池式钠冷快堆放射性释放风险概率安全评价事件树分析

池式钠冷快堆的安全特性和放射性释放机制与压水堆有着显著不同,在核安全新要求下,亟待开展放射性释放风险概率安全评价（PSA）研究。本文以池式钠冷快堆为研究对象,通过分析放射性来源、包容边界及破坏包容边界完整性的严重事故现象,确定了池式钠冷快堆大量放射性释放的主要位置和释放模式,构建分析了放射性释放事件树。本文分析结果可为进一步开展池式钠冷快堆放射性释放风险PSA提供参考。     

NHR-200Ⅱ型低温供热堆安全特性

为提高低温供热堆的经济性,实现其供电、供气、海水淡化以及供暖的多用途目标,其主要热工参数须大幅提升。因此,提出一种新的低温供热堆堆型NHR-200Ⅱ,相比于NHR-200,其热工参数须大幅提升,同时又必须保持低温供热堆系统简化、固有安全性好的特性。为达到这一目标,沿用了低温供热堆一体化、全功率自然循环、自稳压以及非能动安全系统的设计特点,通过挖掘潜力、合理匹配系统参数来提高效率。对两种设计扩展工况的分析表明非能动安全系统的设计是有效的,反应堆堆芯不会发生裸露。本研究成果也可为其他小型水冷堆的设计提供借鉴。     

Comparison of JSFR design with EDF requirements for future SFR

A comparison of the Japan sodium-cooled fast reactor (JSFR) design with the future French sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) concept has been done based on the requirements of Electricité de France (EDF), the investor-operator of the future French SFR, and the French safety baseline, under the framework of an EDF and Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) bilateral agreement of research and development cooperation in future SFRs..     

Design methodology for insulating and cooling of a small modular reactor head by high temperature structural-thermal-fluid analysis

The design of a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) head can be complicated due to its shape and functions. The head is a component placed in the pressure boundary to shield nuclear radioactive radiation. At the same time, it needs to seal the reactor vessel, support penetrating components, and minimize heat losses. This paper presents a new insulating and cooling design concept of a small SFR head. For a new design, this study shows a comprehensive design approach considering fluid-thermal-structural computations. The interactive design approach refers to dependent simulation steps of three-dimensional (3D) thermal-structural, one-dimensional (1D) heat-transfer, and 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. This multi-domain approach was applied to the head of the large sodium integral effect test facility called sodium test loop for safety simulation and assessment (STELLA-2). And the STELLA-2 head design was proposed as a thick plate with a sandwich type of insulation, cooling the perimeter annulus of the round head-top surface. For the structural design, the ASME design code was utilized, and the head temperature of 346?°C was calculated as its initial design temperature target. In an axial heat-transfer mode from the in-vessel to the head, a 1D finite element model gave 57 and 75 mm insulation thicknesses with a thermal conductivity of 0.07 W/m/K. The cooling effectiveness of the proposed head design was shown through a commercial CFD package.     

Development of natural circulation analysis methods for a sodium cooled fast reactor

A natural circulation evaluation methodology has been developed to insure safety of a sodium cooled fast reactor (SFR) of 1500 MWe adopting a natural circulation decay heat removal system (NC-DHRS). The methodology consists of a one-dimensional safety analysis which can be applied to safety evaluation for SFR licensing taking into account the temperature flattening effect due to buoyancy force in the core, and a three-dimensional fluid flow analysis which can evaluate thermal-hydraulics for local convection and thermal stratification in the primary system and DHRSs. The one-dimensional safety analysis method and the three-dimensional fluid flow analysis method have been validated using the test results of a water test apparatus and a sodium test loop for some typical transient events selected from the design basis events of the SFR. Finally, it has been confirmed that a good agreement between the test results and analysis results has been obtained, and reliability of each method has been demonstrated.     

Development of System Code FR-Sdaso for Sodium cooled Fast Reactor

To solve actual problems in the accident analysis and working condition design of the 600 MW demenstration fast reactor (CFR600), the sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) system code FR-Sdaso was developed, which could be used to model the reactor core, primary system, secondary system, tertiary system, quadruple system and the decay heat removal system of the SFR. The physical models can be divided into three categories: The models for nuclear island equipment including point reactor model, single-channel core thermal model, multi-zone sodium pool model and four-zone steam generator model, etc., the lump parameter models for conventional island equipment, including turbine, condenser, feed water heater, deaerator, etc., and the general models for pump, valve, pipe and control volume. Preliminary V&V work for FR-Sdaso was conducted, and the results show that FR-Sdaso can be used to analyze the transient conditions of the whole plant and typical SFR accidents such as overpower, loss of flow, and loss of heat sink. FR-Sdaso was used in the design and safety analysis of the CFR600.     

钠冷快堆系统程序FR-Sdaso开发

为解决600 MW示范快堆（CFR600）事故分析和工况设计中的实际问题,自主开发了钠冷快堆系统程序FR-Sdaso,其建模范围包括堆芯、一回路、二回路、三回路、四回路和事故余热排出系统,主要物理模型包括点堆模型、单通道堆芯热工模型、多区钠池模型、四区蒸汽发生器模型等核岛设备或部件分析模型,汽轮机、凝汽器、给水加热器、除氧器等常规岛设备采用集总参数模型,泵、阀门、管道及控制体等采用通用模型。对程序进行了初步验证,结果表明,FR-Sdaso程序可用于分析全厂瞬态工况及超功率、失流、失热阱等典型事故过程。目前,FR-Sdaso程序已用于CFR600的设计和安全分析。     

CFD modeling and thermal-hydraulic analysis for the passive decay heat removal of a sodium-cooled fast reactor

In this study, a pool-typed design similar to sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) of the fourth generation reactors has been modeled using CFD simulations to investigate the characteristics of a passive mechanism of Shutdown Heat Removal System (SHRS). The main aim is to refine the reactor pool design in terms of temperature safety margin of the sodium pool. Thus, an appropriate protection mechanism is maintained in order to ensure the safety and integrity of the reactor system during a shutdown mode without using any active heat removal system. The impacts on the pool temperature are evaluated based on the following considerations: (1) the aspect ratio of pool diameter to depth, (2) the values of thermal emissivity of the surface materials of reactor and guard vessels, and (3) innerpool liner and core periphery structures. The computational results show that an optimal pool design in geometry can reduce the maximum pool temperature down to ∼551 °C which is substantially lower than ∼627 °C as calculated for the reference case. It is also concluded that the passive Reactor Air Cooling System (RACS) is effective in removing decay heat after shutdown. Furthermore, thermal radiation from the surface of the reactor vessel is found to be important; and thus, the selection of the vessel surface materials with a high emissivity would be a crucial factor for consideration in safety design. This study provides future researchers with a guideline on designing safety measures for the fourth generation of the fast reactors with no particular reference to any specific manufacturer.     

Development of an evaluation methodology for the natural circulation decay heat removal system in a sodium cooled fast reactor

A natural circulation evaluation methodology has been developed to ensure the safety of a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) of 1500 MW adopting the natural circulation decay heat removal system (NC-DHRS). The methodology consists of a one-dimensional safety analysis which can evaluate the core hot spot temperature taking into account the temperature flattening effect in the core, a three-dimensional fluid flow analysis which can evaluate the thermal-hydraulics for local convections and thermal stratifications in the primary system and DHRS, and a statistical safety evaluation method for the hot spot temperature in the core. The safety analysis method and the three-dimensional analysis method have been validated using results of a 1/10 scaled water test simulating the primary system of the SFR and a sodium test simulating a part of the primary system and the DHRS with about a 1/7 scale, and the applicability of the safety analysis for the SFR has been confirmed by comparing with the three-dimensional analysis adopting the turbulence model. Finally, a statistical safety evaluation has been performed for the SFR using the safety analysis method.     

论解决核电安全问题的途径

从现有水冷反应堆核电厂存在堆芯熔化危险这一安全问题的焦点出发,分析了改进型反应堆AP-600、SIR、非能动安全反应堆PIUS和具有固有安全的模块高温气冷堆MHTGR等的安全特性.按照下一代水冷反应堆的设计要求和用户要求,提出了解决水堆核电厂安全问题的新概念——自安全铀氢锆反应堆,该堆型可能成为世界水堆核电发展的一个方问。中国核动力研究设计院正在探讨这种堆型。     

SFR with once-through depleted uranium breed & burn blanket

This paper assesses the feasibility of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) cores that have TRU recycled seeds and once-through depleted uranium blankets. The design objective of these Seed-and-Blanket (S&B) cores is to maximize the power generated by the blanket. As the blanket fuel cost is significantly lower than the cost of the seed fuel and does not need reprocessing, increasing the fraction of reactor power generated by the blanket will reduce the total fuel cycle cost and the fuel reprocessing capacity required per unit of electricity generated. The S&B core is designed to have a prolate (“cigar”) shape seed (“driver”) to maximize the fraction of neutrons that radially leak into the subcritical blanket and reduce neutron loss via axial leakage. Both seed and blanket contain multiple batches; the blanket batches are gradually shuffled inward, while one third of the fuel batches in the seed are recycled. The preliminary study found that it is possible to design the seed to accommodate a wide range of TRU conversion ratios (CR) without significantly penalizing the burnup reactivity swing. The relatively small burnup reactivity swing enables to design the S&B core to operate at longer cycles and discharge its fuel at a higher burnup relative to conventional TRU transmutation cores with identical CR. The S&B cores can generate 1000 MW_th and fit within the S-PRISM reactor vessel. The fraction of core power generated by the blanket is between 40% and 50% without exceeding the radiation damage constraint of 200 Displacements per Atom (DPA); this fraction increases when the seed is designed to have a smaller CR. These features are expected to improve the economics of SFR.     

Development of technology-neutral safety requirements for the regulation of future nuclear power reactors: Back to basics

This paper explores the current trends as regards the development of technology-neutral safety requirements to be used in the regulation of future nuclear power reactors and the role of the quantitative safety goals in the design of reactor safety systems. The use of the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) on protection against potential exposure could form the basis of a technology-neutral framework for safety requirements on new reactor designs and could contribute to international harmonisation of nuclear safety assessment practices as part of the licensing processes for future nuclear power plants.     

MOX燃料堆芯热工特性及设计限值研究

使用MOX燃料的快堆核电站以其线功率高、燃耗高、堆芯出口温度高等特点,对堆芯热工设计提出了新的问题.本文在对MOX燃料热工性能分析的基础上,给出了主要的热工设计限值,并以电功率870 MW电站为参考,初步分析了其堆芯热工特性和设计裕量.结果表明对于MOX燃料,较高的堆芯热工参数合理可行,且具有足够的裕量.     

钠冷快堆丧失蒸汽发生器模块后的最佳工况研究

钠冷快堆通过采用模块式蒸汽发生器的设计方案以提高核电厂的负荷因子。核电厂运行中若发生丧失蒸汽发生器模块事件,核电厂工况将发生变化,应进行适当的调节,调节的目标工况可通过设计与研究给出。本工作对某典型池式钠冷快堆丧失1个蒸汽发生器模块后的最佳工况进行研究,主要研究内容包括对其主热传输系统进行建模,开展主热参数匹配计算,根据相关运行限值来筛选方案并分析关键参数,最终给出较为合适的运行工况。本工作为钠冷快堆在丧失蒸汽发生器模块后的工况设计提供了重要依据。     

ATHLET程序的钠冷快堆应用扩展及其验证

系统分析程序是对钠冷快堆的冷却剂回路系统进行全局模拟、瞬态及事故安全分析的重要工具。本工作对德国核设施与反应堆安全机构（GRS）开发的轻水堆最佳估算系统程序ATHLET进行修改,增加了钠的物性公式和传热关系式,将其适用范围扩展到钠冷快堆。为验证修改过的ATHLET程序,对法国凤凰（Phenix）反应堆系统建模,并对其自然对流实验进行模拟,将计算结果与实验数据进行比较。结果显示,ATHLET程序的钠冷快堆应用扩展具有良好的适用性。     

基于FR-Sdaso的法国凤凰堆寿期末自然循环实验分析

系统分析程序是开展反应堆安全分析的重要工具之一,也可用于开展系统瞬态实验过程的分析。法国凤凰堆（Phenix）在停运之前开展的自然循环实验是钠冷快堆领域非常重要的系统瞬态实验,为研究钠冷快堆的瞬态特点提供了很好的参考。为分析此实验过程,利用自主研发的系统分析程序FR-Sdaso对凤凰堆进行建模,对其自然循环实验开展计算分析,并将主要参数的计算值与实验值进行了对比分析。结果表明,FR-Sdaso可较好地模拟此实验的瞬态过程,可用于开展钠冷快堆此类瞬态的安全分析。     

Challenges and Innovative Technologies On Fuel Handling Systems for Future Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors

The reactor refuelling system provides the means of transporting, storing, and handling reactor core subassemblies. The system consists of the facilities and equipment needed to accomplish the scheduled refuelling operations. The choice of a FHS impacts directly on the general design of the reactor vessel (primary vessel, storage, and final cooling before going to reprocessing), its construction cost, and its availability factor. Fuel handling design must take into account various items and in particular operating strategies such as core design and management and core configuration. Moreover, the FHS will have to cope with safety assessments: a permanent cooling strategy to prevent fuel clad rupture, plus provisions to handle short-cooled fuel and criteria to ensure safety during handling. In addition, the handling and elimination of residual sodium must be investigated; it implies specific cleaning treatment to prevent chemical risks such as corrosion or excess hydrogen production. The objective of this study is to identify the challenges of a SFR fuel handling system. It will then present the range of technical options incorporating innovative technologies under development to answer the GENERATION IV SFR requirements.     

Impact of Nuclear Data Uncertainties on Innovative Fast Reactors and Required Target Accuracies

It is widely accepted that the current status of neutronics calculations for fast reactor design is such that the present uncertainties on nuclear data should still be significantly reduced, in order to get the full benefit from advances in modeling and simulation. Only a parallel effort in advanced simulation, high-accuracy validation experiments, and nuclear data improvement will provide designers with more general and wellvalidated calculation tools to meet tight design target accuracies to further improve safety and economics. The present paper presents very recent results related to nuclear data uncertainty impact assessment and target accuracy requirements for advanced reactor systems.     

Subcritical space nuclear system without most movable control systems

This paper describes the design and analysis of advanced space nuclear reactor (ASNR) whose design combines the advantages of radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) and space nuclear reactor (SNR). As opposed to current SNRs designs, ASNR is a subcritical system driven by ²³²U–Be neutron source to generate thermal power continuously. Most movable control systems in the SNR design are removed. The detailed neutronic calculations by MCNPX (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended), including k_eff, flux, burn-up, loss-ratio of neutron source and immersion reactivity, show that ASNR has higher criticality safety and more compact structure to bear the risk of immersion accident compared with the past SNRs, and the new system can provide more thermal power than RTG. Furthermore, the neutron source efficiency is optimized to improve the utilization of ²³²U–Be neutron source with the improvement of criticality safety. Compared with the past designs of space nuclear power, ASNR could provide enough thermal power and avoid the occurrence of serious immersion accident in the case of total control system failure. ASNR has potential for future deep space missions.     

超高温锂热管设计与热输运性能分析

超高温锂热管冷却的核反应堆因其静默性、体积小等优势,在深海核动力和深空探测方面具有广泛的应用前景。为掌握超高温锂热管的传热特性,开展了超高温锂热管设计,并基于热阻网格法开发了超高温锂热管的Python程序,在此基础上对锂热管进行热输运性能分析。通过与其他现有模型和实验数据对比,验证了本文开发的模型精度,且应用该程序校核了本文设计的超高温锂热管,并分析了超高温锂热管在变功率工况下热管结构对热管达到新的稳定状态所需转变时间的影响。结果表明,本文设计的超高温锂热管符合设计要求;增加管壁厚度和吸液芯厚度会增加转变时间;增加冷凝段长度有利于减少转变时间。本文研究为热管堆的优化设计和安全分析提供了依据。