两级逆向垂直潜流人工湿地去除营养物的性能研究

针对人工湿地同步脱氮除磷效果不佳及易滋生蚊蝇的问题，提出了两级逆向垂直潜流这一新的运行模式。合成污水经酸化预处理后依次流经两级湿地，当一级湿地的水力负荷为4．8～9．5cm／d、有机负荷为10～27gCOD／（m^2·d）时，其对COD的平均去除率约为70％；两级湿地对COD的总去除率〉90％。NH4^＋ -N主要是由二级湿地去除的，当氨氮负荷为1．32-2．32g／（m^2·d）时，一级湿地对NH4^＋ -N的去除率甚至出现了负值，为-5．6％～9．7％；而在0．93～1．6g／（m^2·d）的负荷下，二级湿地获得了较高的NH4^＋ -N去除率，为94％～100％。二级湿地内发生了明显的硝化／反硝化反应，硝化率和反硝化率分别为0．93～1．53gNH4^＋ -N／（m^2·d）和0．47～0．79g NO3^- -N／（m^2·d）。两级湿地对TN的去除率为38．2％-57％；在一、二级湿地的总磷负荷分别为（0．07～0．16）、（0．07～0．11）g／（m^2·d）的条件下，对TP的总去除率达到了97％以上。     

复合潜流人工湿地处理城市地表径流研究

以武汉市桃花岛塘和复合潜流人工湿地组合生态处理系统为研究对象，考察了对城市地表径流的处理效果。结果表明，塘和复合潜流人工湿地组合生态系统可以有效净化城市地表径流，对各污染物的去除率：COD为84．0％～85．4％、TP为89．6％～91．8％、TN为92．2％～94．4％、SS为95．8％-97．1％，其中复合潜流人工湿地对COD、TP、TN、SS的去除率分别为69、0％～73．1％、82．6％～86．6％、89．0％～90．4％、64．7％～69．2％，除氮效果独特。在无雨期该生态系统可用于净化湖水，实现了削减污染和保持系统稳定的双重功能，同时还可补给养鱼塘用水。     

厌氧/跌水充氧接触氧化/人工湿地处理农村污水

为了使太湖地区农村污水处理达到占地面积小、除磷脱氮效率高、管理简单、运行和建设费用低的目标，采用厌氧／跌水充氧接触氧化／人工湿地组合工艺进行了工程规模的试验研究。结果表明，在厌氧池水力停留时间为2d、5级跌水充氧接触氧化池总水力停留时间为2h、并采用50cm／d的高水力负荷人工湿地的条件下，该组合工艺对COD和TN的平均去除率分别为81％和83％，对TP的平均去除率在进水TP〉1．5mg／L时达82％，在进水TP〈1．5mg／L时为72％。     

人工湿地在新农村建设污水处理的应用

对康陵村人工湿地污水处理工程工艺流程及主要处理单元设计参数进行了介绍，并考察了工程运行效果。结果表明，在进水CODMn、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP浓度变化幅度为282～381、124～164、156-222、40-47、4．04～5．26mg／1时，CoDMn、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP平均去除率能分别达到81．84％、87．19％、86．26％、56．97％、86．66％，且在冬季运行较为稳定。该工程良好的运行效果为北方其它地区农村生活污水处理提供实例参考。     

锰砂填料人工湿地在钢铁废水回用处理中的应用研究

采用锰砂填料人工湿地深度处理钢铁企业的达标排放废水，并与砾石填料人工湿地的处理效果进行对比。结果表明：锰砂填料人工湿地具有持续而稳定的铁、锰去除效果，对其去除率均在90％以上，当进水总铁和Mn^2＋浓度分别为0．3～1．2mg／L和0．2～1．1mg／L时，相应的出水浓度基本保持在0．05mg／L以下，达到了回用水水质标准。而砾石填料人工湿地会出现铁、锰的累积和解吸现象，没有持续的铁、锰去除能力。同时，锰砂填料人工湿地对COD、TP和NH4^＋ -N的去除效果均好于砾石填料人工湿地。     

人工湿地系统预处理济南玉清湖水库的入库水

采用人工湿地在玉清湖水库进水口处对入库黄河水进行预处理，考察了潜流人工湿地和表流人工湿地的处理效果。结果表明，在进水流量为75L／h的条件下，潜流人工湿地与表流人工湿地均有较好的处理效果，对COD的平均去除率分别为49．17％和36．58％，出水COD基本在20mg／L以下；对TN的平均去除率分别为52、14％和43．68％，出水TN基本在3mg／L以下；对TP的平均去除率分别为48．07％和39．69％，出水TP基本在0．08mg／L以下。     

潜流及复合流人工湿地净化污染河水的效能分析

在新沂河的漫滩上构建了潜流和复合流人工湿地中试系统，并考察了对污染河水的净化效果。一年多的运行结果表明：在进水CODMn和NH4^＋ -N浓度分别为（3．11～117．28）、（1．30～24．71）mg／L时，潜流人工湿地系统对其平均去除率分别为59．9％和85．5％，出水平均浓度分别为14．10、1．05mg／L；复合流人工湿地系统对CODMn和NH4^＋ -N的平均去除率分别为77．8％和86．9％，出水平均浓度分别为7．80、0．95mg／L。两个系统的出水CODMn和NH4^＋ -N浓度都达到了《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）的V类标准，表明两个系统对受污染的新沂河水均有较好的净化效果，可以用于类似污染河水的处理。     

随机间歇运行条件下人工湿地中磷的去除机制

通过试验研究,考察了随机间歇进水运行条件下,水平潜流人工湿地对模拟径流中磷的去除效果与机制.结果表明:在随机间歇进水、进水表观水力停留时间为36 h的运行条件下,水平潜流人工湿地对模拟城市径流中总磷的去除率为59.3％,年平均去除负荷为13.826 g·m-2·a-1;对溶解性磷的去除率为29.8％,年平均去除负荷为3.310 g·m-2·a-1.植物吸收对模拟径流中总磷的去除贡献较小,但对溶解性磷的去除作用显著,植物对磷的年吸收量为1.816 g·m-2·a-1,分别占人工湿地对磷的年总去除量的13.2％和溶解性磷去除量的54.85％;磷在填料固体累积物中的沉积和填料对磷的直接吸附是人工湿地的主要除磷机制,磷在人工湿地填料固体累积物内的年储留量为5.372 g·m-2·a-1,占人工湿地对磷的年总去除量的38.9％,填料直接吸附去除的磷为6.640 g·m-2·a-1,占人工湿地年磷总去除量的48.0％.     

潜流式人工湿地冬季运行的强化措施研究

采用收割的湿地植物对潜流式人工湿地进行覆盖保温，考察了这种保温方法对潜流式人工湿地冬季运行时除污效果的影响。结果表明，在冬季采用这种保温方法可以提高潜流式人工湿地对污染物的去除效果，覆盖湿地对TP、NH4＋^-N和TN的平均去除率分别比对照湿地（未进行覆盖保温）提高了15．5％、9．7％和5．0％；覆盖湿地的表层冻土层厚度明显小于对照湿地的，这种保温方法可以避免或减轻冬季湿地填料的冻结。     

倒置A2/O工艺的短程生物脱氮中试

在中试规模的倒置A^2／O工艺中，考察了通过控制溶解氧浓度实现短程硝化反硝化的效果。试验表明，在溶解氧为0．3～0．8mg／L的条件下，可以实现短程硝化反硝化，平均亚硝化率可达64．5％，对TN的平均去除率为66．8％，但易导致严重的污泥膨胀；在低氧（DO=0．3～0．8mg／L）与常氧（DO=1．6～2．5mg／L）模式交替运行的条件下，可以维持稳定的短程硝化反硝化．平均亚硝化率可达48．4％，对TN的平均去除率为64．3％，对TP的平均去除率可达38．5％。污泥的SVI控制在112mL／g左右。     

溶藻系统中微生物的群落结构研究

从藻类消退期的河流中取水样,分别加入斜生栅藻、铜绿微囊藻、小球藻、人工湖泊中的两种混合野生藻及氧化塘中的野生藻,平行培养1周,考察水样中的溶藻细菌对这些藻类的去除效果.结果表明,对上述水样中的叶绿素a的去除率分别为94.69%、95.41%、94.50%、89.19%、92.67%和95.63%.采用PCR-DGGE指纹分析技术初步研究了加入不同藻类水样的微生物群落结构,结果表明加入藻类的水样与原始水样的群落结构存在较大差异,但加入不同藻类的水样之间的相似度较高.溶藻系统中的微生物种类包括未培养的细菌类、Bacillus sp.、Bacillus cere-us、Stenotrophomonas sp.等.     

超细粉体凹凸棒石助凝去除富营养化河水中的藻类

考察了投加超细粉体(200目)凹凸棒石对聚合氯化铝(PAC)混凝沉淀去除富营养化河水中藻类的影响.结果表明,添加凹凸棒石能大大提高PAC对浊度和叶绿素a的去除效果.且可以明显增加絮体的密度,改善絮体的沉降性能,抑制絮体中藻类的上浮.当PAC投量为40ms/L、凹凸棒石投量为0.08%时,PAC与凹凸棒石联用对浊度和叶绿素a的去除率较单用PAC时分别提高了14.5%和14.0%,形成的絮体沉降体积仅为单用PAC时的1/2,降低了后续处理难度.     

Bioaccumulation of mercury in benthic communities of a river ecosystem affected by mercury mining

The presence of mercury in the river Idrijca (Slovenia) is mainly due to 500 years of mercury mining in this region. In order to understand the cycling of mercury in the Idrijca ecosystem it is crucial to investigate the role of biota. This study is part of an ongoing investigation of mercury biogeochemistry in the river Idrijca, focusing on the accumulation and speciation of mercury in the lower levels of the food chain, namely filamentous algae, periphyton and macroinvertebrates. Mercury analysis and speciation in the biota and in water were performed during the spring, summer and autumn seasons at four locations on the river, representing different degrees of mercury contamination. Total (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were measured. The results showed that the highest THg concentrations in biota correlate well with THg levels in sediments and water. The level of MeHg is spatially and seasonally variable, showing higher values at the most contaminated sites during the summer and autumn periods. The percentage of Hg as MeHg increases with the trophic level from water (0.1-0.8%), algae (0.5-1.3%), periphyton (1.6-8.8%) to macroinvertebrates (0.1-100%), which indicates active transformation, accumulation and magnification of mercury in the benthic organism of this heavily contaminated torrential river.     

Simulation of biological degradation of aromatic amines in river bed sediments

Testfilter experiments are reported for river Elbe water spiked with aromatic amines in order to determine biodegradation rates. For river Elbe water the mean degradation rate of DOC (C0 = 6.64 mg l-1) was 26.7 +/- 8.8% after 6.8 days. No significant effect on the DOC degradation rate was observed with the addition of aromatic amines. Large differences in the biodegradation behaviour of the aromatic amines were observed: aniline was eliminated within 3 h, whereas the degradation of 2-nitroaniline was only 40% after 14 h effective contact time. Degradation curves were mostly of a simple logarithmic type, demonstrating first-order kinetics. The degradation rate of 2,4,6-trichloraniline increased by a factor of 20 within 6 weeks due to the adaptation of the testfilter biofilm. A linear relationship between available pKa-values and the logarithm of the experimental degradation rates was found. Thus, the results of the testfilter experiments may be extended to the estimation of the biodegradability of non-tested aromatic amines.     

净水供水一体化设备处理高藻低浊水库水研究

采用净水供水一体化设备对珠海市唐家水厂水库原水进行净化处理。结果表明,一体化净水供水设备对浊度、藻类、有机物和细菌均有较好的处理效果,运行期间浊度和CODMn的平均去除率分别为97％和46％,藻类去除率大于99％,细菌的截留率达到100％,出水水质满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB5749--2006）限值要求。     

Treatment of Algal-Laden Water: Pilot-Plant Experiences

In recent years an increase in the eutrophication of reservoirs has added to the problems of lowland surface-water treatment. A pilot plant was installed to test the effectiveness of various treatment regimes for a river source which was subject to occasional algal blooms, and a eutrophic reservoir source which was heavily contaminated with cyanobacteria ( Oscillatoria sp. ). The treatment processes adopted were dissolved-air flotation for chemical coagulation, sand and anthracite filtration, comparative disinfection stages using ozone and chlorine followed by granular activated carbon filtration.
The dissolved-air flotation plant was not particularly effective for the removal of algae, but the sand/anthracite filtration process was capable of removing 50% of the algae. The ozone disinfection stage was adequate for disinfection and also reduced algal numbers. Overall the chlorine/granular activated carbon method did not perform as effectively as the ozone/granular activated carbon process; the iatter process was +99% effective for algai control, with river and reservoir sources.     

G-BAF和CAS处理微污染河水的对比研究

通过对比固定化曝气生物滤池(G-BAF)与活性污泥法(CAS)两种工艺处理微污染河水的效果,揭示了G-BAF工艺治理微污染水体的优势。结果表明,试验后期,G-BAF对浊度、COD、NH3-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到90.0%、50.1%、93.5%和51.1%,均比CAS高出40%以上。G-BAF处理后出水中的有机物以羧酸和酮类物质为主,而CAS处理后出水中仍含有较多的难降解物质。G-BAF的载体表面附着有大量的细菌以及多种形态的原、后生动物,增强了对氮、磷及难降解有机物的去除能力。     

Contributions of genotoxic precursors from tributary rivers and sewage effluents to the Yodo River in Japan

The cause of water pollution in the Yodo River was examined regarding the mutagenic potentials formed by chlorination of river waters and sewage effluents along the river. Mutagenicity of the extracts from chlorinated waters was measured by Ames test using S. typhimurium TA100 strain without metabolic activation. Mutagenic formation potentials of sewage effluents were 4-5 times higher than those of the three tributary river waters, the Kizu, Uji and Katsura Rivers. The contribution rates of the pollution loads from the three river waters and total of four sewage effluents to the Yodo River were revealed to be 10.2%, 42.2%, 22.1% and 25.5%, respectively. The rate of the sewage effluents occupied one-fourth and exceeded the rates of the Kizu and Katsura Rivers. The contribution rate of the two sewage effluents to the Katsura River was 46.3%. It could be confirmed that the relationship between COD and MFP in river waters and sewage effluents was very high with a correlation coefficient. These results indicated that the waters inflowing to the Yodo River were contaminated with numerous organic compounds, and the sewage effluents especially contribute to the formation of genotoxicity by the interaction between chlorine and organic components as genotoxic precursors in the purification plants.     

Removal and recovery of uranium from aqueous solutions by Trichoderma harzianum

Removal and recovery of uranium from dilute aqueous solutions by indigenously isolated viable and non-viable fungus (Trichoderma harzianum) and algae (RD256, RD257) was studied by performing biosorption-desorption tests. Fungal strain was found comparatively better candidate for uranium biosorption than algae. The process was highly pH dependent. At optimized experimental parameters, the maximum uranium biosorption capacity of T. harzianum was 612 mg U g(-1) whereas maximum values of uranium biosorption capacity exhibited by algal strains (RD256 and RD257) were 354 and 408 mg U g(-1) and much higher in comparison with commercially available resins (Dowex-SBR-P and IRA-400). Uranium biosorption by algae followed Langmuir model while fungus exhibited a more complex multilayer phenomenon of biosorption and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. Mass balance studies revealed that uranium recovery was 99.9%, for T. harzianum, and 97.1 and 95.3% for RD256 and RD257, respectively, by 0.1M Hydrochloric acid which regenerated the uranium-free cell biomass facilitating the sorption-desorption cycles for better economic feasibility.     

不同混凝剂强化除藻、除浊的研究

采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、聚合硫酸铝(PAS)和硫酸铝(AS)五种混凝剂对某含藻湖水进行强化混凝除藻、除浊试验研究,考察了混凝剂种类及投量、原水pH、沉降时间等因素对强化混凝效果的影响。结果表明,五种混凝剂的综合除藻、除浊性能排序为:PACPAFCPFSPASAS;在原水pH值为5~9的范围内,含铁混凝剂PFS和PAFC对pH的适应性较强,且在pH值为5~7的弱酸性条件下,PFS的除藻、除浊性能最优,当其投量为4 mg/L时,除藻率近80%,除浊率可达80%以上;而在pH值为7~9的弱碱性条件下,PAC则表现出更好的除藻、除浊效果,当其投量为4 mg/L时,除藻率和除浊率可分别达到83%和90%;AS对pH的适应性最差,其除藻、除浊效果最差;另外,五种混凝剂的除藻率、除浊率均随沉降时间的延长而增大,最佳沉降时间为20 min。