Electrical treeing characteristics in XLPE power cable insulation in frequency range between 20 and 500 Hz

Electrical treeing is one of the main reasons for long term degradation of polymeric materials used in high voltage ac applications. In this paper we report on an investigation of electrical tree growth characteristics in XLPE samples from a commercial XLPE power cable. Electrical trees have been grown over a frequency range from 20 Hz to 500 Hz and images of trees were taken using CCD camera without interrupting the application of voltage. The fractal dimension of electric tree is obtained using a simple box-counting technique. Contrary to our expectation it has been found that the fractal dimension prior to the breakdown shows no significant change when frequency of the applied voltage increases. Instead, the frequency accelerates tree growth rate and reduces the time to breakdown. A new approach for investigating the frequency effect on trees has been devised. In addition to looking into the fractal analysis of tree as a whole, regions of growth are being sectioned to reveal differences in terms of growth rate, accumulated damage and fractal dimension.     

电气信息化技术的研究与发展

从现代信息技术应用的角度,提出了信息技术在电气工程中应用的特征,论述了优化与仿真技术、人工智能技术和网络技术在电气工程领域中的应用现状,展望了电气信息化技术发展的前景。     

局部放电远程识别中的分形图像压缩方法

研究了局部放电图像分形压缩技术 ,分析了解码图像误差对识别结果的影响。大量的样本数据识别结果说明 :采用分形图像压缩技术能获得较高的局放图像压缩比 ,提高了系统对远程计算机存储局放图像的识别速度 ,使局放图像远程识别系统具有更强的实用性     

Nonlinear properties of tapered laser cavities

The nonlinear phenomena accompanying the process of light generation in high-power tapered semiconductor lasers are studied using a combination of simulation and experiment. Optical pumping, electrical overpumping, filamentation, and spatial hole burning are shown to be the key nonlinear phenomena influencing the operation of tapered lasers at high output powers. In the particular tapered laser studied, the optical pumping effect is found to have the largest impact on the output beam quality. The simulation model used in this study employs the wide-angle finite-difference beam propagation method for the analysis of the optical propagation within the cavity. Quasi-three-dimensional (3-D) thermal and electrical models are used for the calculation of the 3-D distributions of the temperature, electrons, holes, and electrical potential. The simulation results reproduce key features and the experimental trends.     

The use of fractal features for recognition of 3-D dischargepatterns

This work presents further results on the use of fractal features for recognition of 3-D partial discharge patterns. Two fractal features, the fractal dimension and lacunarity were calculated from 3-D discharge patterns and their power to discriminate among various discharge patterns was analyzed. The results indicate that fractal features possess fairly reasonable discriminating abilities     

Estimation of shielding failure number of transmission lines for different trace configurations using leader progression analysis

The electrogeometric model (EGM) is a technique used for analyzing the termination of lightning flashes on transmission lines and masts, etc. When using the EGM for modeling the lightning stroke to transmission lines, the power line has normally been represented by a set of horizontal wire and both the sag of the wire, the existence of the towers and effect of uneven way have been ignored. This approach has serious short comings including inability to determine the percentage of the strokes terminating on the towers, failure to correctly predict the effect of height, and giving an approximate value for the number of collected strokes. This paper presents the development of a method for estimating the shielding failure number of power transmission lines in different trace configurations by using the charge simulation method. The effects of towers, sags of conductors, and a perfectly conducting ground are represented in 3-D computation. In addition, the stepwise descending nature of a downward negative leader–streamer systems taken into account by using an appropriate progression model. Upward leader inception and propagation is also modeled utilizing critical equivalent streamer-length criterion. The method is applied to compute the shielding failure of power transmission line for different trace configurations. In this paper the 3-D method is extended by modeling the effect of sloppy trace, trees on both and one side of the transmission line with extensive simulation results. Also, in this paper the effect of variation of tree height, its distance from transmission line and the number of trees on SFN are analyzed and results are shown in curves.     

故障录波分析中的三维分析方法

根据目前国内各种故障录波分析软件的现状和计算机技术的发展趋势,提出一种电力故障三维分析方法.通过分析电力故障分析方法的优点,介绍了OpenGL技术.以阻抗轨迹为例给出了三维矢量数据的生成算法及其他多种电力故障分析算法的三维分析模块图例.讨论了电力故障三维分析模块的实时交互技术和数据接口设计,总结并指出了电力故障三维分析方法在电力故障分析中的应用前景.     

交联聚乙烯电力电缆电树枝生长的混沌特性分析

采用实际的XLPE电缆作为试验样品,以针尖模拟电场应力的集中,开展了工频12～21kV电压和常温到70℃下的电树枝化试验;引入了混沌理论分析电树枝生长的过程,并以电树枝局部放电单位时间内的最大放电量和总放电量作为分析对象,结合电树枝的生长的物理机理,分析了电树枝生长的混沌特征。结果显示XLPE电缆电树枝的生长过程具有确定性混沌特性,电树枝混沌特征的最大Lyapunov指数和关联分形维数值表现出随树枝分形维数的增大而减小的趋势。     

嵌入屏障的绝缘介质中电树生长模型

利用WZ模型将绝缘介质离散化,使用分形理论讨论了绝缘介质中电树发展的随机性和确定性。在原有WZ模型的基础上引入了分布耐电强度的概念,建立了新的模型。通过此二维模型仿真了在绝缘介质中嵌入了耐电强度高于原介质的屏障后的电树生长情况。在针板电极结构下用模型仿真了在绝缘介质中所嵌入屏障耐电强度的不同对电树发展造成的不同影响,并比较了不同情况下的平均击穿距离。通过比较得出,当嵌入耐电强度远大于原介质的屏障后,电树发展过程中需要绕过屏障进行生长,从而等效于增加了原有介质的厚度,使得整个介质的绝缘性能有一定程度的提高。     

Formation and anomalous properties of fractals

The basic mathematical concept of fractals is explained. A limited set of examples of fractals in nature, drawn mainly from condensed matter physics, is given. Current understanding of how fractals are formed in nature, as learned through computer simulation, is examined. Diffusion is used as an example to illustrate some of the anomalous physical properties of fractal systems     

超导电力设备开发与应用中的仿真分析

超导电力设备是超导电力系统的重要组成部分,而仿真分析一直是设备开发的重要手段之一。全面总结了超导电力设备开发与研制中的仿真分析成果,包括超导材料特征仿真分析、失超特性仿真分析等方面的内容,并就如何将超导体的失超特性仿真与电力系统暂态仿真程序相结合这一问题进行了初步的探讨。受客观条件的限制,目前开发完善的适用于超导电力系统的暂态仿真软件还有一定的难度,有许多理论工作有待进行。     

Statistical evaluation of water tree lengths in XLPE cables at different temperatures

Accelerated aging of two types of commercially produced medium voltage XLPE insulated cables was carried out under the combined stresses of three types consisting of ionic aqueous species, elevated electrical stress and temperature cycling. After 1000 h of aging, the water tree parameters were evaluated. Results show that external ionic species exert profound impact on the generation of bow tie and vented water trees, while impurities inherently present in the cable components also contribute significantly. Temperature cycling increases the bow tie trees by an order of magnitude, while morphology of insulation influences the level of water tree degradation. The water tree population and their lengths were subjected to Weibull and log-normal models of statistical distributions and the data were found to fit better on the log-normal model. For a better statistical inference, a computer based Monte Carlo simulation was devised and used to precisely discriminate the two models. Simulation results further confirm that both types of water trees fit better on the log-normal model. The most likely mechanism for water tree degradation is fatigue based and hence mechanistic by nature.     

Analyzing and modeling the 2D surface tracking patterns ofpolymeric insulation materials

The structure and topography of surface tracking patterns generated on the surface of unfilled and filled samples of polyester resin using the international standard procedure (IEC 587, Inclined-plane Tracking Test) have been studied. The effect of contaminant flow rate, applied voltage and the percentage content of particulate zinc oxide on tracking behavior has been determined. Three alternative mathematical algorithms have been used to establish the fractal dimensions of the tracking patterns as a function of the above three parameters. To model the surface tracking patterns,two methods have been applied. Firstly, a resistive network has been used in which the insulator surface is assumed to consist of imaginary vertically and horizontally placed resistors. This model is capable of producing several types of trees observed in insulating materials. However, the surface tracking patterns are mostly unbranched and it is not possible to produce realistic images with this model. The second method, Brownian motion, is mainly a recursive technique and does not take Laplacian field values into account. The resolution of the images is high, hence the simulated patterns are almost indistinguishable from the real images     

Microwave bandpass filters consisting of rectangular waveguides with 1-dimensional offsets

The computer-aided analysis and design of direct-coupled and quarter-wave-coupled bandpass filters utilizing monomode rectangular waveguides with 1-dimensional offset discontinuities are described. The equivalent networks of these discontinuities, which consist of a shunt reactance and additional transmission lines connected at both sides, have been derived from the rigorous field-theoretical investigations of E-plane and H-plane displacements in rectangular waveguide. Both network elements are tabulated in terms of geometry and wavelength with fine steps to allow accurate interpolation by means of computational methods, Simple design formulae for the filter geometry as a function of the electrical specifications are given which are based upon narrow-band approximations. The analytical relationships required for a computer simulation of the filter's wide-band performance are summarized. The predicted frequency characteristics showed such close agreement with the experimental results obtained on two X-band filter models that neither tuning elements in the waveguide sections nor final adjustments of the offset widths had to be provided.     

On the noise performances of fractal-fractional electrical circuits

In this work, the noise performances of the fractal-fractional electrical circuits have been addressed. The nonlocal fractal calculus has been adopted as our mathematical basis. The fractal time component has also been included for the physical measurability of electrical quantities. The derivations of crucial stochastic parameters of circuit responses, which determine their noise performances, have been performed. Numerical simulations have also been conducted where the influences of Hausdorff dimension of the fractal set, orders of fractal-fractional reactive components, and other parameters on the noise performances have been studied. Regardless to any specific circuit, we have found that the noise performances can be improved by increasing the orders of fractal-fractional reactive components. The optimum Hausdorff dimensions, which the best noise performances can be achieved given the orders of fractal-fractional reactive components, have also been calculated. The results proposed in this work serve as the foundation for understanding noise in fractal-fractional electrical circuits and can be extensively applied to large-scaled circuits, for example, the infinite circuit networks and so forth.     

The fractal analysis of water trees: an estimate of the fractaldimension

Water trees result from ac electrical aging of the polymeric insulation of medium and HV power cables in a humid or wet environment. As suggested by their name, they arise from penetration of water in the polymer. Visual observation with the help of an optical microscope shows tree (bush) type structures. This suggests that water trees might be fractal objects. Calculation of the fractal dimension from experimental samples may confirm the fractal characteristics and also give information on the damage caused to the polymer. In this work images of water trees taken under the optical microscope, dyed by methylene blue and etched for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were studied in order to estimate the fractal dimension using a box-counting algorithm. The photographs, made using an optical microscope (scale of 100 μm), of the dyed samples were obtained from laboratory-aged low-density polyethylene (LDPE) specimens using accelerated techniques. Different field amplitude and frequency and also time of aging were used and the dimension values were compared. SEM images resulting from aged cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables revealed a structure at a different scale (~3 μm). Each photograph was analyzed to compare regions with and without water trees     

Fractal analysis of the treeing process from luminous dischargeimage and measurement of discharge magnitude

The purpose of this study is to analyze the growth of trees generated in PMMA from the apex of a void created by a needle tip. The analysis was based on fractal theory. In the measurement system, PMMA blocks were used with electrodes consisting of a needle and a plate. One cycle of an applied ac voltage was divided into twenty successive phase angle sections, labeled φ1, φ2, ..., φ20, from one negative peak to the next negative peak of the applied voltage. The quantitative evaluation of the fractal dimension D of the luminous discharge pattern was performed for each section, particularly, for the sections φ7, 8, 9, 17, 18 and 19 where the discharge luminescence reached around the tip of the tree. It was noted that some samples revealed substantially different tree patterns even under the same measurement conditions. The reasons for the different trees have been investigated by determining D and attempting to correlate tree growth and the change of tree length with aging. When D of the discharge luminescence at φ7, 8, 9, 17, 18 and 19 were large, luminescence with complex branches were generated. The present results indicate that tree growth and branching depend on the discharge at φ7, 8, 9,17, 18 and 19     

高温下110kV交联聚乙烯电缆电树枝生长及局部放电特性

利用实时显微数字摄像与局部放电连续测量系统,采用典型针-板电极结构,研究了高温下不同外施工频电压作用时110kV级交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆绝缘中典型电树枝的形态特征、引发、生长规律及其局部放电特性。实验结果表明,温度对XLPE电缆绝缘中典型电树枝的形态、引发与生长时间具有非常重要的影响。在高温下,不同外施工频电压作用时电树枝的形态呈现出多样性的特点,50°C下典型电树枝形态为枝状、枝-松枝状和丛状,70°C下为枝状,90°C下为滞长型和枝状。高温下电树枝引发时间随外施电压升高而减小,而且在同一外施电压下,电树枝引发时间随温度升高而减小,这是由于在高温下XLPE电缆绝缘中片晶熔化,无定形相增加,介质中自由体积扩大,从而更有利于电树枝引发。研究发现在低电压(9kV)下,电树枝生长过程中由于通道电导率增加而抑制了通道内局部放电的发展,局部放电作用减小,电树枝生长速度减慢,分形维数较高;而11kV以上电压作用时,电树枝在局部放电的连续作用下呈枝状向对面电极快速生长,同时高温下XLPE弹性模量下降,击穿场强降低,局部放电作用加剧,电树枝生长明显加速,电树枝分形维数较低。     

交联聚乙烯电缆中电树枝的研究现状

总结了电树枝研究的最新进展,特别是交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝的研究现状。对电树枝的分类以及在电树枝引发和生长过程中的一些影响因素进行了讨论。最后从实际应用出发,简要介绍了交联聚乙烯电缆中电树枝的诊断方法。