工程造价(成本)全过程各阶段核心环节控制

工程造价(成本)管理即对工程造价全过程各阶段核心环节的精细化控制,把工程造价控制在预算范围内。招标阶段,应对工程量清单编制、招标控制价编制、材料暂估价和专业工程暂估价进行控制;投标阶段,应控制好投标报价的编制、处理好中标之后清单项目遗漏问题;施工及结算阶段,应建立强有力的合同管理组织机构及合同跟踪机制。     

浅谈工程监理工作中的合同管理及造价控制

合同管理和造价管理是工程项目管理的核心。施工准备阶段、施工阶段以及竣工验收阶段合同管理的重点和注意事项各不相同。其中,在施工合同的管理过程中,监理工程师应注意合同的履约、多个施工合同同时存在时的管理以及合同管理的效率问题。而在造价控制方面,监理工程师应从工程款项的支付、工程签证单的办理、施工索赔的审查等方面着重进行管理。     

论加强施工企业工程造价管理

为加强工程造价管理，提高施工企业的经济效益，对工程造价在招标投标、合同签订、施工、工程结算等各阶段，实施有效的管理。     

建造合同准则在施工企业中的实践

依据建造合同准则,在工程施工企业当中,建立二级仓库财务动态监控模式,实现材料耗用过程的有效控制;建立内外部收入成本配比模型,厘定资本性支出与收益性支出;创新应用完工百分比法,依合同额划分工程类型,合理确认合同费用与合同收入。加强了工程造价管理、工程监理管理、工程财务管理,强化了成本控制,提高了管理效能。     

试论工程造价与工程项目的实施

就工程造价在招标投标、合同签订、施工、工程结算各阶段如何运用并指导工程成本控制提出看法。     

加强全过程管理做好房地产成本控制

在整个开发过程中,项目的筛选是最重要的一环,投资决策对项目开发的成败至关重要.工程设计是具体实现技术与经济对立统一的过程,拟建项目一经决策确定后,设计就成为了工程建设和控制工程造价的关键.施工阶段即产品的生产阶段,根据工程施工阶段工序复杂,生产周期长等特点,主要从招投标工作方面、合同管理、工程变更洽商控制、甲方供应材料设备的采购管理等方面讨论工程造价的控制.竣工结算是建设项目成本控制的最后一关,竣工结算办理的认真与否直接关系到工程造价的高低.本文从项目决策、设计、施工和竣工结算四方面,阐述如何进行工程成本的控制.     

浅析如何搞好建设工程结算审核

建设工程价款结算是施工阶段工程造价确定与控制的重要环节，文章通过对工程结算具备的依据、结算的方式、工程结算中常见问题的分析，提出如何加强管理、搞好工程结算审核，努力维护国家及企业的利益。     

对企业工程项目造价管理与控制的探讨

结合工程造价管理工作实际,针对工程造价管理的几个主要环节中容易出现造价失控的一些问题进行了探讨,工程造价的管理与控制必须贯穿于工程项目的全过程,其重点在于工程前期的决策、设计阶段的预控、招投标与合同洽商中的精确布控以及施工与预算阶段的严控几个方面。要实现对工程项目的全过程进行有效的控制与管理,就必须有高素质的人员配备,完善和高效的组织机构,才能确保实现一个造价合理、质量优异的工程项目。     

试论施工阶段工程造价控制的策略

施工阶段工程造价控制一般是指建设项目已经完成施工图设计,并完成招标阶段工作和签订工程承包合同以后的工程造价确定与控制工作,这是项目建设过程中时间跨度最长、变化最多的阶段,对建设项目全过程造价管理来说也是最难、最复杂的.本文重点研究施工阶段工程造价控制的策略.     

浅谈监理工程师对公路工程施工合同的管理

监理工程师对工程项目进行管理,是施工合同管理的基本内容.介绍了建设工程施工合同的概念及在监理工作中的重要性,从服务意识、合同签订、工程质量、进度的控制、工程变更及索赔的管理等方面阐述了合同管理工作的内容,提出只有搞好合同管理,才能提高管理水平,增强企业竞争力.     

Whole Life Performance Assessment: Critical Success Factors

Whole life costing (WLC) has become the best practice in construction procurement and it is likely to be a major issue in predicting whole life costs of a construction project accurately. However, different expectations from different organizations throughout a project’s life and the lack of data, monitoring targets, and long-term interest for many key players are obstacles to be overcome if WLC is to be implemented. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to investigate a set of ten common factors and 188 individual factors. These were grouped into eight critical categories (project scope, time, cost, quality, contract/administration, human resource, risk, and health and safety) by project phase, as perceived by the clients, contractors and subcontractors in order to identify critical success factors for whole life performance assessment (WLPA). Using a relative importance index, the top ten critical factors for each category, from the perspective of project participants, were analyzed and ranked. Their agreement on those categories and factors were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation. All participants identify “Type of Project” as the most common critical factor in the eight categories for WLPA. Using the relative index ranking technique and weighted average methods, it was found that the most critical individual factors in each category were: “clarity of contract” (scope); “fixed construction period” (time); “precise project budget estimate” (cost); “material quality” (quality); “mutual/trusting relationships” (contract/administration); “leadership/team management” (human resource); and “management of work safety on site” (health and safety). There was relatively a high agreement on these categories among all participants. Obviously, with 80 critical factors of WLPA, there is a stronger positive relationship between client and contactor rather than contractor and subcontractor, client and subcontractor. Putting these critical factors into a criteria matrix can facilitate an initial framework of WLPA in order to aid decision making in the public sector in South Korea for evaluation/selection process of a construction project at the bid stage.     

合同管理在项目管理中的地位和作用

在现代建筑工程项目管理中合同管理具有十分重要的地位,已成为与进度管理、质量管理、成本(投资)管理、信息管理等并列的一大管理职能。合同管理对项目的进度控制、质量管理、成本管理有总控制和总协调作用,是工程项目管理的核心和灵魂,这是由合同在社会主义市场经济条件下以及现代建筑管理工程中的独特作用所决定的。在国标清单计价规范实施之际,作为一名造价工程师更应该熟悉和了解合同管理的地位和重要性。     

工业项目工程造价指标体系建设的一些思考

工程造价指标体系建设是对既往数据进行总结、统计,以达到指导未来工作目的的工作.本文介绍了工程造价体系的类型和数据来源,提出了工程造价指标体系的编制方法和内容.工程造价指标体系应按照"建设项目-区域工程-单项工程-单位工程-分部分项工程"的层次结构编制,具体内容包括工程概况、建安工程造价指标、设备价格指标、单项工程造价指...     

Contractor’s Opportunistic Bidding Behavior and Equilibrium Price Level in the Construction Market

The competitive bidding system has been to blame for abnormally low bids, which are considered as one of the main causes of poor project quality. Previous studies have regarded the pricing of bidders as an optimum decision based on contractor’s cost and market competition level. However, the sell to produce characteristic of construction projects may induce contractors to offer a low bid and then make up the amount initially sacrificed from beyond-contractual reward (BCR) gained through cutting corners and claims. System dynamics was adopted in this study to develop a contractor’s pricing model with consideration of the dimensions of cost, market competition, and BCR. The model was then examined by statistical analysis of data collected from 44 highway projects in Taiwan. It was found that the equilibrium market price is significantly associated with BCR, which is assumed to be determined by the strictness of the owner’s construction management, including both soundness of contract and tightness in construction supervision. Research results suggest that contractors divide the market into different segments according to the owner’s strictness of construction management and the equilibrium price level of each market segment varies. The price level for projects with a strict owner is remarkably higher than for those with relatively less strict owners. Improvement in the construction management system of projects is crucial to lower the possibility that contractors gain BCR and do opportunistic bidding, and to further enhance project quality.     

SIM-UTILITY: Model for Project Ceiling Price Determination

Before considering bids submitted by competing contractors for a public procurement project, the owner should determine a project ceiling price or cost estimate to use as a reference point for evaluating the bids. A high ceiling price conflicts with the owner’s interests in minimizing costs. Meanwhile, a low ceiling price can jeopardize the project if all bids exceed the ceiling price. This paper proposes a model for determining a reasonable project ceiling price. The model, called SIM-UTILITY, is based on a utility theory and facilitated by a cost simulation approach. The utility theory is applied to reflect the owner’s preferences regarding the determination criteria, while the simulation approach is used to generate more objective project cost data to support execution of the utility theory. The advantages of SIM-UTILITY are proven by its successful application to three construction projects in Taiwan. A computerized SIM-UTILITY is expected to be broadly applicable to public construction projects in Taiwan.     

Evaluation of Differing Subsurface Ground Conditions in Construction Contracts

Subsurface ground conditions present a big factor of uncertainty in a construction project. It is difficult to determine subsurface ground conditions even with a prebid site investigation. Nevertheless, such conditions must be included in the bid price. Due to this uncertainty, claims arise during the construction of a project. Many claims end up in litigation. This paper presents an analysis of legal cases dealing with differing subsurface ground conditions in construction contracts. By creating a database containing salient features from legal cases related to subsurface ground conditions, this research identifies the most important factors influencing the outcome of legal cases pertaining to subsurface ground conditions. Further, the most commonly used arguments by the litigating parties and the precedent cases supporting them are identified and categorized.     

浅析降低房地产项目成本途径与措施

简要分析了影响房地产项目的关键环节：投资决策和工程设计阶段、工程建设阶段、竣工验收和项目决算等阶段；重点提出了降低工程成本的具体措施：重视决策及设计；严格进行工程招投标；重点做好贯穿于工程建设全过程的成本控制；加强项目管理，合理运用各方面资源降低工程成本；积极组织和协调工程建设等。     

Improving Cost Estimates of Construction Projects Using Phased Cost Factors

Central to cost-based competition is the capability to accurately predict the cost of delivering a project. Most literature on cost estimation focuses on specific estimation methods as generic techniques and little attention has been paid to the unique requirements at each project stage. This note attempts to identify the critical factors for effective estimation at various stages of typical construction projects. Drawing from organization control theory and cost estimating literature, this note develops a theoretical framework that identifies the critical factors for effective cost estimation during each project phase of a conventional construction project. The underlying logic is that as a cost estimating effort progresses, both task programmability and output measurability improve. As a result, control effort will shift from input-oriented control to a combination of output and behavior control.     

Management and Construction of the Three Gorges Project

The owner-responsibility system is conducted for implementation of the Three Gorges Project (TGP). For the construction management of the project, the contracting system, the contract administration system, and the construction supervision system are executed for the project management. Contractors for civil projects are determined through bidding and contracting. The permanent equipment and construction materials are purchased through bidding. Some of large-sized construction machines and mechanical and electrical equipment are procured by the international competitive bids. Qualified engineers from qualified engineering bodies, scientific research organizations, and construction companies are selected for the construction supervision. This paper covers the construction of the TGP in some detail, particularly the main dam structure, diversion work, the construction program, and management, project cost, and financing.