电力线载波扩频通信调制模块的设计

自动抄表技术的应用已成规模,并且趋向于以电力线载波（PLC）方式为主。利用电力线进行信号传输无需另外架设通信线路,可以大大节省通信网建设的费用,具有现实的经济效益。但是在电力线上传输信号,衰减大、干扰强、阻抗变化复杂。因此,设计出一个功能强大的电力线载波扩频调制解调芯片,成为通信领域的一大挑战课题。本系统基于Verilog HDL设计,实现直接序列扩频发射机,并对系统中的每个模块和整个系统进行了仿真测试。     

基于ST7538的多频率电力线通信系统设计

介绍了一款最近推出的高性能电力线载波调制解调器芯片ST7538的基本原理,详细分析了ST7538的载波侦听功能和频率选择功能,给出了基于ST7538的电力线载波通信模块硬件电路设计.针对低压配电网通信信道高噪声特点,探讨了基于ST7538载波检测和多频段选择的电力线通信CSMA实现方法,设计了基于信道监听的多频率选择控制算法.该方法为复杂工业环境下进行可靠的电力线通信提供了一种简单、有效的解决途径.     

基于ST7540的低压电力线通信分簇组网方法研究

目前,在低压配电网电力线窄带通信系统中存在通信可靠性差,通信距离短等问题.为此,介绍了一款最新推出的高性能电力线载波调制解调芯片ST7540的基本原理和新特征,给出了基于ST7540的电力线载波通信模块硬件接口电路和滤波电路.在此基础上,为了提高基于该芯片的窄带电力线载波通信系统的可靠性,提出并讨论一种基于非交叠分簇算法的电力线通信组网方法.经仿真和试验表明,该组网算法可以动态地建立电力线通信网络路由,实现自动中继.     

Analysis of noise coupling from a power distribution network to signal traces in high-speed multilayer printed circuit boards

As layout density increases in highly integrated multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs), the noise that exists in the power distribution network (PDN) is increasingly coupled to the signal traces, and precise modeling to describe the coupling phenomenon becomes necessary. This paper presents a model to describe noise coupling between the power/ground planes and signal traces in multilayer systems. An analytical model for the coupling has been successfully derived, and the coupling mechanism was rigorously analyzed and clarified. Wave equations for a signal trace with power/ground noise were solved by imposing boundary conditions. Measurements in both the frequency and time domains have been conducted to confirm the validity of the proposed model.     

Design of a Broadcasting Modem for a DC PLC Scheme

A new type of power line carrier communication (PLC) technique is developed to reduce cable requirements for robotic and vehicular systems. An electrical line connecting a dc power supply to motor drives and sensor units is used for transmitting data as well as for delivering the dc power. Unlike conventional ac power line communication, the dc power bus has predictable noise and impedance characteristics that allow for large fanout and high bandwidth. First, the basic architecture of the dc power line communication is presented. Then, a design of a high-fanout modem that uses a Guanella-type transmission line transformer (TLT) is presented. The serial windings and special resonance characteristics of the TLT coupled with a capacitor are exploited to minimize attenuation in high-fanout systems. The modem characteristics including high-frequency parasitic dynamics are analyzed, and the end-to-end line impedance and signal gain are evaluated as the number of nodes goes to infinity. A prototype dc power line communication system is then built, tested, and applied to a design for modular reconfigurable robots.     

Measurements and analysis of PLL jitter caused by digital switchingnoise

When integrating analog and digital circuits onto a mixed-mode chip, power supply noise coupling is a major limitation on the performance of the analog circuitry. Several techniques exist for reducing the noise coupling, of which one of the cheapest is separating the power supply distribution networks for the analog and digital circuits. Noise coupling from a digital noise-generating circuit through the power supply/substrate into an analog phase-locked loop (PLL) is analyzed for three different power supply schemes. The main mechanisms for noise coupling are identified by comparing different PLLs and varying their bandwidths. It is found that the main cause of jitter strongly depends on the power supply configuration of the PLL. Measurements were done on mixed-mode designs in a standard 0.25-μm digital CMOS process with a low-resistivity substrate. The same circuits were also implemented with triple-well processing for comparisons     

2.4‐GHz Power Amplifier with Power Detector Using Metamaterial‐Based Transformer‐Type On‐Chip Directional Coupler

This letter presents a power amplifier (PA) with an on‐chip power detector for 2.4‐GHz wireless local area network application. The power detector consists of a clamp circuit, a diode detector, and a coupled line directional coupler. A series inductor for an output matching network in the PA is combined with a through line of the coupler, which reduces the coupling level. Therefore, the coupler employs a metamaterial‐based transformer configuration to increase coupling. The amount of coupling is increased by 2.5 dB in the 1:1 symmetric transformer structure and by 4.5 dB from two metamaterial units along the coupled line.     

Essential-coupling-path models for non-contact EMI in switching power converters using lumped circuit elements

This paper proposes a simple lumped circuit modeling approach for describing noncontact EMI coupling mechanisms in switching power converters. The resulting model assumes a minimum number of noise sources and contains essential coupling paths that allow easy physical interpretations. Essentially, all capacitive couplings are represented by an equivalent noise voltage source and six coupling impedances, whereas all inductive couplings are represented by an equivalent noise current source and three coupling impedances. The resulting coupled noise appears as currents flowing into the terminals of the line-impedance-stabilization-network (LISN). The equivalent voltage source can be conveniently approximated as the switching-node-to-zero voltage, which is typically a rectangular pulse of a few hundred volts. The equivalent current source can be modeled as the current flowing around a loop containing the equivalent voltage source and parasitics such as winding capacitance of the power transformer, the snubber capacitance and connection inductances. Also, the coupling impedances can be estimated by making simplifying assumptions about the geometry of the components and tracks, or by direct measurements. Simulations and experiments verify how inductive and capacitive couplings through each path may produce substantial EMI measured by the LISN. Being based on a lumped circuit approach, the proposed model is easy to apply in practice for understanding, diagnosing and approximating EMI behaviors.     

ADSL调制解调器驱动器的实现

ADSL接入技术已成为终端用户最主要的宽带接入技术.ADSL技MODEM.ADSL用户端调制解调器驱动器是一个宽频带功率放大器,他能不失真放大和传输电话线上已编码的数字信号.本文通过对ADSL调制解调器驱动器特点、结构和性能的分析,给出了一种ADSL用户端MODEM驱动器的实现电路.该电路采用具有优良高频的双功率放大器LT1886,即使在配置高电平的闭环增益网络后也能保持较低的失真.     

Modeling of Substrate Noise Generation, Isolation, and Impact for an LC-VCO and a Digital Modem on a Lightly-Doped Substrate

Substrate noise generated by the digital circuits on a mixed-signal IC can severely disturb the analog and RF circuits sharing the same substrate. Simulations at the circuit level of the substrate noise coupling in large systems-on-chip (SoCs) do not provide the necessary understanding in the problem. Analysis at a higher level of abstraction gives much more insight in the coupling mechanisms. This paper presents a physical model to estimate and understand the substrate noise generation by a digital modem, the propagation of this noise and the resulting performance degradation of LC tank VCOs. The proposed linearized model is fast to derive and to evaluate, while remaining accurate. It is validated with measurements on two test structures: a reference design and a design with a$hboxp^+ $/n-well (digital) guard ring. Both structures contain a functional 40k gate digital modem and a 0.18$muhbox m$3.5 GHz CMOS LC-VCO on a lightly-doped substrate. In both cases, the model accurately predicts the level of the spurious components appearing at the VCO output due to the digital switching activity. The error remains smaller than 3 dB. Finally, we demonstrate how the proposed model enables a systematic and controlled isolation strategy to suppress substrate noise coupling problems. As an example, the model is used to determine suitable dimensions for a digital guard ring.     

Noise Source Lumped Circuit Modeling and Identification for Power Converters

In this paper, a general lumped circuit modeling method is proposed to describe the conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) coupling mechanism for the switching power converters. The EMI characteristics of the converters can be analytically deduced from a circuit theoretical viewpoint. The shunt and series impedance insertion method is introduced to identify the differential-mode (DM) and common-mode (CM) noise impedances and voltage sources. The procedure of parameters estimation for the noise models comprises several simple measurements and is convenient to be implemented. Experimental illustrations are also included to verify the validity of the proposed method. Comparison between the measured and predicted results shows that the EMI modeling method can provide adequate prediction of the EMI feature for power-switching converters     

新型FSK电力线收发器ST7540及其应用

介绍了新型单片式FSK电力线收发器ST7540的特点及工作原理,并给出基于ST7540的应用电路。ST7540采用半双工同步/异步FSK通信方式,专为低压电力线数据传输而设计,较好地克服了低压电力线载波传输中的技术问题,可广泛应用于空间限制,成本敏感的家庭和建筑物自动化以及遥控监视系统。     

High power and high sensitivity planar lightwave circuit moduleincorporating a novel passive alignment method

A high-power, high-sensitivity planar lightwave circuit (PLC) module, comprising a laser diode (LD) and a photodiode (PD) surface mounted on a PLC platform, has been realized by a novel passive alignment technique. We used a spot-size transformed LD and a corner-illuminated PD to form a highly efficient optical coupling between the devices and a PLC waveguide. We used the unique marker alignment method to ensure accurate positioning of them. The positioning precision achieved in the lateral direction was within 1 μm for the LD's and within 10 μm for the PD's. The rotational precision was within 0.4° for both chips. We realized high power operation (>8 mW) with a high receiver sensitivity (0.3 A/W). In this paper, we describe a high power, high sensitivity PLC incorporating a novel passive optical alignment technique for LD's and PD's     

Low power GaAs current-mode 1.2 Gb/s interchip interconnections

A new GaAs current-mode (CM) chip-to-chip interconnection circuit is presented that provides high signal transfer speed with a 50 Ω active termination and reduced input voltage swing. The power dissipation is shown to be 1/8 of an ECL I/O at the same data rate, 4 mW per pin, using a standard 2 V power supply. The driver-receiver operates with a current swing under 1 mA and provides a large noise margin     

基于OFDM技术的电力线通信系统的相位噪声估计与补偿

OFDM电力线通信系统对相位噪声非常敏感。由于电力线信道噪声大、衰减强,OFDM信号通过后发生严重失真,基于导频的公共相位误差估计效果变差。提出一种更可靠的相位噪声估计和补偿算法,能够更准确地估计公共相位误差。仿真表明该方法能够有效地抑制相位噪声。     

Composite effects of reflections and ground bounce for signal line through a split power plane

The signal propagating along a microstrip line over a slot on the power plane will suffer from composite effects of reflected noise by a discontinuity in signal return path and ground bounce between power and ground planes. A new equivalent circuit model is proposed and simulations are performed for multilayer structures to characterize these composite effects. An experimental setup is devised to demonstrate significant coupling between signal lines due to the slot-induced ground bounce. Favorable comparison between the simulation and measured results validates the proposed equivalent circuit model and analysis approach.     

有限地平面上差分对共模噪声的分析

共模噪声是高速数字电路产生电磁干扰的主要原因,而共模电感又是共模噪声大小的决定因素。以多层板的微带线为模型,推导出在偏离地平面中心以及跨越不连续地平面的情况下,PCB上差分对共模电感的定量表达式,并对其共模噪声的特性进行了详细讨论。其结论可以帮助设计人员理解共模噪声产生机制,并针对具体电路走线定量分析,提前准确发现设计中潜在的问题。     

DWDM-based FTTC access network

This paper proposes a dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)-based fiber-to-the-curb (FTTC) access network architecture for broad-band services. The reaches of four carrierless amplitude phase (4-CAP)-modulated very high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL) signals over the hybrid-fiber twisted pair (HFTP) were simulated. The simulation results show that the effect of noise from the optical link is negligible as long as the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the optical link output signal is 9-10 dB greater than the required SNR of a VDSL modem. The bit error rate (BER) of the VDSL transmission over HFTP was measured. Measurement results show that insertion of the optical link between the modem and twisted pair has no adverse effect on the transmission     

Effects of Upstream Incoherent Crosstalk Caused by ASE Noise from Tx‐Disabled ONUs in XG‐PONs and TWDM‐PONs

A large incoherent crosstalk (IC) caused by amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise power from Tx‐disabled optical network units and a differential path loss has been shown to degrade upstream transmission performance in time‐division multiplexing passive optical networks. This paper considers the IC‐induced power penalty of an upstream signal both in an XG‐PON and in a TWDM‐PON. We investigate the degradation of the extinction ratio and relative intensity noise through a simulation and experiments. For the XG‐PON case, we observe a 9.6 dB difference in the level of ASE noise power from Tx‐disabled ONUs (hereafter known simply as ASE noise) between our result and the ITU‐T XG‐PON PMD recommendation. We propose an optical filtering method to mitigate an IC‐induced power penalty. In the TWDM‐PON case, the IC‐induced power penalty is naturally negligible because the ASE noise is filtered by a wavelength multiplexer at the optical line terminal. The results provide design guidelines for the level of ASE noise in both XG‐PONs and TWDM‐PONs.     

An integrated equivalent circuit model for relative intensity noise and frequency noise spectrum of a multimode semiconductor laser

Relative intensity noise (RIN) and the frequency/phase noise spectrum (FNS) equivalent circuit of a multimode semiconductor laser diode are derived from multimode rate equations with the inclusion of noise Langevin sources. FNS is an important parameter in optical communication systems, and its circuit model is presented, for the first time, in this paper. Both circuit models for RIN and FNS are integrated in one circuit. RIN and FNS are calculated as functions of frequency, output power, and mode number. It is shown that the RIN of the main mode is increased in the multimode lasers with higher mode numbers. Furthermore, we show that RIN and FNS are enhanced for higher output power. The dependency of a multimode laser diode linewidth on output power is also analyzed using the model.