水介质中催化加氢制备2,2′-二氯氢化偶氮苯的研究

在NaOH碱水中,添加表面活性剂DBS(十二烷基苯磺酸钠),使用Pd/C(5%)催化剂,分两个还原阶段,将OCNB(邻氯硝基苯)加氢还原为DHB(2,2′-二氯氢化偶氮苯),DHB收率达88%以上。DHB经酸性联苯胺重排反应,可得到DCB(3,3′-二氯联苯胺)。给出了较好的还原温度、氢压、催化剂用量和DBS用量,分别为90~95℃,0.8MPa、0.6~0.8g、3.1~4.5g(对250gOCNB)。     

Pd／C催化加氢法合成3，3＇-二氯联苯胺

在碱性介质中，以Pd／C为催化剂，对邻硝基氯苯催化加氢制备2，2＇-二氯氢化偶氮苯（DHB）进行研究，采用正交法对加氢还原进行了条件优化，优化条件为：反应温度65℃氢氧化钠质量浓度为：538g／l；Pd／C用量为4.0％；助催化剂NQON用量为2.67％。在该条件下催化剂可重复使用6次，所得产物DHB质量分数大于94.5％。在强酸性条件下，将DHB重排得3，3＇-二氯联苯胺盐酸盐，重排反应收率为90.0％，总收率85.0％。     

Pd/C催化加氢法合成3,3′-二氯联苯胺

在碱性介质中,以Pd/C为催化剂,对邻硝基氯苯催化加氢制备2,2′-二氯氢化偶氮苯(DHB)进行研究,采用正交法对加氢还原进行了条件优化,优化条件为反应温度65℃氢氧化钠质量浓度为538g/I;Pd/C用量为4.0%;助催化剂NQON用量为2.67%.在该条件下催化剂可重复使用6次,所得产物DHB质量分数大于94.5%.在强酸性条件下,将DHB重排得3,3′-二氯联苯胺盐酸盐,重排反应收率为90.0%,总收率85.0%.     

Pd/C催化加氢法合成3,3’-二氯联苯胺

在碱性介质中,以Pd/C为催化剂,对邻硝基氟苯催化加氢制备2,2’-二氯氢化偶氮苯(DHB)进行研究,采用正交法对加氢还原进行了条件优化,优化条件为:反应温度65℃氢氧化钠质量浓度为:538g/l;Pd/C用量为4.0%;助催化剂NQON用量为2.67%。在该条件下催化剂可重复使用6次,所得产物DHB质量分数大于94.5%。在强酸性条件下,将DHB重排得5,3’二氯联苯胺盐酸盐,重排反应收率为90.0%,总收率85.0%。     

3，3‘—二氯联苯胺盐酸盐合成新工艺的研究

以邻硝基氯苯（A）为原料，经过3步化学反应合成3，3'-二氯联苯胺盐酸盐（D）：（A）在0.2g 1,4-萘醌催化下与CH2O／NaOH(摩尔比为n(NaOH)/n(CH2O)=0.85:1)在56－57℃反应7h，得到2，2'-二氯氧化偶氮苯（B），产率91．0％；（B）在0.5g Al-Ni合金及0.3g 1,4-萘醌催化下与水合肼在56－57℃反应7．5h，得到2，2'-二氯氢化偶氮苯（C），产率97．0％；（C）在盐酸中分别于5℃反应2h，于10℃反应11h,于23－24℃反应11h得到（D）。（D）的总产率达到85．5％，纯率（质量分数）97．7％。     

3,3''''-二氯联苯胺合成新工艺的研究

介绍了3，3＇-二氯联苯胺合成新工艺，以邻硝基氯苯为基础原料，经甲醛还原和锌粉还原两步反应制得2，2’-二氯氢化偶氟苯，后经盐酸转位，精制得到3，3＇-二氯联苯胺，收率可达到82％，含量可达99％。     

相转移催化合成磷酸三苯酯

采用相转移催化剂（PTC），以苯酚、氢氧化钠和三氯氧磷反应温和地合成了阻燃剂磷酸三苯酯。研究了不同的PTC、催化剂用量、反应物配比、溶剂和反应温度对反应的影响。以四丁基溴化铵为相转移催化剂，在二氯甲烷溶剂中，反应温度为0～5℃，n（POCl3）：n（C6H5OH）：n（NaOH）为1：3：3．1的条件下合成磷酸三苯酯，收率为92％。同样条件下，采用1-萘酚、2-萘酚、4-氯苯酚、2，4-二氯苯酚相应的分别合成对应的磷酸三芳酯，即磷酸三（1-萘基）酯、磷酸三（2-萘基）酯、磷酸三（4-氯苯基）酯、磷酸三（2，4-二氯苯基）酯。收率分别为87．2％、88．8％、85．4％、87．5％。     

高含量2，4’-二羟基二苯砜的合成

以邻二氯苯为溶剂，苯酚、硫酸为原料，通过添加催化剂亚磷酸合成2，4＇-二羟基二苯砜（2，4＇-BPS），确定了较好工艺条件：n苯酯：n100%硫酸=2．2：1，亚磷酸16g，回流时间8．0h，2，4＇-BPS含量为47．42％，粗收率为70．0％，产品为白色的结晶。同时还研究了以较便宜二氯甲苯为溶剂合成2，4＇-BPS的工艺条件：n苯酚：n100％硫酸=2．2：1，不加催化剂，反应时间5．0h，二氯甲苯200g，2，4＇-BPS含量为42．21％，粗收率为91．7％，产品为浅粉色结晶。     

催化加氢合成2，2＇-二氯亚肼苯

2，2’-二氯亚肼苯(DHB)是合成3，3’-二氯联苯胺(DCB)的原料。由DCB制备的黄色、橙色有机颜料在围内外都有巨大的市场，且产品附加值较高。中国现在是亚洲生产DHB原料邻硝基氯苯的主要产地，而且DHB及DCB的生产及出口量也排在世界前列，所以改进DHB及DCB的生产工艺，降低成本、提高产品质量和收率具有现实意义。     

改性骨架镍催化加氢合成2,4-二氯-5-异丙氧基苯胺

以改性骨架镍为催化剂，催化加氢2，4-二氯-5-异丙氧基硝基苯合成2，4-二氯-5-异丙氧基苯胺，加氢反应在温度80℃和1．0～1．5MPa压力下进行．转化率99.9％。加氢选择性99．8％。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。