Enhancing time-stamp counter phase modulation measurements

This paper demonstrates that digital signal processing techniques can enhance the quality of phase modulation measurements produced by a time-stamp (phase digitizing) frequency counter. A typical time-stamp counter utilizes a digital divider to reduce signal frequency to the desired sample rate. Unfortunately, division also reduces phase modulation to the point where useful information may be obscured by counter measurement uncertainty (jitter). An analogy between an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a time-stamp counter predicts that the counter induced modulation can be modeled as random noise which is white in phase. The noise magnitude is directly related to the instrument's resolution specification. Fourier analysis, subject to some restrictions, can compute the power spectra of phase or frequency modulation, revealing even low level responses. A number of techniques can be used to reduce the amount of counter induced noise that appears on time domain plots of phase and frequency modulation. Experimental data, generated by a prototype counter, illustrates the type of results that can be expected from Fourier analysis and various noise reduction techniques     

Phase measurement of distorted periodic signals based onnonsynchronous digital filtering

Measurement of the phase angle between fundamental components of distorted periodic signals at power frequencies is described. It is based on a nonsynchronous multirate digital filtering algorithm, which is applied to the voltage and/or current signals to be measured. The digital filters implemented are designed to suppress the higher harmonics and ensure the accuracy of measurement. The measurement method is insensitive to frequency variations in a wide frequency band around the nominal frequency. For a frequency band of ±10% around the nominal frequency, this method can resolve phase differences of less than 5 μrad with an uncertainty of less than ±25 μrad     

脉冲微波式氢原子钟的研究进展

在传统被动型氢原子钟基础上,利用复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)控制数字衰减器产生两个相干脉冲微波,激励氢原子发生Ramsey干涉,从而压缩原子跃迁谱线宽度,提高被动型氢原子钟稳定度性能。利用单片机控制直接数字频率合成器(DDS)产生扫频信号,可以得到完整的Ramsey条纹。目前已观测到Ramsey条纹并成功将原子跃迁谱线宽度压缩至1.2 Hz,仅为传统被动型氢原子钟线宽的40%。     

A synchronized two-phase sinewave generator for AC metrology systemcompensations

A slave audio two-phase sinewave generator, which can be directly synchronized to a master generator, is described here. It can be used in ac metrology setups to provide additional “compensation” signals, traditionally derived with expensive multidecade inductive voltage divider networks. The generator is based on two direct digital synthesis (DDS) chips, programmed via the parallel printer PC interface; their clock is provided by a phase-locked loop circuit, which ensures frequency and phase synchronization of the DDS outputs with the master generator. The synchronization reference signal can be provided via an optical link reference channel, which avoids interference and ground loops. In its present implementation, the output voltage is V_peak =10 V, frequency range 500 Hz-4 kHz. Total harmonic distortion is contained to -65 dB, and amplitude stability is better than 500 μV/V over 24 h     

A digitally programmable multitone generator for coherent signaldetection measurement systems

A digitally programmable multitone generator is presented. The various output signals can be of any shape but periodic, and show absolutely stable phase relations. The proposed generator is useful in modern measurement systems such as in homodyne vector network analyzers or in other coherent measurement systems. It might be realized as a two-chip integrated circuit, one chip for logic and one read-only memory     

Spurious signals in direct digital frequency synthesizers due to the phase truncation

Direct digital frequency synthesizers (DDS or DDFS) are widely used in modern communications and measurement devices. Their advantages are small size and power consumption together with excellent frequency stability, high frequency resolution, and short switching times. The difficulties are rather low output frequencies (500 MHz at the present state of the art) and a large set of the spurious signals very often above the -80 dB level. One source of spurious signals in DDS is the use of smaller number, W, of the most significant bits (MSB) applied for the output sine wave reconstruction from all R bits stored in the accumulator. The result is a phase modulation of the output signal. The problem was first solved in a rather complicated way with the result that the level of the largest spurious signal is about -6 W dB below the carrier with an increase of 3.9 dB in some instances. A simpler solution of the problem of spurious signal level due to the phase truncation in DDS was found earlier. However, no attention was paid to the validity of the corrections suggested. In this paper we will be concerned with this problem and investigate the validity and correctness of these generally cited results and provide a simple way for finding positions, levels, and numbers of these spurious signals generated by truncation to W bits of the phase information stored in the DDS accumulator memory of R bits (W相似文献   

The implementation of a digital sine wave oscillator using theTMS320C25: distortion reduction and applications

The implementation of a digital sine wave oscillator using the TMS320C25 digital signal processor (DSP) is described. The system is implemented with the Dalanco Spry model 25 DSP board, and a software system is designed whereby an IBM PC host computer provides control of the waveform generator functions and parameters. Waveforms are generated using the lookup-table (LUT) method. The methods of direct LUT and linear interpolation of missing samples are implemented and compared with a method that uses a trigonometric identity to reduce the harmonic distortion of the sine wave by effectively increasing the table length of the direct LUT method. The results of an experiment performed in the digital domain are presented without consideration of the problem of analog reconstruction. The oscillator can produce a sine wave without the nonuniform sampling distortion associated with fractional addressing, over the range of 7.2 Hz to 58.8 kHz, with a resolution of 7.2 Hz using 384 data words. The trigonometric identity method uses less data memory than other methods for the same distortion levels. Waveforms for the sum of two sine waves, a frequency swept sine wave, amplitude modulation (AM), and frequency modulation (FM) signals are shown as applications of the waveform generator     

A non-binary direct digital synthesizer with an extended phase accumulator

We describe a new direct digital synthesizer (DDS) in which output tuning resolution is flexibly controlled. The new DDS has an extended phase accumulator (EPA) controlled by two frequency control words; one determines the wave number within a single EPA operation cycle, and the other determines the length of the cycle. The EPA allows the DDS to provide jitter-free signals, the frequencies of which are given by arbitrary fractional expressions. (The denominator is fixed in conventional DDS that use normal phase accumulators.) Experimental results showed that the EPA worked well, allowing flexible output tuning resolution.     

Image reconstruction of microwave tomograms

Abstract

A multiple‐frequency method is proposed in the coherent Doppler tomographic imaging technique for artefact reduction. The tomogram recorded is in an annular polar format. To reconstruct the image digitally and to save computing time, an interpolation method is used to transform the recorded data into a rectangular format so that the efficient FFT algorithm can be applied. When the tomogram is recorded with a transparency in the binary state, it is found by simulation that the reconstructed image can be improved by using a higher offset carrier frequency technique.

A microwave tomogram recording system controlled by a microcomputer is described. A metallic target is illuminated by a sweep frequency generator in the XN band. The images are both digitally and optically reconstructed. Experimental results which demonstrate the image improvement support the proposed new technique.     

应用于边带调制PDH激光稳频的信号源设计

基于直接数字频率合成芯片AD9959、锁相环芯片ADF4351,结合开源电子平台Arduino（基于微处理器ATmega328）,建立参考到同一个外部频率参考的多路信号源,能够输出频率为0 Hz～4.4 GHz的正弦波,频率、相位、幅度可以通过USB端口和控制面板灵活控制,通过混频和叠加等手段,产生边带调制PDH激光稳频需要的调制信号和解调信号。该信号源集成度高、成本低且能在实验室条件下替代商品仪器应用于边带调制PDH激光稳频等实验,解决了限制边带调制PDH激光稳频推广应用的一个重要障碍。     

New ISAR imaging algorithm based on modified Wigner?Ville distribution

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging of air, space or ship targets with complex motion has attracted the attention of many researchers in the past decade. Complex motion of targets induce cross-range scatterer-variant quadratic phase terms, which will degrade the cross-range resolution and affect focusing quality. A new algorithm is proposed for the ISAR imaging of complex moving targets. First, conventional range alignment, phase compensation and range compression are performed over the raw phase history data such that each range bin can be modelled as the sum of several linear frequency modulation or chirp signals. Secondly, a modified- Wigner?Ville distribution (referred to as M-WVD) approach is proposed, which is based on a scale transform in the time-frequency distribution plane and can effectively suppress the troublesome cross-term interference associated with WVD via coherent integration. Finally, the azimuth ISAR image can be obtained via a simple maximisation projection from the two-dimensional accumulated plot to the azimuth dimension. Compared with existing WVDbased ISAR imaging algorithms, the proposed method has the following features: better cross-term interference reduction achieved at no resolution loss, computationally more efficient with no expensive two-dimensional parameter search, and higher signal processing gain because of coherent integration during the whole imaging time. Bothnumerical and experimental results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.     

Frequency domain simulator for mobile radio channels and for IEEE 802.16-2004 standard using measured channels

Two radio channel simulators based on the time variant frequency transfer function have been implemented using digital signal processing techniques in SIMULINK. The first simulator uses a two ray channel model to determine the number of taps per coherent bandwidth of the channel by comparing the bit error rate (BER) with the tapped delay line model for differential quadrature phase shift keying. The results show that ten taps per coherent bandwidth are appropriate for a very close approximation of the channel. The second simulator utilises real channel measurements to estimate the BER for the IEEE 802.16 -2004 wireless metropolitan area network orthogonal frequency division-multiplexing standard with 256 carriers. Channel measurements at three frequencies in the 2-6-GHz frequency band in rural/semi rural environment demonstrate the simulator and relate the BER performance of the standard to the frequency selectivity of the channel.     

Frequency and phase swept holograms in spectral hole-burning materials

A new hologram type in spectral hole-burning systems is presented. During exposure, the frequency of narrow-band laser light is swept over a spectral range that corresponds to a few homogeneous linewidths of the spectrally selective recording material. Simultaneously the phase of the hologram is adjusted as a function of frequency-the phase sweep function. Because of the phase-reconstructing properties of holography, this recording technique programs the sample as a spectral amplitude and phase filter. We call this hologram type frequency and phase swept (FPS) holograms. Their properties and applications are summarized, and a straightforward theory is presented that describes all the diffraction phenomena observed to date. Thin FPS holograms show strongly asymmetric diffraction into conjugated diffraction orders, which is an unusual behavior for thin transmission holograms. Investigations demonstrate the advantages of FPS holograms with respect to conventional cw recording techniques in freq ncymultiplexed data storage. By choosing appropriate phase sweep functions, various features of holographic data storage can be optimized. Examples for cross-talk reduction, highest diffraction efficiency, and maximal readout stability are demonstrated. The properties of these FPS hologram types are deduced from theoretical considerations and confirmed by experiments.     

Mutually connected phase-locked loop networks: dynamical models and design parameters

Distribution of timing signals is an essential factor for the development of digital systems for telecommunication networks, integrated circuits and manufacturing automation. Originally, this distribution was implemented by using the master?slave architecture with a precise master clock generator sending signals to phaselocked loops (PLL) working as slave oscillators. Nowadays, wireless networks with dynamical connectivity and the increase in size and operation frequency of the integrated circuits suggest that the distribution of clock signals could be more efficient if mutually connected architectures were used. Here, mutually connected PLL networks are studied and conditions for synchronous states existence are analytically derived, depending on individual node parameters and network connectivity, considering that the nodes are nonlinear oscillators with nonlinear coupling conditions. An expression for the network synchronisation frequency is obtained. The lock-in range and the transmission error bounds are analysed providing hints to the design of this kind of clock distribution system.     

从相干态观点看中子在旋转磁场中的几何相位

运用相干态方法，本文证明了中子在旋转磁场中的几何相位是粒子态矢量在态空间中扫过的立体角的一半，同时提供了一种几何相位在周期演化中的简单算法。     

Digital Frequency Multiplier for Spectrum Measurement of Periodic Signals

Frequency multipliers find applications in the Fourier and Walsh spectrum measurements of periodic signals. Earlier digital frequency multipliers use two counters: 1) An upcounter which is partitioned into a fractional counter of kbits in cascade with an integral counter. This determines the period of the input signal by the number of clock pulses that are accumulated in a period of the signal. 2) A downcounter which is next fed from the same clock, and which is periodically preset to the contents of the integral counter whenever the downcounter reaches zero. In this process an error is introduced in the output frequency because the fractional counter contents are ignored in the frequency multiplication phase. To minimize this error, a high clock frequency is required so that the fractional count is small compared with the integral count. The maximum output pulse frequency is limited by the speed of the counters used. A new method is described which also uses the contents of the fractional counter. The clock frequency is reduced substantially and the maximum output pulse frequency is limited by the settling time of a D/A converter: If the settling time is 200 ns, the maximum output frequency is ten times that of earlier methods.     

VOR信号量值溯源技术研究

基于相位发生器和调频调幅设备建立了甚高频全向信标(VOR)标准信号发生装置,将VOR相位量值溯源至国家相位基准,解决了传统基于直接数字信号合成方法难以实现量值溯源的问题。对VOR标准信号发生装置的不确定度进行了评定,VOR相位扩展不确定度小于±0.020°(k=2),VOR调幅深度不确定度为±0.2%(k=2)。基于该标准信号发生装置可以对商用VOR信号发生和解调设备提供校准。     

Infrasonic generating phase meter

Conclusions The infrasonic generating phase meter provides a direct reading of the phase shift at 24 fixed frequencies, and eliminates phase-shift measurement errors due to inaccuracies of the infrasonic frequency, since it is obtained from a generator frequency fed to the pulse counter through a frequency divider with a ratio of 3600.The main drawback of the instrument consists in the provision of fixed frequencies only. The nonlinear distortion of the infrasonic generator output does not exceed 2.5%.     

Target velocity estimation with FM and PW echo ranging Doppler systems. II. Systems analysis

For part I see ibid., vol.40, no.4, pp.366-372 (1993). In Part I, the encoding of the velocity and range information into the received and demodulated signals based on transmission of coherent repetitive linear sweep signals, was discussed. In the present work, two different implementations of FM Doppler systems that can be used to obtain velocity profiles are presented. The first implementation is similar to the implementation of a conventional pulsed wave (PW) Doppler system, based on measurement of phase shift (correlation based system): the second implementation is a frequency-domain analog to the PW Doppler system, based on time shift measurements (cross correlation-based system).     

Two-channel self-focusing matched filter

Abstract

A two-channel self-focusing matched filter produced by a computer generated hologram is proposed in this paper. The filter function is synthesized for two different objects to be recognized. The composite filter function consists of two terms, one of which is formed by adding a negative quadratic phase factor into the conjugate Fourier spectrum of one object, and another, which is adding a positive quadratic phase factor into the Fourier spectrum of another object. The composite function is then encoded into a computer-generated hologram to fabricate a matched filter. When performing pattern recognition, the filter will produce two correlation signals of two objects in the first positive order and the first negative order of diffraction, respectively. The diffracted light can be self-focused in the plane at a designed distance behind the filter. The optical experiments have shown the capability of the filter for simultaneously recognizing two different objects.