非线性PID控制器在超导磁储能装置中的应用研究

非线性比例-积分-微分(Nonlinear Proportion-Integral-Differential,NLPID)控制是一种利用非线性跟踪-微分器和非线性组合方法对线性PID控制进行改进的新型控制策略,它具有不依赖于被控系统模型的特点.作者设计了用于电力系统超导磁储能(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage,SMES)装置的NLPID控制器,该控制器通过对由跟踪-微分器提取的转子角速度和机端电压的偏差及其微分和积分信号分别进行适当非线性组合,产生用于协调控制SMES和系统之间的有功和无功功率交换的控制信号.仿真结果表明该NLPID控制器具有较好的适应性和鲁棒性,且改善了系统的阻尼特性,提高了系统电压的稳定性.     

超导磁储能装置的功率控制

以电流源型和电压源型变流器作为研究对象,探讨了可对电流源型变流器和电压源型变流器交流侧电流的幅值和相位进行有效控制的SPWM开关策略。在此基础上,研究了能够按照系统要求对2种超导磁储能装置进行有功和无功功率调节的功率控制方法。仿真结果表明所研究的功率调节方法能够在四象限内进行超导磁储能装置输入输出有功和无功功率的快速解耦控制,仿真同时验证了所研究的功率控制策略的正确性和可行性。     

非线性PID控制器在超导磁储能装置中的应用

基于非线性比例积分微分PID(Proportional Integration Differential)控制器在设计上具有不依赖于被控系统数学模型的特点,设计了用于电力系统的超导磁储能装置SMES(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)的非线性PID控制器。概述了非线性PID控制器利用“跟踪-微分器”非线性结构产生控制所需的比例、积分、微分信号的原理。介绍了含SMES的电力系统模型及非线性PID控制器的设计。数字仿真结果验证了所设计的控制器是可行的,同时表明该控制器结构简单、易实现。     

超导磁储能系统的序贯克里金优化方法

超导磁储能系统(superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES)是超导应用研究的热点。SMES利用超导磁体的低损耗和快速响应能力,通过电力电子型变流器与电力系统相连,组合为一种既能为其储存电能又能为其释放电能的多功能电磁系统。SMES的先进功能主要体现于,它能大容量超低损耗的储存电能、改善供电质量、提高系统的稳定性和可靠性。该文以SMES的优化设计(IEEE TEAM Workshop Problem 22)为例,介绍了序贯优化方法和克里金(Kriging)统计近似模型在低维和高维、离散域和连续域优化问题中的应用。优化结果显示,该优化方法能在保证设计精度的前提下,极大降低有限元的计算量。如3参数优化问题中有限元的计算量比直接优化的1/10还要少;而8参数优化问题中有限元的计算量约为直接优化的1/3。从而该方法可广泛应用于电磁装置的优化设计问题。     

基于混合储能的风力发电系统功率波动抑制策略研究

随着经济的飞速发展,人们对电能的需求越来越大,风力发电系统也因此逐步参与到电力系统的运行中。由于风力发电系统的功率波动会对输出的电能质量造成影响,因此必须采取有效措施对其进行抑制。本文基于一阶滤波器法提出了功率波动的抑制策略,通过一阶滤波器实现了波动功率的分解,并分别对高频分量和低频分量进行了处理,从而实现了对功率波动的有效抑制。通过实际试验验证表明,本文所提出的控制策略能够有效实现对风力发电系统功率波动的抑制,能够保证风力发电系统的安全、稳定、可靠运行。     

超导磁储能装置的功率实时控制

以电流源型和电压源型变流器作为研究对象,探讨了可对电流源型变流器和电压源型变流器交流侧电流的幅值和相位进行有效控制的SPWM开关策略,在此基础上,研究了能够按照系统要求对两种超导磁储能装置进行有功和无功功率实时调节的功率控制方法。     

超导电力磁储能系统研究进展(一)——超导储能装置

交介绍了超导磁储能装置（SMES）的基本原理、系统组成和发展状,阐述了具有高效、快速响应、能与系统独立进行四象限交换有功和无功功率等特性的SMES在电力系统中应的重要意义,概述了SMES的应用前景和需要进一步解决的若干问题。并针对我国SMES研究的现状提出了一些建设性意见。     

基于超导储能系统的风电场功率控制系统设计

风电场输出功率的波动性和间歇性会给电网带来不利的影响。为了降低风电场并网对电能质量的影响,文中阐述了一种基于超导储能系统的抑制风电场功率波动的间接控制方法。利用超导储能系统的四象限功率运行能力来补偿风电场输出的有功和无功功率波动,并抑制由此产生的电网电压波动;通过合理设计超导储能系统功率调节器的带宽来优化储能量。通过对风电场连接于弱电网的仿真,验证了所提出的功率控制策略的有效性。     

超导储能系统的磁屏蔽

以单螺管线圈为基础的超导磁体储能系统由于具有较大的漏磁场,使其应用范围受到了限制。本文比较了磁屏蔽的几种常规方法,提出了适合超导储能磁体的屏蔽方式－多螺管线圈系统,并将多螺管线圈系统和单螺管系统进行了主要性能上的对比,最后指出了多螺管线圈系统实际应用中还需解决的一些问题。     

超导电力磁储能系统研究进展(一)——超导储能装置

介绍了超导磁储能装置（SMES）的基本原理、系统组成和发展状况,阐述了具有高效、快速响应、能与系统独立进行四象限交换有功和无功功率等特性的SMES在电力系统中应用的重要意义,概述了SMES的应用前景和需要进一步解决的若干问题,并针对我国SMES研究的现状提出了一些建设性意见。     

A developed control strategy for mitigating wind power generation transients using superconducting magnetic energy storage with reactive power support

The fast variations of wind speed during extreme wind gusts result in fluctuations in both generated power and the voltage of power systems connected to wind energy conversion system (WECS). This paper presents a control strategy which has been tested out using two scenarios of wind gusts. The strategy is based on active and reactive powers controls of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). The WECS includes squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG) with shunt connected capacitor bank to improve the power factor. The SMES system consists of step down transformer, power conditioning unit, DC–DC chopper, and large inductance superconducting coil. The WECS and SMES are connected at the point of common coupling (PCC). Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used with the DC–DC chopper to control the power transfer between the grid and SMES coil. The FLC is designed so that the SMES can absorb/deliver active power from/to the power system. Moreover, reactive power is controlled to regulate the voltage profile of PCC. Two inputs are applied to the FLC; the wind speed and SMES current to control the amount active and reactive power generated by SMES. The proposed strategy is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink®. The proposed control strategy of SMES is robust, as it successfully controlled the PCC voltage, active and reactive powers during normal wind speeds and for different scenarios of wind gusts. The PCC voltage was regulated at 1.0 pu for the two studied scenarios of wind gusts. The fluctuation ranges of real power delivered to the grid were decreased by 53.1% for Scenario #1 and 56.53% for Scenario #2. The average reactive power supplied by the grid to the wind farm were decreased by 27.45% for Scenario #1 and 31.13% for Scenario #2.     

Interconnected power systems with superconducting magnetic energy storage

The objective of this work is to discuss the concept of back‐to‐back interconnection systems with energy storage, especially with a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) incorporated into a back‐to‐back DC link. In this case, each converter of the back‐to‐back system is used as a power conditioning system for the SMES coils. Since the AC–DC converter can be designed independently of the frequency of the power system, a two‐way switch is connected to the AC side of each converter. This two‐way switch can select the interconnected power systems. By using the two‐way switches, this system can provide the stored energy in the SMES system to each interconnected power system through two AC–DC converters. For instance, lower‐cost power of each power network can be stored through two converters during the off‐peak hours and made available for dispatch to each power network during periods of demand peak. Then this system increases the reliability of electric power networks and enables the economical operations depending on the power demand. This paper describes the unique operations of the back‐to‐back interconnection with SMES and discuses the optimal SMES configuration for a 300‐MW‐class back‐to‐back interconnection. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(2): 37–43, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20482     

超导储能改善并网风电场稳定性的研究

建立了风电机组和超导储能(SMES)装置的数学模型以研究SMES对并网风电场运行稳定性的改善.针对风电系统中经常出现的联络线短路故障和风电场的风速扰动,提出利用SMES安装点的电压偏差作为SMES有功控制器的控制信号的策略.对实例系统进行的仿真计算结果表明,SMES采用该控制策略,不仅可以在网络故障后有效地提高风电场的稳定性,而且能够在快速的风速扰动下平滑风电场的功率输出,降低风电场对电网的冲击.     

基于超导储能装置的电磁合环环流抑制技术研究

当线路检修或设备故障时,合环是解决不断电倒负荷的重要手段。目前对于合环的操作,调度都是基于经验法进行操控,往往因为合环两侧的电压差,相位差等造成馈线中出现较大的合环电流,影响负荷的正常工作,严重的甚至引起停电故障。为解决合环线路中的环流问题,提出一种基于超导储能装置(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage,SMES)的电磁合环环流抑制方案,并在PSCAD中搭建了仿真模型,分别验证了SMES在合环两侧负荷不同和变压器参数设置不同情况下,SMES对合环后馈线中电磁环流的抑制效果,最后仿真验证了所提方案的可实施性。     

Measurement of the damping coefficient of an electric power system by use of a superconducting magnet energy storage system

In this paper, a new application of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) for diagnosis of power systems is proposed. Basic experiments for measurement of damping coefficient of power systems by use of SMES are carried out in an experimental system with a small generator, artificial transmission lines, and a small SMES. The SMES produces small power disturbances in the power system without affecting its operating conditions. The small power oscillations in the power system due to continuous power disturbances generated by SMES are observed. The relations among the damping coefficient, the power disturbances, and the power change of SMES are discussed for a one-machine infinite-bus system. The damping coefficients of the power system are obtained by investigating the oscillations due to the sinusoidal power changes of the SMES. The possibility of estimation of the steady-state power system stability by monitoring the damping coefficients of an operating power system by the use of SMES can be shown experimentally. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(3): 40–48, 1997     

Neural-network-controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage for power system stabilization

It has been clarified that a superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is very effective for power system stabilization. The control methods proposed for power system stabilization by SMES are the pole assignment, the optimal control, and so on, each of which, however, has its drawbacks. This paper is concerned with the power system stabilization by neural network control of the active power of SMES. First, the optimal stabilizing control of the SMES power for the model power system is calculated for various power system operating conditions and fault conditions. Then these optimal controls are used as training data for the neural network. The neural network used is a multilayer type with a feedback from the output layer to the input layer. The trained neural network is examined by untrained operating conditions and faults.     

A fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage,SMES frequency stabilizer

This paper presents application of fuzzy logic controlled superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES to damp the frequency oscillations of interconnected two-area power systems due to load excursions. The system frequency oscillations appear due to load disturbance. To stabilize the system frequency oscillations, the active power can be controlled via superconducting magnetic energy storage device, SMES. The error in the area control and its rate of change is used as controller input signals to the proposed fuzzy logic controller. In order to judge the effect of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES, a comparative study is made between its effect and the effect of the conventional proportional plus integral (PI) controlled SMES. The studied system consists of two-area (thermal–thermal) power system each one equipped with SMES unit. The time simulation results indicate the superiority of the proposed fuzzy logic controlled SMES over the conventional PI SMES in damping the system oscillations and reach quickly to zero frequency deviation. The system is modeled and solved by using MATLAB software.     

超导储能在并网直驱风电系统中的应用研究

针对直驱风电系统并网运行过程中存在的输出有功功率波动和低电压穿越问题,在变换器的直流环节并联超导储能系统。对超导储能系统的斩波器提出双闭环加脉冲判断的控制策略,确保超导磁体线圈电流水平,使超导储能系统可以快速、准确地充放电,从而稳定直流环节功率。同时,通过引入谐振控制器的方法,对网侧变换器的控制策略进行改进,实现电网电压不对称跌落情况下,负序分量引起波动的有效控制。仿真结果表明,采用上述方案后直驱风电系统向电网输送较为平滑的有功功率、低电压穿越能力得到了提升。     

Power oscillation damping by superconducting magnetic energy (SMES) storage unit

With the increase in the size and capacity of electric power systems and the growth of widespread interconnections, the problem of power oscillations due to the reduced system damping has become increasingly serious. Since a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit with a self-commutated converter is capable of controlling both the active (P) and reactive (Q) power simultaneously and quickly, increasing attention has been focused recently on power system stabilization by SMES control. This paper describes the effects of SMES control on the damping of power oscillations. By examining the case of a single generator connected to an infinite bus through both theoretical analyses and experimental tests (performed with a SMES unit with maximum stored energy of 16 kJ and an artificial model system), the difference in the effects between P and Q control of SMES is clarified as follows:

• 1 In the case of P control, as the SMES unit is placed closer to the terminal of the generator, the power oscillations will decay more rapidly.
• 2 In the case of Q control, it is most effective to install the SMES unit near the midpoint of the system.
• 3 By comparing the P control with Q control, the former is more effective than the latter based on the conditions that the SMES unit location and the control gain are the same.