低温退火制备Ti/4H-SiC欧姆接触

实现SiC器件欧姆接触常规工艺需要800～1200℃的高温退火.研究了n型4H-SiC低温制备Ti欧姆电极的工艺及其基本电学特性.通过氢等离子体处理4H-SiC的表面,沉积Ti后可直接形成欧姆接触,室温下比接触电阻率ρc为2.25×10-3 Ω·m2(ρc由圆形传输线模型CTLM测得),随着合金温度的升高,其欧姆特性逐渐增强,400℃合金后获得最低的比接触电阻率ρc为2.07×10-4 Ω·m2.采用X射线衍射(XRD)确定金属/n-SiC界面反应时形成的相,以分析电学性质与微观结构间的联系.最后讨论了低温欧姆接触的形成机制.     

退火参数对p型GaAs欧姆接触性能的影响

采用磁控溅射的方法在p型GaAs衬底上沉积了Ti/Pt/Au金属薄膜,研究了退火工艺参数(温度和时间)对p-GaAs/Ti/Pt/Au欧姆接触性能的影响。结果表明:p-GaAs上制作的Ti/Pt/Au金属系统能在很短的退火时间(60 s)内形成很好的欧姆接触。过分延长退火时间,并不能改善系统的欧姆接触性能。退火温度在400~450℃时均可得到较好的欧姆接触。当退火温度为420℃,退火时间为120 s时,比接触电阻率达到最低,为1.41×10–6.cm2。     

n-GaN表面Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的电学特性

实验研究了淀积在GaN上的Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极的电学和热学特性,绘制了不同退火温度下的I-V曲线,得到了最低的欧姆接触电阻率(ρs=1.2×10-4 Ω·cm2),并通过X射线衍射谱分析了GaN与Ti/Al/Ti/Au电极接触表面在退火过程中的固相反应.实验结果表明,在Ti/Al表面增加Ti/Au保护层能够保证Al层在高温时不发生球化和氧化,电极更稳定可靠能够进一步提高欧姆接触特性.     

氧化Au/Ni/p-GaN欧姆接触形成的机理

用卢瑟福背散射(RBS)和同步辐射X射线衍射(XRD)研究了p-GaN上的Ni/Au电极在空气下不同温度合金后的微结构的演化,并揭示这种接触结构的欧姆接触形成机制.研究不同温度下比接触电阻(ρc)的变化,发现从450℃开始Au扩散到GaN的表面在p-GaN上形成外延结构以及O向电极内部扩散反应生成NiO对降低ρc起到了关键的作用.在500℃时,Au的外延结构进一步改善,O进一步向样品内部扩散生成NiO,ρc也达到了最低值.但当合金温度升高到600℃时,金属-半导体界面NiO的大部分或全部向外扩散,从而脱离与p-GaN的接触,使ρc显著升高.     

Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性

利用金属有机化合物化学气相淀积(MOCVD)在SiC衬底上外延生长了N-polar GaN材料,采用传输线模型(TLM)分析了Ti/Al/Ni/Au金属体系在N-polar GaN上的欧姆接触特性.结果表明,Ti/Al/Ni/Au (20/60/10/50 nm)在N-polar GaN上可形成比接触电阻率为2.2×10-3Ω·cm2的非合金欧姆接触,当退火温度升至200℃,比接触电阻率降为1.44×10-3 Ω·cm2,随着退火温度的进一步上升,Ga原子外逸导致欧姆接触退化为肖特基接触.     

Ti/Al/Ti/Au与AlGaN欧姆接触特性

研究了溅射 Ti/ Al/ Ti/ Au四层复合金属与 Al Ga N / Ga N的欧姆接触特性 ,并就环境温度对欧姆接触特性的影响进行了分析研究 .试验证实 :溅射的 Ti/ Al/ Ti/ Au与载流子浓度为 2 .2 4× 10 1 8cm- 3的 Al Ga N之间在室温下无需退火即可形成欧姆接触 .随快速退火温度的升高接触电阻降低 .快速退火时间 30 s已可实现该温度下最佳欧姆接触 .当工作温度不高于 30 0℃时接触电阻几乎不受温度的影响     

Ni/Au与p-GaN的比接触电阻率测量

通过采用环形传输线方法(CILM),电流-电压(I-V)曲线、表面形貌等方法,研究不同的Ni/Au厚度比和空气气氛下合金退火温度对p型氮化镓欧姆接触特性造成的影响。根据Ni/Au与p型氮化镓欧姆接触的形成机制,采用合适的Ni/Au厚度比及退火温度,得到比接触电阻率(ρc)为1.09×10-5Ω.cm2的Ni/Au-p-GaN电极,并分析了Ni在退火过程中对形成良好的欧姆接触中所起到的作用。     

退火对Ni/3C-SiC欧姆接触的影响

采用溅射法在液相外延 3 C-Si C上制备 Ni电极 ,并利用圆形传输线法研究了退火温度对欧姆接触特性的影响 ,实验表明对于 Ni/n-Si C金半接触 ,经过 80 0～ 1 0 0 0°C高温退火 5分钟后 ,肖特基整流特性退化为欧姆接触 ,表现出良好的欧姆接触特性 ,且随退火温度的提高 ,接触电阻进一步下降 ,1 0 0 0°C退火后 ,可获得最低的接触电阻为 5 .0× 1 0 - 5Ω· cm2。     

氧化Au/Ni/p-GaN欧姆接触形成的机理

用卢瑟福背散射（RBS）和同步辐射X射线衍射（XRD）研究了p-GaN上的Ni/Au电极在空气下不同温度合金后的微结构的演化，并揭示这种接触结构的欧姆接触形成机制．研究不同温度下比接触电阻(ρc)的变化，发现从450℃开始Au扩散到GaN的表面在p-GaN上形成外延结构以及O向电极内部扩散反应生成NiO对降低ρc起到了关键的作用．在500℃时，Au的外延结构进一步改善，O进一步向样品内部扩散生成NiO,ρc也达到了最低值．但当合金温度升高到600℃时，金属-半导体界面NiO的大部分或全部向外扩散，从而脱离与p-GaN的接触，使ρc显著升高．     

退火参数对p型GaAs欧姆接触性能的影响

采用磁控溅射的方法在p型GaAs衬底上沉积了Ti/Pt/Au金属薄膜,研究了退火工艺参数(温度和时间)对p-GaAs/Ti/Pt/Au欧姆接触性能的影响。结果表明:p-GaAs上制作的Ti/Pt/Au金属系统能在很短的退火时间(60 s)内形成很好的欧姆接触。过分延长退火时间,并不能改善系统的欧姆接触性能。退火温度在400~450℃时均可得到较好的欧姆接触。当退火温度为420℃,退火时间为120 s时,比接触电阻率达到最低,为1.41×10–6.cm2。     

Ohmic contacts to single-crystalline 3C-SiC films for extreme-environment MEMS applications

This paper describes the ohmic contacts to single-crystalline 3C-SiC thin films heteroepitaxially grown on Si (0 0 1) wafers. In this work, a TiW (titanium-tungsten) film was deposited as a contact material by RF magnetron sputter and annealed through the vacuum and rapid thermal anneal (RTA) process. Contact resistivity between the TiW film and the n-type 3C-SiC substrate was measured by the circular transmission line model (C-TLM) method. The contact phases and interface of the TiW/3C-SiC were evaluated with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth-profiles. The TiW film annealed at 1000 °C for 45 s with the RTA plays an important role in the formation of ohmic contact with the 3C-SiC film and the contact resistance is less than 4.62×10⁻⁴ Ω cm². Moreover, the inter-diffusion at the TiW/3C-SiC interface was not generated during, before and after annealing, and was kept in a stable state. Therefore, the ohmic contact formation technology of single-crystalline 3C-SiC films by using the TiW film is very suitable for high-temperature micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) applications.     

The thermal stability of ohmic contact to n-type InGaAs layer

The thermal stability of ohmic contact to n-type InGaAs layer is investigated. When Ni/Ge/Au is used as the contact metal, the characteristics of the ohmic contact are degraded after thermal treatment. The specific contact resistance of (Ni/Ge/Au)-InGaAs ohmic contact after annealing at 450°C is about 15 times larger than that of as-deposited sample. This is due to the decomposition of InGaAs and the interdiffusion of Ga and Au. A new phase of Au₄ln appears after annealing at 300°C. While in the case of Ti/Pt/Au, Au does not penetrate into the InGaAs layer as revealed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The specific contact resistance of (Ti/Pt/Au)-InGaAs ohmic contact after annealing at 450°C is eight times larger than that of as-deposited sample. Therefore, the thermal stability of (Ti/Pt/Au)-InGaAs ohmic contact is better than that of (Ni/Ge/Au)InGaAs ohmic contact.     

Characterization of a rapid thermal anneal TiNxOy/TiSi2 contact barrier

In this paper, the physical and electrical properties of a TiN_xO_y/TiSi₂ dual layer contact barrier are reported. The TiN_xO_y/TiSi₂ barrier was formed by rapidly annealing a Ti thin film on Si in an N₂ ambient. During this process, the Ti film surface reacts with N₂ to form a TiN_xO_y skin layer and the bulk of the Ti film reacts with Si to form an underlying TiSi₂ layer. The influences of rapid thermal anneal (RTA) conditions on the TiN_xO_y layer were investigated by varying the RTA temperature from 600 to 1100° C and cycle duration from 30 to 100 s. It is found that the resulting TiN_xO_y and TiSi₂ layer thicknesses are dependent on RTA temperature and the starting Ti thickness. For a starting Ti thickness of 500Å, 150Å thick TiN_xO_y and 800Å thick TiSi₂ are obtained after an RTA at 900° C for 30 s. The TiN_xO_y thickness is limited by a fast diffusion of Si into Ti to form TiSi₂. When a Ti film is deposited on SiO₂, Ti starts to react with SiO₂ from 600° C and a significant reduction of the SiO₂ thickness is observed after an RTA at 900° C. The resulting layer is composed of a surface TiN_xO_y layer followed by a complex layer of titanium oxide and titanium suicide. In addition, when Ti is depos-ited on TiSi₂, thicker TiN_xO_y and TiSi₂ layers are obtained after RTA. This is because the TiSi₂ layer retards the diffusion of Si from the underlying substrate into the Ti layer. NMOSFETs were fabricated using the TiN_xO_y/TiSi₂ as a contact barrier formed by RTA at 900° C for 30 s and a significant reduction of contact resistance was obtained. In addition, electromigration test at a high current density indicated that a significant improvement in mean time to failure (MTF) has been obtained with the barrier.     

Low resistance bilayer Nd/Al ohmic contacts on n-type GaN

A bilayer Nd/Al metallization structure has been deposited onto low pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy grown n-type GaN ( 1 × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³) by electron-beam evaporation. Ohmic metal contacts were patterned photolithographically for standard transmission line measurement, and then thermally annealed at temperatures ranging from 200 to 350°C and from 500 to 650°C using conventional thermal annealing (CTA) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA), respectively. The lowest values for the specify contact resistivity of 9.8 × 10⁻⁶ Ω−cm² and 8 × 10⁻⁶ Ω−cm² were obtained using Nd/Al metallization with CTA of 250°C for 5 min and RTA of 600°C for 30 s. Examination of the surface morphology using atomic force microscopy as a function of annealing temperature revealed that the surface roughness was strongly influenced by conventional thermal annealing, it was smooth in the temperature range from 550 to 650°C for rapid thermal annealing. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling was employed to investigate the metallurgy and interdiffusion of contact formation.     

Study of contact resistivity, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability of Ti/Al and Ta/Al ohmic contacts to n-type GaN

The annealing conditions and contact resistivities of Ta/Al ohmic contacts to n-type GaN are reported for the first time. The high temperature stability and mechanical integrity of Ti/Al and Ta/Al contacts have been investigated. Ta/Al (35 nm/115 nm) contacts to n-type GaN became ohmic after annealing for 3 min at 500°C or for 15 s at 600°C. A minimum contact resistivity of 5×10⁻⁶Ω cm² was measured after contacts were repatterned with an Al layer to reduce the effect of a high metal sheet resistance. Ti/Al and Ta/Al contacts encapsulated under vacuum in quartz tubes showed a significant increase in contact resistivity after aging for five days at 600°C. Cross section transmission electron microscopy micrographs and electrical measurements of aged samples indicate that the increased contact resistivity is primarily the result of degradation of the metal layers. Minimal reactions at the metal/GaN interface of aged samples were observed.     

Development of Al-free ohmic contact to n-GaN

We have investigated the electrical properties and interfacial reactions of the Si/Ti-based ohmic contacts to Si-doped n-GaN grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and the electrical properties were related to the material reactions. Si/Ti contact system was selected because Ti silicides have a low work function comparable to Al and also Si was used widely as an n-type dopant. As the annealing temperature increased, the specific contact resistance of Si/Ti-based ohmic contacts decreased and showed minimum contact decreased and showed minimum contact resistance as low as 3.86 10^?6 cm² after annealing at 900°C for 3 min under N₂ ambient. Our experimental results show that the ohmic behavior of Si/Ti-based contact, were attributed to the low barrier height of Ti-silicide/GaN interface, which was formed through the interfacial reaction between Si and Ti layers. In order to clarify the current conduction mechanism of Si/Ti-based contact, temperature dependent contact resistance measurement was carried out for Au(1000 Å)/Ti(400 Å)/Si(1500 Å)/Ti(150 Å) contact system after annealing at 700°C for 3 min. The contact resistance of Si/Ti-based ohmic contact decreased exponentially with the measuring temperature and so it can be concluded that current flows over the low barrier height by thermionic emission.     

Characterization of TiN/TiSi2 bilayer for application to ULSI

The properties of TiN/TiSi₂ bilayer formed by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in an NH₃ ambient after the titanium film is deposited on the silicon substrate is investigated. It is found that the formation of TiN/TiSi₂ bilayer depends on the RTA temperature and a competitive reaction for the TiN/TiSi₂ bilayer occurs at 600°C. Both the TiN and TiSi₂ layers represent titanium-rich films at 600°C anneal. The TiN layer has a stable structure at 700°C anneal while the TiSi₂ layer has C₄₉ and C₅₄ phase. Both the TiN and TiSi₂ layers have stable structures and stoichiometries at 800°C anneal. When the TiN/TiSi₂ bilayer is formed, the redistribution of boron atoms within the TiSi₂ layer gets active as the anneal temperature is increased. According to secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis, boron atoms pile up within the TiN layer and at the TiSi₂−Si interface. The electrical properties for n⁺ and p⁺ contacts are investigated. The n⁺ contact resistance increases slightly with increasing annealing temperature but the p⁺ contact resistance decreases. The leakage current indicates degradation of the contact at high annealing temperature for both n⁺ and p⁺ junctions.     

Effects of vacuum annealing on electrical properties of GaN contacts

To understand formation and deterioration mechanisms of Ta/Ti ohmic contacts that were previously developed for p-GaN, the electrical properties of the Ta/Ti contacts, which were deposited on undoped GaN substrates and subsequently annealed in vacuum (where a slash (/) sign indicates the deposition sequence), were studied. The Ta/Ti contacts displayed good ohmic behavior after annealing at a temperature of 800°C for 10 min in vacuum, although the undoped GaN substrates were used. However, deterioration of the present ohmic contacts was observed during room-temperature storage. These contact properties were similar to those observed in the Ta/Ti contacts prepared on p-GaN. Hall-effect measurements revealed that thin n-type conductive layers were found to form on surfaces of both the undoped GaN and p-GaN substrates after annealing at 800°C in vacuum.     

Electroless CoWP as a Diffusion Barrier between Electroless Copper and Silicon

In this work, an electroless CoWP film deposited on a silicon substrate as a diffusion barrier for electroless Cu and silicon has been studied. Four different Cu 120 nm/CoWP/Si stacked samples with 30, 60, 75, and 100 nm electroless CoWP films were prepared and annealed in a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) furnace at 300°C to 800°C for 5 min. The failure behavior of the electroless CoWP film in the Cu/CoWP/Si sample and the effect of CoWP film thickness on the diffusion barrier properties have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and sheet resistance measurements. The composition of the electroless CoWP films was 89.4 at.% Co, 2.4 at.% W, and 8.2 at.% P, as determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). A 30 nm electroless CoWP film can prevent copper penetration up to 500°C, and a 75 nm electroless CoWP film can survive at least up to 600°C. Therefore, increasing the thickness of electroless CoWP films effectively increases the failure temperature of the Cu/CoWP/Si samples. The observations of SEM and TEM show that interdiffusion of the copper and cobalt causes the failure of the electroless CoWP diffusion barriers in Cu/CoWP/Si during thermal annealing.