W-band waveguide-packaged InP HEMT reflection grid amplifier

This letter presents a 79-GHz broadband reflection-type grid amplifier using spatial power combining to combine the power of 64 unit cells. Each unit cell uses a two-stage cascade configuration with InP HEMTs arranged as a differential pair. A broadband orthogonal mode transducer (OMT) separates two orthogonally polarized input and output signals over a 75 to 85GHz range. In conjunction with the OMT, a mode converter with quadruple-ridged apertures was designed to enhance the field uniformity over the active grid. Measurements show 5-dB small signal gain at 79GHz and an 800-MHz 3-dB bandwidth. The amplifier generates an output power of 264mW with little evidence of saturation.     

新型正方晶格基横模光子晶体面发射激光器

高功率基横模垂直腔面发射激光器（VCSEL）在光通信、传感、原子频标和光电混合集成等领域有着重要的应用,将光子晶体结构引入到VCSEL中,通过设计结构尺寸和分布,可以有效控制VCSEL的横向模式。课题组将正方形排列的光子晶体结构引入到VCSEL中,实现对VCSEL的横向模式和基横模出光功率控制,获得高基横模出光功率器件。通过采用平面波展开法（PWE）和全矢量三维时域有限差分方法（FDTD）对正方晶格结构光子晶体的合理设计,获得正方形排布光子晶体周期、占空比和刻蚀深度等重要参数。成功地制备出基横模出光功率大于3 mW,边模抑制比大于40 dB的正方晶格光子晶体VCSEL。     

"Anti" up the aperture [antiguided VCSEL structures]

Coupled vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays are an attractive means to increase the coherent output power of VCSELs. Single-mode VCSELs, with output powers greater than 10 mW, would be useful as telecommunication transmitters /spl lambda/=1.3-1.55 /spl mu/m) or sources for optical interconnects. Commercially available single-mode VCSELs, even at shorter wavelengths /spl lambda/=0.85 /spl mu/m), are generally limited to a few milliwatts of output power. The conventional VCSEL structure incorporates a built-in positive-index waveguide, designed to support a single fundamental mode. Promising results in the 3-5 mW range (/spl lambda/=0.85 /spl mu/m) have been obtained from wet-oxidized, positive-index-guided VCSELs with small emission apertures (less than 3.5 /spl mu/m-dia). The small aperture size leads to a high electrical resistance and high current density, which can impact device reliability. By contrast, antiguided VCSEL structures have shown promise for achieving larger aperture single-mode operation. To obtain high single-mode powers with a larger emitting aperture, the use of a negative-index guide (antiguide) is beneficial. This paper discusses antiguided structures and some of their advantages when incorporated in 2-D VCSEL array structures.     

太赫兹二级分布反馈量子级联激光器中的模式竞争与功率特性

结合实验和理论计算研究了太赫兹二级分布反馈量子级联激光器中的模式竞争和功率特性.研究表明,激光器在整个动力学范围内均稳定地工作在横向及纵向的基模.横向基模的产生原因是脊条两侧的吸收边界有效提高了高阶横模的损耗.纵向基模的产生原因主要是谐振腔内基模与高阶纵模的电磁场分布交叠较大,并且频率接近,从而有效避免了增益在空间和频域的烧孔效应.此外,激光器的辐射效率随分布反馈光栅长度的增加而减小,导致只有在特定的光栅长度才能获得最大的输出功率.该工作有助于高性能单模太赫兹激光器及锁相激光器阵列的研制.     

Finite-aperture waveguide-laser resonators

A general theory of finite-aperture waveguide-laser resonators is developed which represents the external reflectors by matrices which couple linearly polarized waveguide modes having the same azimuthal symmetry. The theory allows the determination of resonator efficiency, resonator frequencies, and laser near- and far-field patterns. Computations of the coupling loss for the fundamental waveguide mode as a function of mirror curvature, separation, and aperture are in good agreement with recent infinite-aperture calculations in the limit of large apertures and indicate three low-loss configurations: 1) large radius of curvature mirrors close to the guide; 2) "large" radius of curvature mirrors centered at the guide entrance: and 3) generally smaller curvature mirrors separated by half their curvature from the guide entrance. The importance of higher order waveguide modes in determining laser output power and far-field patterns is demonstrated experimentally and compared to theoretical predictions. Design guidelines for the construction of high-efficiency CO2, CO, and He-Ne waveguide-laser resonators are summarized in tabular form.     

Monolithically integrated 780-nm-band high-power and 650-nm-bandlaser diodes with real refractive index guided self-aligned structure

780-nm-band high-power and 650-nm-band laser diodes (LDs) with real refractive index guided self-aligned (RISA) structures are monolithically integrated for the first time. High-power and fundamental transverse mode operation at an output power of 100-mW continuous wave (CW) up to 80°C is attained for the 780-nm-band LD. For the 650-nm-band LD, high temperature and fundamental transverse mode operation at an output power of 10-mW CW up to 80°C is obtained     

部分掺杂光纤掺杂半径的选择

掺杂半径的选择是部分掺杂光纤能够有效选模的关键.从模式的归一化模场分布出发,通过对模式场分布的比较,确定采用较小或较大的掺杂半径均不利于基模的选取.从饱和增益和功率分配两个角度详细分析了掺杂半径的变化对各模式的增益获取能力和功率提取能力的影响.纤芯掺杂半径的变化改变了模式场与增益粒子的相互作用机会,因而改变了各模式的增益获取能力及模式功率的输出大小.当掺杂分布与基模场分布达到最佳重叠并使得基模在强度上占据优势时,则基模获得的增益超过其他模式,输出功率达到最大.定量计算结果说明,阶跃光纤采用0.6左右的相对掺杂半径可以有利于提取基模.     

Enhanced harmonic generation in magnetrons

An X-band rising sun harmonic-generator magnetron has been developed. In order to obtain enhanced second harmonic output power, the magnetron was designed so that the resonant frequency of the second-order π mode was twice the frequency of the first-order π mode. Second harmonic efficiency, the ratio of second harmonic output power to input power, was strongly magnetic field dependent. Large values of second harmonic efficiency and output power occurred for operation in the "valley of efficiency" of the rising sun anode, i.e., for magnetic fields near B=13,000/λ1gauss where λ1is the wavelength of the first-order π mode. Maximum second harmonic efficiency and output power at λ2=1.69 cm were 13 per cent and 46 kw, respectively. For operation at these magnetic fields the ratio of generated second harmonic to fundamental power was of the order unity. This large power ratio can be understood in terms of a phase shift between the fundamental voltage and the current which drives it, together with a modified rotating wave hypothesis where a waving motion, caused by the Γ=0 Hartree component of the azimuthal electric field, is superimposed on the conventional rotation of the space-charge spokes.     

Mode Cooperation in a Submillimeter Wave FU Series Gyrotron

At certain gyrotron operating conditions, mode cooperation instead of mode competition takes place between a fundamental and a second harmonic mode. This means the phase bunching of a gyrating electron beam under the second harmonic operation reduces the starting current for the fundamental operation and increases total output power as well as beam efficiency. Such mode cooperation is observed in experiments and confirmed by computer simulations for submillimeter wave Gyrotron FU II.     

Power scaling of diode-pumped Nd:YVO/sub 4/ lasers

The evaluation of pump capability and scaling the output power of Nd:YVO/sub 4/ (vanadate) lasers are presented in this paper. Taking into account thermal fracture limitation and fundamental mode operation, systematic investigations of vanadate crystals have been conducted in an effort to scale the output power of diode-pumped lasers to higher levels. Based on the limitation of pump power, the input versus output power and beam propagation factor of vanadate lasers are optimized with knowledge of the thermal lensing effect and maximum pump power. The theoretical analyzes provide a good prediction for the output power of diode-pumped Nd:YVO/sub 4/ lasers, which is in agreement with the experiment. A practical example of a single-end-pumped vanadate laser is demonstrated with continuous-wave output powers of 9.8 W in the TEM/sub oo/ mode and 12.4 W in multimode.     

掺镱多模双包层光纤激光器弯曲选模研究

为了使大芯径多模双包层光纤激光器实现基模输出以抑制高功率双层光纤激光器中的非线性效应,采用将大芯径的多模双包层光纤适当弯曲进行选模使双包层光纤激光器获得单模激光输出的方法,进行了理论分析和实验验证,取得了大芯径多模双包层光纤内包层折射率、纤芯半径、光纤内传输信号光波长、光纤弯曲半径等因素对弯曲损耗及激光器输出光场模式影响的数据,并采用国产掺镱多模双包层光纤进行了弯曲选模实验,实现了多模光纤激光器的单模输出.结果表明,激光器最大输出功率达9W,斜率效率达17.3%,输出为基模.这一结果对大芯径多模双包层光纤激光器的选模是有帮助的.     

双棒Nd:YAG激光谐振腔的模体积

从稳定性条件出发,通过对基模高斯光束模体积的计算,对比分析了谐振腔内对称间距设置与等间距设置方式中双棒Nd:YAG增益介质模体积的大小,得出激光谐振腔中的双棒使用等间距设置能获得更大的输出功率。     

Theory of spin-flip laser modes--II: Higher modes and saturation effects

Results are presented for the threshold input power and tuning characteristics of the higher (transverse) modes of the spin-flip Raman laser. It is concluded that the fundamental mode has the lowest threshold for all cases of interest in the model which we have used. Effects of spin saturation on the fundamental mode are also analyzed, leading to an estimate of the magnitude of the variation of output frequency with input power. Coexistence of longitudinal modes in the vicinity of a mode hop is considered, but the conclusions are obscured by lack of knowledge of the relevant magnetic diffusion lengths.     

非对称大光腔GaAlAs／GaAs激光器分析与实验

本文分析了非对称大光腔结构在提高ＧａＡｌＡｓ／ＧａＡｓ激光器输出光功率方面的优越性。计算了为获得最大功率和基模工作所应选用的有关参数。在上述分析的基础上，研制了非对称大光腔（Ａ－ＬＯＣ）ＧａＡｌＡｓ／ＧａＡｓ激光器，其未涂覆输出光功率达８５ｍＷ以上，这一结果与理论计算基本符合。     

双棒串接补偿热致双折射效应激光谐振腔

固体激光器中的热致双折射效应严重地限制了基模输出功率的提高,为了获得大功率高质量的激光输出,需要对热致双折射效应进行补偿.在理论上对双棒在腔内串接补偿热致双折射效应的条件进行了改进,通过设计合理的腔结构和腔内元器件,应用4f成像系统空间滤波器并考虑石英旋光器的厚度,使得腔内光束的退偏率降至2.5%以下.使用矩阵光学的方法简化了对含有这样一个复杂光学系统的谐振腔稳定性和腔内光束半径等特性的分析.通过在腔内加入一个正透镜来扩大基模体积,实验中在双氪灯连续抽运Nd∶YAG激光器中得到了61 W线性偏振的激光基模输出,表明在大基模体积谐振腔的设计中,双折射效应的补偿十分必要.     

螺旋线行波管中螺距跳变幅度对输出功率的影响

通过对具有动态速度渐变（咖特性的注波互作用机理和谐波抑制技术的讨论得出了合理螺旋线的参量够提高螺旋线行波管频带内输出功率的初步结论。通过数值计算对螺距跳变幅度对输出功率影响进行了重点研究,进一步印证了初步结论。并得出了恰当的螺距跳变幅度可抑制二次谐波。增强基波,提高频带内输出功率的重要结论。所得结论为螺旋线慢波系统的设计工作的进一步开展指明了一个方向。     

900-mW high brightness buried ridge lasers by selective areaepitaxy

A study has been made of high power single lateral mode buried ridge lasers fabricated by selective area epitaxy. Several ridge thicknesses have been evaluated simultaneously in a single fabrication run. These lasers operate purely in the fundamental mode to output powers in excess of 450 mW, after which they are subject to beam steering or higher order mode operation. For weakly guided lasers, the output remains in a narrow lobe [full-width at half-maximum (FWHM)] = 4°-6°, stable at a given current value, up to output powers of 900 mW in CW tests     

High-power optically pumped 1550-nm VECSEL with a bonded silicon heat spreader

We present an optically pumped 1550-nm vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser with improved output power and operating temperature using a bonded heat spreader. The laser comprises an InGaAsP-based gain element, with a resonant periodic gain structure on top of a distributed Bragg reflector, and a high reflectivity spherical mirror as the external reflector. Heat transport is enhanced by a Si heat spreader bonded to the InGaAsP surface by liquid capillary bonding. Optical pumping is achieved using a 1250-nm fiber Raman laser. A maximum continuous output power of 250 mW was obtained under multitransverse mode operation at 240 K. Under operation in the fundamental near-Gaussian mode, we obtained a maximum power of 230 mW with a beam quality factor (M/sup 2/) of 1.22. At room temperature, the output power was limited to 12 mW.     

Theoretical contribution to the design of millimeter-wave TEO's

Systematic simulations of GaAs millimeter-wave transferred-electron devices have been performed, using a realistic model taking into account spatial nonuniformity as well as relaxation effects. Operating temperature is also considered. These simulations indicate the possibility of a fundamental accumulation layer transit mode up to 100 GHz, with higher conversion efficiency than that obtained with a harmonic mode. Significant improvement in output power is expected from InP fundamental oscillators in the upper part of the millimeter band.     

具有最大输出功率的CO2激光器谐振腔

提出了一种优化设计激光器谐振腔参数的新方法。应用遗传算法,以最大输出激光功率为目标函数,对典型CO2激光器谐振腔和放电管参数进行了优化,给出了谐振腔的3个优化参数:放电管直径、谐振腔凹面反射镜曲率半径和出射镜透射率。对于1.2m长谐振腔,优化设计的基模激光功率可从原先的55W提高到89W,实际测量提高到74W。