关于1990年至今香型酒花品种的研究分析

不同的酒花品种和酒花制品的应用可使酿酒企业生产出更多不同种类的啤酒。应用新型的酒花制品酿制啤酒,除了苦味和酒花香味外,啤酒的其它特性也会受到影响,如啤酒的泡沫和口感。本文就德国和世界其他国家在啤酒酿造过程中应用香型酒花的趋势进行研究分析。     

啤酒酿造过程中酒花香味成分的转移

为了在啤酒中得到一个可感觉到的酒花香味,在麦汁煮沸后期或回旋沉淀槽中添加香型酒花已经成为酿造工艺的常规做法。由5-,~i花中的苦味物质每年都有波动．在计算酒花添加量时,往往这些苦味的影响因素都会被考虑,然而香型酒花成分由于季节和酒花品种不同而产生的波动对啤酒造成的影响却几乎没人考虑,而在这时会引起啤酒感官品质的显著变化。     

IPA啤酒中酒花香味物质的研究进展

随着啤酒工业的发展,印度浅色爱尔啤酒（IPA）越来越受消费者的欢迎。酒花赋予啤酒丰富的风味,IPA啤酒的突出特点是酒花香味丰富。该文对IPA中酒花香味物质及其对IPA啤酒香味的影响和其在发酵过程中的变化的最新研究做了全面综述,同时探讨了酒花干投和湿投对IPA口味的影响,并介绍了目前酒花香味物质的分析方法,为今后酒花香气研究者提供参考,以推动啤酒行业发展。     

酒花饮料的稳定性研究

酒花通常作为酿造啤酒的主要原料之一,它能给啤酒带来特异的香味和爽口的苦味。酒花饮料则是利用酒花之浸出液为主要风味剂,     

异构化酒花浸膏替代传统浸膏对啤酒风味的影响

对于酿造者而言,原料的采购变得越来越重要。不只是麦芽,酒花的供应也取决于收获的年份,某些年份供应量就很有限。在这种情况下,可通过优化酒花添加方案来应对,但对于使用传统酒花制品的酿造者而言,可选择的方案较少。面对酒花短缺,应急措施之一就是使用异构化酒花制品。IKE-异构化酒花浸膏,是可用来取代CO2酒花浸膏的产品之一。为了得到可靠的数据,进行了大量商业规模的酿造试验,并对酒花制品、麦汁和啤酒样品进行分析。用特异性的HPLC和非特异性的UV-光谱法来测定苦味物质含量。对于酒花香味物质,特别是对啤酒风味有重要影响的里那醇,用GC—FID法来分析麦汁和啤酒样品。为了了解仅一酸和异仅一酸的溶解程度,以及麦汁煮沸过程中香味物质的蒸发情况,样品取自麦汁煮沸的不同阶段。由经过培训的品评小组对啤酒样品进行评价。实验证明,异构化酒花浸膏-IKE是一种合适的酒花制品,可以降低酒花的添加成本,且不影响啤酒的感官特性。     

啤酒的酒花香

啤酒生产添加酒花的作用是赋予啤酒爽快的苦味,特有的香味以及非生物稳定性。酒花中的重要内含物就是苦味质（酒花软树脂）、多酚和酒花油。对酒花的不同使用可以使各种物质对啤酒产生不同的效果。酒花可以导致特有的口味结构,为啤酒的多样化奠定基础。     

添加老化酒花的啤酒中酒花衍生的风味成分增加

在先前的研究中,使用气相色谱——嗅觉测量法（GC-O）以及感官品评分析对添加浓酒花啤酒和未添加酒花啤酒进行分析比较,鉴别出约30种酒花香气成分。本研究中对添加老化酒花的啤酒和添加4℃储存酒花的啤酒进行比较,检测萜类化合物以及酯含量的变化并调查其来源。添加老化酒花的啤酒具有桔皮／酯香味的特点,而添加冷藏酒花具有青草味和类似酒花颗粒的风味特点。使用溶剂辅助香料蒸发（SAFE）的方法提取的香味物质中没有检测到酒花老化过程中有香味物质的合成。添加老化酒花的啤酒中,3-甲基-2-丁烯-1-硫醇（MBT）、紫罗兰酮、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、3-甲基丁酸乙酯、4-甲基戊酸乙酯、3-甲基丁酸2-苯乙酯和4-（4-羟苯基）-2-丁酮含量增加。我们认为这些酯中短碳链的酸有-部分来自獐草酮和蛇麻酮的分解。相反,添加老化酒花啤酒中里哪醇、香叶烯以及（Z）-3-己烯-1-醇的含量减少。依据多维GC／MS的分析结果,发现酒花老化过程中存在里哪醇对映体过量现象。我们推断这些成分含量的变化是导致老化酒花啤酒形成独特特征的原因。     

Citra——独一无二的香型酒花新品种

Ctria酒花(即HBC394)系由美国酒花育种有限责任公司(Hop Breeding Company LLC,HBC)培育开发,并受美国植物专利应用保护(酒花植株名称"HBC394")的特殊香型酒花新品种,其风味特征独一无二,广受喜爱。Citra酒花香如其名,具柑橘、西柚和酸橙香。此外,她亦被描述具有醋栗、西番莲果、荔枝和白索维农酒(长相思)的风味。她起源于品质卓著、广为接受的Hallertauer Mittelfr(u|¨)h、US Tettnanger、Brewers Gold和East Kent Golding。约高达12%的α-酸含量使其成为名副其实的优质特殊香型酒花新品种。到目前为止,无论是中试规模或商业化大生产规模,用Citra酒花酿造的啤酒皆深受酿酒师和品尝者的喜爱。由此看来,Citra酒花具有广阔的、大有可为的发展前景。     

酒花的二次利用：之前用于干式加法酒花啤酒的酒花球重新酿造啤酒的分析

干式加法酒花过程是从酒花中冷提取物质加入啤酒。这个方法在最近几年酿造者中比较流行,因为它能帮助强烈的风味和香味进入发酵饮料。然而,大量使用酒花可能导致用过的酒花和啤酒的大量损失,在这个研究中,用不同量回收酒花酿造啤酒进行试验。用回收酒花酿造啤酒具有较低IBU（国际苦味单位）和较低酒花衍生挥发物（如香橙烯,α-松油醇,乙酸甲酯和α-石竹烯）,但他们仍保留相同的抗氧化力（用ABTS+,DPPH和FRAP评估）,酚酸含量和许多酵母产生的代谢物（如同新酒花酿造的模型啤酒）及感官分析中品尝参数的高分。     

多种酒花制品在啤酒后修饰中的应用

啤酒修饰剂对啤酒的口味质量、风味的确立及理化指标的改善作用非常明显,本文就混合酒花制品在啤酒过滤中的应用加以阐述,不足之处请批评指正。1 混合酒花制品的调试及香型确立现有的酒花制品有六氢异葎草酮、四氢异葎草酮、酒花油等不同主体成分,并以丙二醇、食用酒精     

Humulus lupulus – a story that begs to be told. A review

The hop cones of the female plant of the common hop species Humulus lupulus L. are grown almost exclusively for the brewing industry. Only the cones of the female plants are able to secrete the fine yellow resinous powder (i.e. lupulin glands). It is in these lupulin glands that the main brewing principles of hops, the resins and essential oils, are synthesized and accumulated. Hops are of interest to the brewer since they impart the typical bitter taste and aroma to beer and are responsible for the perceived hop character. In addition to the comfortable bitterness and the refreshing hoppy aroma delivered by hops, the hop acids also contribute to the overall microbial stability of beer. Another benefit of the hop resins is that they help enhance and stabilize beer foam and promote foam lacing. In an attempt to understand these contributions, the very complex nature of the chemical composition of hops is reviewed. First, a general overview of the hop chemistry and nomenclature is presented. Then, the different hop resins found in the lupulin glands of the hop cones are discussed in detail. The major hop bitter acids (α‐ and β‐acids) and the latest findings on the absolute configuration of the cis and trans iso‐α‐acids are discussed. Special attention is given to the hard resins; the known δ‐resin is reviewed and the ε‐resin is introduced. Recent data on the bittering potential and the antimicrobial properties of both hard resin fractions are disclosed. Attention is also given to the numerous essential oil constituents as well as their contributions to beer aroma. In addition to the aroma contribution of the well‐known essential oil compounds, a number of recently identified sulfur compounds and their impact on beer aroma are reviewed. The hop polyphenols and their potential health benefits are also addressed. Subsequently, the importance of hops in brewing is examined and the contributions of hops to beer quality are explained. Finally, the beer and hop market of the last century, as well as the new trends in brewing, are discussed in detail. Hop research is an ever growing field of central importance to the brewing industry, even in areas that are not traditionally associated with hops and brewing. This article attempts to give a general overview of the different areas of hop research while assessing the latest advances in hop science and their impact on brewing. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

国产酒花香气成分及酿造特性的研究

为探究国产酒花在啤酒酿造中的酿造价值,将7种中国本土种植和培育的啤酒花（卡斯卡特、D1号、拿盖特、柯密特、青岛大花、哥伦布、哈拉道）在模拟啤酒酿造过程中添加,并在关键酿造节点取样,使用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）技术分析酒花在啤酒酿造过程中不同时期香气成分,并通过感官品评综合评估其酿造价值。结果表明,7种国产酒花香气成分均能满足啤酒酿造要求,除哥伦布为高α-酸酒花,青岛大花为苦型酒花外,其余品种均为苦香兼优型酒花,该类酒花既可煮沸时添加也可用于后期酒花干投,其中,卡斯卡特酒花与D1号酒花干投样品中月桂烯含量分别为0.458μg/L、0.324μg/L,远高于一般酒花,非常适合印度淡色艾尔啤酒（IPA）酿造。     

125th Anniversary Review: The Role of Hops in Brewing

Although hop technology has been a substantial part of brewing science for the last 130 years, we are still far from claiming to know everything about hops. As hops are considered primarily as a flavour ingredient for beer, with the added benefit of having anti‐microbial effects, hop research is focused on hops as a bittering agent, as an aroma contributor and as a preservative. Newer fields in hop research are directed toward the relevance of hops in flavour stability, brewing process utilisation, the technological benefits of hops in brewing as well as hops as a source of various substances with many health benefits. However the more we find out about the so‐called “spirit of beer” the more questions emerge that demand answers. While hop research was only an ancillary research field for decades, during the last ten years more universities and breweries have determined that hops must play a meaningful role in their research efforts. This article gives an overview of the up‐to‐date knowledge on hop aroma, hop derived bitterness, and the role of hops in flavour stability as well as light stability. Hop research is a wide field, therefore in this review only selected topics are reviewed. Other research areas such as hops utilisation, the antifoam potential of hops, or the advances in knowledge pertaining to the physiological valuable substances of hops go beyond the scope of this article.     

酒花中萜烯醇类化合物的研究进展

酒酒花添加可赋予啤酒特有的风味,使酒体丰满协调。萜类物质对酒花风味的贡献发挥着重要作用。其中,萜烯醇类物质（如里那醇、香叶醇、β-香茅醇、α-萜品醇、橙花醇等）是影响酒花香气的关键性成分,其在发酵过程中含量的微小变化对啤酒的品质及感官评价影响很大。啤酒中的萜烯醇类物质不仅与酒花品种有关,还与发酵过程中的生物转化有关,甚至在储存时期也有变化。了解酒花中的萜烯醇类香气化合物在啤酒酿造过程中的含量及变化规律与控制和稳定啤酒的风味质量密切相关。该文就酒花中萜烯醇类物质的国内外研究现状做一综述。     

酒花老化评价的研究进展

酒花是啤酒生产的重要原料,确定酒花新鲜度更是保证啤酒酿造质量的关键。本文综述了国内外关于酒花老化评价的研究进展,根据酒花老化过程中苦味物质(α-酸和β-酸)、多酚和香气物质的变化情况,阐述了目前评价酒花老化程度的指标,为建立更为准确的酒花老化评价体系的研究提供一些理论参考。     

The Oxygenated Sesquiterpenoid Fraction of Hops in Relation to the Spicy Hop Character of Beer

Hop‐derived sesquiterpenoid‐type oxidation products have been associated with a spicy or herbal hoppy beer character. However, the flavour threshold values of hitherto identified oxygenated sesquiterpenes are generally much higher than their estimated levels in beer. By applying two‐step supercritical fluid extraction of hop pellets using carbon dioxide, followed by chromatographic purification of the enriched sesquiterpenoid fraction, highly specific varietal hop oil essences containing all main oxygenated sesquiterpenes were obtained. Post‐fermentation addition (at ppb levels) of these purified sesquiterpenoid essences from various European aroma hops led to distinctive spicy or herbal flavour notes, reminiscent of typical ‘noble’ hop aroma. It is concluded that a spicy hop flavour impression in beer depends significantly on minor constituents of the natural sesquiterpenoid hop oil fraction.     

原料对麦汁酚酸抗氧化能力的影响

本文检测了不同啤酒麦芽及酒花品种中酚酸的含量,分析了酿造原料对麦汁抗氧化能力的影响。结果发现,加麦、澳麦、国产西北三种麦芽中,澳麦提供的抗氧化能力较小,同时提供的老化物质也最少,对提高啤酒的风味稳定性有利。以单位α-酸计,香花比苦花提供更多的酚酸和抗氧化能力。酒花老化过程损失相当多的酚酸,酿造过程中应尽量使用新鲜的酒花。     

A Study of the Fate of Volatile Hop Constituents in Beer

SUMMARY— The volatile material from a pilot plant brewed beer (hopped) has been analyzed by the direct combination of capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. None of the major volatile terpenoid hydrocarbons of hops (myrcene, caryophyllene, humulene) could be detected in the beer volatiles. The only volatile constituents in the beer which could be assigned to hops with some certainty were ethyl dec-4-enoate and ethyl deca-4,9-dienoate, which exist in the hop oil as the methyl esters.
A capillary gas chromatography analysis of a beer which was brewed without hops but with methyl dec-4-enoate (0.02 g/L) showed that this ester was converted to the ethyl ester by the fermentation.
A study was also carried out using model systems to parallel the "kettle boiling" step of brewing. This involved boiling hops with water for a set period and filtering the water extract from the hops. It was found that the pattern of volatile hop constituents in the filtrate (hopped water) was quite different from hop oil and consisted principally of free organic acids, humulene epoxide, humulenol, and other hop oil oxygenated components. With fine filteration through Celite, very little myrcene, humulene, or caryophyllene were transferred into the water, even though they form the major part of hop volatiles. If, however, only coarse filtration was used, a greater amount of these hydrocarbons were found in the filtrate.
It is concluded that the amount of volatile hop oil constituents reaching the final beer probably depends upon the exact conditions of the brewing process used. No evidence could be found in the present work to support the view that the tiny amounts that do survive in beer prepared by the typical American process could contribute more than a very minor amount to the characteristic beer aroma.     

酒花香气成分的检测及富含典型酒花香气啤酒的试验研究

单萜类物质是贡献啤酒酒花香气的重要成分。本研究在100L中试规模,原麦汁浓度为14°P,苦味质为20BU的条件下,从不同酒花添加工艺、添加量和品种三方面分析了啤酒中8种单萜类酒花香气物质的含量,并进行感官品评,发现在发酵罐中添加l％o香花的效果最好,啤酒风格因酒花品种不同而有异。8种酒花香气物质中里那醇、香叶醇、口．香茅醇和α-萜品醇最为重要,其啤酒中的含量与酒花中里那醇和香叶醇含量密切相关,前三者与前人研究-致,但本研究发现“α-萜品醇”也是重要香气物质之-。但啤酒中的酒花香气物质含量高,酒花香味不-定强,这可能与其构型有关,因此,又研究了三种酒花在啤酒酿造过程中酒花香气物质的同分异构体,包括（R）-（-）-里那醇、（S）-（＋）-里那醇、（-）-α-萜品醇、（十）-α-萜品醇、（R]-（＋）-卢-香茅醇、（S）-（-）-卢-香茅醇的含量。研究发现酒花品种的差异会引起同分异构体含量及比例的显著差异,加上其阈值的变化。进-步验证了同分异构体对啤酒中酒花香味的影响。