with the specific CO2 emission per ton steel in 2005, the figure in 2015 will be reduced by 104.01kg. Finally, GHG emission re-duction measures and roadmap in Chinese steel industry are put forward, and some policies are suggested.}     

以环保约束性指标优化钢铁工业布局

针对中国钢铁工业布局中存在的＂北重南轻＂、＂东多西少＂和城市型钢铁布局较多等问题,指出现有的钢铁工业布局调整尚不能满足中国区域大气污染防治的要求。系统梳理中国近年来颁布的环境空气质量标准、钢铁工业污染物排放标准和环境保护规划方面针对钢铁工业提出的新要求,指出这些新标准、新要求为钢铁工业优化工业布局形成了重要环境保护约束性指标。同时结合这些约束性指标提出了执行特别排放限值、实行污染物减量置换、提高排污费标准、开展排污权交易和鼓励先进技术应用等推进钢铁工业布局优化的政策措施。     

Transformation and Innovation of Industries under Informatization

The development of informatization is one of the most important forces to promote the transformation, upgrading and innovation of industries. Informatization accelerates technological innovation, promotes the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and speeds up the development of emerging industries. At present, the level of China’s informatization is low and the integration of industrialization and informatization should be enhanced urgently. In this context, China’s electronic information industry is lack of core technology and is at an unfavorable position in the value chain. Besides, the development of information industry is facing many institutional barriers, which is unfavorable to utilize the information technology to promote the transformation and innovation of industries. The government should respond actively to these problems from the following five as-pects: to create a good external environment, to support actively the traditional industries to transform and upgrade by using the information technology, to cultivate emerging industries with the aid of informatization, to strengthen the construction of independent innovation ability, and to strengthen the construction of talent team.     

钢铁冶金工程的演化过程与规律

Ferrous metals have been the basic material used by human beings. In 600 BC, China started to enjoy the Iron Age, so in the long-term practice, iron-smelting had come to be a skillful technique. Accompanied with the economic development of human society, iron-smelting had been transformed into handicraft iron making workshops in addition to farming and stock-raising. The Industrial Revolution boosted the increasing demand for iron and steel products in society and the technological innovation had brought the birth of steel industry and had formed the ferrous metallurgical engineering. In the course of rapid growth of economy in the 20th century, driven by technological innovations, steel industry has made tremendous development. In the 21st century, iron and steel will still be the important materials for human society, and the development of steel industry will be continuing. The history of human society, as a whole, has been an everlasting course of evolution for the survival of human being and the needs for the development of human society. Human race has endeavored to improve economic growth. The evolution of ferrous metallurgical engineering has been just one constituent in the evolution course of utilization, application and fabrication of tools for human society.     

中国通用航空:问题、原因及对策

General aviation, which is playing a more and more important role in national economy and national defense, is one of the three pillars in aviation industry. As one kind of aircrafts, the number and function of general aviation aircraft far exceeds those of civilian aircraft and military aircraft. The paper briefly analyzes the problems and the relevant reasons in the development of general aviation in China, and proposes some solutions in respond.