欧洲汽车型式认证制度解析

欧盟(EU)目前共有15个成员国,即奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英国,由原欧洲经济共同体(EEC)单纯经济实体发展成为较统一的政治、经济、外交和军事实体,在许多领域内制定并实施统一的政策和法律、法规。在汽车产品管理上,欧盟以1957年签订的基本法律《罗马条约》以及1991年的《罗马条约》     

节能环保型汽车认证制度

近年来,我国汽车产业飞速发展,汽车销售量正以每年26%的速度增长。随着汽车工业的快速发展,我国正面临着越来越大的、由汽车所引发的来自能源和环保方面的双重压力。如污染排放总量增大,城市氮氧化物浓度不断上升,道路两侧空气污染严重,交通能耗占全社会总能耗的20%以上等,给社会发展带来了一系列难题,因此,汽车的环保、节能减排问题备     

汽车节能认证要求

自2011年10月1日起,我国开始实施新的节能汽车推广补贴政策。《关于调整节能汽车补贴政策的通知》中明确提出要提高节能汽车补贴门槛,轻型汽车百公里平均油耗从6.9升降低到6.3升。     

巴西汽车准入制度及出口建议

一、巴西汽车市场概况巴西作为拉丁美洲最大的国家,近年来汽车市场发展得如火如荼,已成为世界第五大汽车消费国和第六大汽车生产国。2009年,巴西新车总销量达314万辆,同比增长11.4%;2010年3月,巴西汽车销量达353 734辆,创历史新高。虽自3月后,巴西政府取消了对国内汽车消费税收的优惠政策,导致汽车销量比前3     

破解SASO认证技术措施服务中国企业出口

在依法治国、依法减政放权、激发市场活力的全面深化改革之年,如何推进国家宏观经济整体与微观产品服务质量双提高;如何实现中国产品和服务让国内外消费者喜爱和品牌声誉良好双满意;如何全面提高开放型经济水平,形成以技术、品牌、质量、服务为核心的出口竞争新优势,需要依法探索促进出口产品质量提高、降低出口企业市场准入成本的检验检疫认证监管新机制,推进认证认可真正在改革之年转化为市场需     

美国环保署的汽车环境评价体系及Smartway认证

中国的双钱集团股份有限公司在今年初宣布，该公司的一款卡车轮胎获得美国环保署（EPA）的SmartWay认证，成为第一家获得该认证的中国轮胎制造商。这意味着，双钱轮胎的产品技术将比肩已经获得该认证的国际轮胎品牌，如普利斯通、固特异、米其林等。另外，中国环保部出台的《轻型汽车环境影响指数（VEI）测算方法（征求意见稿）》，     

CCC认证产品的市场流通领域核查要点及方法

流通领域的核查作为对获证企业的一种证后监管方式,在保证产品质量和安全、维护消费者利益方面起到了很大作用。本文就不破坏产品的前提下,如何保证在流通领域对与人民群众日常生活密切相关的CCC认证产品进行简单有效的核查予以总结。     

质量过硬 智利消费者逐渐认可中国品牌汽车

今年1月底,长城哈弗汽车开始在智利市场销售,这是首个中国自主汽车品牌登陆智利市场。如今5个多月过去了,这个地地道道的"中国制造"在智利市场命运如何?长城汽车智利经销商德尔科公司日前公布的统计数字显示,到目前为止,长城哈弗汽车已售出140辆,大大超出预期。德尔     

认证是前市场管理召回是后市场管理——访中国质量认证中心汽车产品认证部经理谢鹏鸿

我国强制性产品认证管理规定(国家质检总局第1 17号令)对缺陷产品的召回做了规定。针对当前集中发生的召回事件,本刊记者采访了当年《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》的起草人之一——中国质量认证中心(CQC)汽车产品认证部经理谢鹏鸿。记者:随着召回事牛的层出不穷,中国缺陷产品追究制度的建立正在紧锣密鼓地进行着。CQC凭借多年的技术经验,为产品的前期质量管理工作担负着重要职责,请您谈谈CQC在召回工作中如何发     

Assessing the knowledge base for biotechnology in South Africa

Summary We review the knowledge base for biotechnology in South Africa in the light of government interventions aimed at establishing a biotechnology industry. We use bibliometric methods to analyse data from the ISI database on the performance of microbiology, genetics and molecular biology research over a 20-year period from 1980 to 2000. Genetics and molecular biology publications have seen a steady decline while microbiology has steadily increased its share of world publications. Although the quantity of the base is small the relative impact factor suggests that the quality of publications in these disciplines is comparable to world output. We conclude that the lack of adequate output in these disciplines poses a threat to government policies and investment aimed at increasing biotechnology commercialisation.     

Membrane development in South Africa

This article gives a broad overview of the advances in membrane research and development in South Africa. In particular, the more recent innovations are discussed.     

Politics and Photography in Apartheid South Africa

Resistance or struggle photography is a term describing the photographic documentation of conflict between oppressed and oppressor from the perspective of the subjugated. An example of this genre is explored in the context of apartheid South Africa during the 1980s through the work of a collective called Afrapix. This group's images of the repression of Black and Coloured populations by the apartheid regime, although largely curbed in South Africa, found an extensive international reception. These photographs contributed to the worldwide condemnation and sanctions that ultimately led to the collapse of the apartheid government. Whether photographs should be used as weapons in the political struggle, a position fostered by the African National Congress (ANC) and accepted by Afrapix, is explored through the divergent views of the photographer David Goldblatt. The decline of Afrapix is examined in relation to shifting market and aesthetic considerations following the end of apartheid.     

Magnitude and categories of pedestrian fatalities in South Africa

Road traffic injuries, a major global public health burden, are concentrated in low-income and middle-income countries.(1) In contrast to high-income countries, pedestrians make up the largest group of road traffic injuries and fatalities in low- and middle-income countries. This article presents an analysis of pedestrian fatalities (2001-2004) in four South African cities. The article describes the magnitude, demographic, and temporal factors associated with pedestrian fatalities and presents a typological analysis to identify particular groups of at risk pedestrians. The analysis can serve to inform the development of prevention programmes tailored to the needs of specific at risk pedestrian groups. Data were obtained from the National Injury Mortality Surveillance System (NIMSS). The results indicated that there were a total of 7433 pedestrian deaths (2001-2004) for the four cities and the majority occurred over weekends. Most (56.7%) were between ages 20 and 44 years. Overall, there were 3.3 male pedestrian deaths for every female pedestrian death, and over half (58%) of the 4004 cases tested were positive for alcohol. A typological analysis identified three categories of pedestrian fatalities: (1) male pedestrian fatalities that showed high levels of alcohol concentrations, (2) female and elderly pedestrian deaths that occurred between 6 AM and midday, and (3) children, adolescents, and young adult pedestrian fatalities that typically occurred during weekday afternoons and evenings. The findings call for multiple strategies for combating pedestrian fatalities.     

Scientometric research in South Africa and successful policy instruments

This document provides an analysis of scientometric research in South Africa and it discusses sources of growth in the country’s research literature in general. South Africa is identified to have limited expertise in the field revealed mainly during the last decade. However, the country is ranked 21st in the world among the countries publishing in the journal Scientometrics and it is the only African country with such a standing in the field. Identification of the forces affecting positively the growth in the number of research publications in the country indicates that the primary incentive fuelling the recent growth is the new funding formula in the country which subsidizes the universities by more than R100 000 for each publication that their staff produces. The increase in the number of journals indexed in the ISI Thomson Reuters database and the incorporation of social sciences at the NRF have also affected the growth of research publications, but to a lesser extent.     

南非标准化概要

一、南非简介南非共和国位于非洲大陆最南端,有着极为丰富的自然资源,是非洲经济最发达的国家。南非地广人稀,其国土面积达122.73万平方公里,人口仅约4660万。南非有着较完整的工业体系,它的交通通讯已达到发达国家的水平,其公路系统非常完善,仅次于美国和加拿大居世界第三位。