双歧杆菌与乳酸菌混合发酵胡萝卜汁牛乳饮料的工艺研究

以从健康人体中选育出的发酵活力高、耐氧性和抗逆性强的优良发酵菌株长双歧杆菌(Blm)作为主要试验菌株,以乳酸菌保加利亚乳杆菌(L.b-DR)和嗜热链球菌(S.t-3)作为辅助菌株,研究了接种量及菌种配比、基质起始pH值、发酵温度、氧气等因素对双歧杆菌与乳酸菌混合发酵胡萝卜汁牛乳饮料时,对凝乳时间、活菌含量、pH值和产品感官风味的影响。利用正交试验优化并确定了Blm与乳酸菌混合发酵的最佳工艺条件,即在胡萝卜汁牛乳培养基(25%胡萝卜汁和5%蔗糖)中,总接种量3%(3×107cfu/mL),其菌种配比为Lb-DR∶St-3∶Blm=1∶1∶1,基质起始pH值7.0,发酵温度39℃,有氧条件发酵。产品凝乳时间在3.33 h,pH值为4.5左右,总活菌数可达1×109cfu/mL以上,橙黄色,组织状态致密细腻,无乳清析出。对该产品的工艺条件探究,为开发其它功能性益生菌乳制品提供了新的思路和方法。     

嗜酸乳杆菌和双歧杆菌发酵乳的流变特性研究

以两株嗜酸乳杆菌(KLDS AD1、KLDS AD2)和3株双歧杆菌(长双歧杆菌KLDS 2.0001、婴儿双歧杆菌KLDS 2.0002和KLDS 2.0604)分别发酵的酸乳为研究对象,测定其pH值、滴定酸度、质构及流变学特性。pH值和滴定酸度测定结果表明嗜酸乳杆菌产酸能力强于双歧杆菌。质构测定结果表明嗜酸乳杆菌发酵的酸奶质地较为结实。5种酸乳的剪切力升速和降速曲线都能形成触变环,触变环的面积大小为KLDS 2.0604＞KLDS 2.0001＞KLDS AD2＞KLDS 2.0002＞KLDS AD1,即婴儿双歧杆菌KLDS 2.0604在剪切力破坏下其组织状态的恢复力最差,很难恢复到起始状态。表观黏度曲线在下降时只有婴儿双歧杆菌KLDS 2.0002没有出现突增现象,其弹性最差。综合得出嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS AD2发酵乳的组织状态、黏弹性最好。     

保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌及双歧杆菌共生关系和对搅拌型酸乳特性的影响

本试验通过3个菌株混合发酵,探明其对搅拌型酸乳品质的影响和协同效果,旨在为新型保健乳产品开发提供技术参数。通过单因素试验和正交试验,选用保加利亚乳杆菌(Lactobacillus Bulgaricus,LB)、嗜热链球菌(Streptococcus Thermophilus,ST)以及双歧杆菌(Bifidobacteria,B)3个菌株共生发酵,根据理化指标和感官评分结果,确定搅拌型酸乳最佳发酵工艺。结果表明,(1)LB、ST及B共生发酵对酸乳的酸度和黏度有显著影响。(2)最优发酵工艺条件为:菌种比例LB∶ST∶B=1∶1∶1,菌种接种量2%,发酵温度42℃,热处理温度95℃,均质温度60℃。保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌及双歧杆菌混合发酵能够改善酸乳的品质,3个菌株协同发酵效果较好。     

双歧杆菌纯种发酵胡萝卜汁牛乳工艺研究

以健康人体中选育出的发酵活力高、耐氧性和抗逆性强的优良发酵菌株--长双歧杆菌(Blm)为试验菌株,研究了接种量、基质起始pH值、发酵温度、氧等因素对Blm在胡萝卜汁牛乳中发酵的凝乳时间、活菌含量、pH值和感官质量的影响;利用正交试验优化并确定了Blm发酵的最佳工艺条件在胡萝卜汁牛乳培养基(添加250 mL/L胡萝卜汁和50 g/L蔗糖的牛乳培养基)中,接种量5×107 cfu/mL,基质起始pH值7.0,发酵温度39℃,有氧发酵.产品凝乳时间在5 h内,双歧杆菌活菌数在1×109 cfu/mL以上,pH值5.0.制备的胡萝卜汁双歧杆菌酸乳呈橙黄色,组织状态致密,无乳清析出,且综合了双歧杆菌、胡萝卜、牛乳的功能特性,集风味、营养、保健功能于一体.     

嗜热链球菌、乳酸菌和双歧杆菌对岗稔酸乳发酵品质的影响

为研究不同菌种对岗稔酸乳发酵性能的影响,采用嗜热链球菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、双歧杆菌对含岗稔果汁的酸乳进行发酵,发酵对酸乳的产酸能力、持水力和质构特征、电子舌评价和感官指标等进行了分析。结果表明,3种菌对岗稔酸乳的发酵品质的影响差异较大;以嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳酸杆菌为菌种时,岗稔果汁添加量越高酸乳的pH和持水力越高,硬度和胶黏性品质较好;以双歧杆菌为菌种时,酸乳的pH较低,持水力在岗稔果汁含量为10%时最高,酸乳的硬度、胶黏性和黏结性均较差。双歧杆菌不适合单独作为岗稔酸乳发酵剂使用。电子舌结合感官评价可以很好地区分岗稔酸乳的品质差异。研究结果为岗稔酸乳的开发提供了基础支持。     

混菌发酵产共轭亚油酸条件的优化

从淘米水中筛选出一株能高产共轭亚油酸(CLA)的菌株,通过菌株的菌落形态特征及微生物生理生化实验,确定其为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum)。以该植物乳杆菌和实验室保藏的嗜酸乳杆菌(lactobacillus acidophilus)为出发菌株,优化其混合发酵的培养条件。结果表明:底物添加量4.0%、菌种比例(植物乳杆菌:嗜酸乳杆菌)4:1、接种量5%、培养基初始pH5.5、34℃下发酵72h,CLA的合成量最高,可达到160.35μg/mL。      

双歧酸乳最佳发酵条件的研究

双歧杆菌作为一种益生菌,其促进人体健康的有益作用越来越受到人们的重视,双歧杆菌乳制品利用双歧杆菌的益生作用在功能性乳制品的研发过程中也占有重要的一席之地.该文主要研究双歧杆菌酸乳的发酵条件,利用正交试验优化双歧杆菌与乳酸菌混合发酵的工艺条件,确定双歧杆菌和乳酸菌在牛乳中混合发酵的适宜接种量4％、发酵温度40℃、菌种配比(保加利亚乳杆菌∶嗜热链球菌∶双歧杆菌)3∶2∶1.     

提高嗜酸乳杆菌酸乳菌活力的研究

以嗜酸乳杆菌为主发酵剂,嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为辅助发酵剂制作嗜酸乳杆菌酸乳,采用正交实验,并分析发酵过程中pH、乳酸菌数以及感官品质的变化,确定混合菌种的最佳比例。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌1.8%、嗜热链球菌1.4%、保加利亚乳杆菌0.6%混合发酵,可以提高乳中嗜酸乳杆菌的菌活力并改善其风味。经验证,混合菌种发酵制作的酸奶在风味和保健功能等方面明显优于单一菌种发酵制作的酸乳。     

利用复合乳酸菌发酵腊罗非鱼的工艺研究

以罗非鱼为原料,研究接种嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌发酵腊罗非鱼的工艺技术,通过采用混合菌种对腊罗非鱼发酵工艺条件进行研究。结果表明：将罗非鱼调味腌制,均匀渗透到鱼体后,接种复合乳酸菌嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌为发酵剂发酵腊鱼,最佳发酵工艺条件为嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌1:1(m/m)混合、接种量2%(m/V)、发酵温度30℃、发酵时间24h。     

提高嗜酸乳杆菌酸乳菌活力的研究

以嗜酸乳杆菌为主发酵剂,嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌为辅助发酵剂制作嗜酸乳杆菌酸乳,采用正交实验,并分析发酵过程中pH、乳酸菌数以及感官品质的变化,确定混合菌种的最佳比例。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌1.8%、嗜热链球菌1.4%、保加利亚乳杆菌0.6%混合发酵,可以提高乳中嗜酸乳杆菌的菌活力并改善其风味。经验证,混合菌种发酵制作的酸奶在风味和保健功能等方面明显优于单一菌种发酵制作的酸乳。      

提高酸乳中嗜酸乳杆菌活性的研究

从市售合生元中分离鉴定出嗜酸乳杆菌,以脱脂乳培养基或MRS液体培养基培养菌株,探讨嗜酸乳杆菌的生长特性,研究不同pH、保藏温度以及西红柿汁含量对嗜酸乳杆菌活性的影响。结果表明:嗜酸乳杆菌在pH6.5培养基中培养6h后的活菌数最大,且在pH2.5的培养基中0～2h内保持106CFU/mL以上,即能在较低的胃酸环境保持其益生作用;嗜酸乳杆菌酸乳在4℃下保藏活菌存活期较长;在脱脂乳培养基中添加西红柿汁对嗜酸乳杆菌的生长起促进作用,且以添加15%的西红柿汁效果最佳。     

Further Studies on the Antibotulinal Effectiveness of Nisin in Acidic Media

The antibotulinal effectiveness of nisin in TPYG broth was increased somewhat by lowering the pH to pH 5.5. The ability of nisin to inhibit the outgrowth of strain 56A spores was markedly increase at pH 5.5 by comparison to its effectiveness at higher pHs observed in previous studies. The increased effectiveness of nisin at pH 5.5 was less notable for the strain 69A, 113B, and 213B spores. The nisin sensitivity of the type E spores was essentially unchanged from that observed in earlier studies at higher pHs. At pH 6, nisin levels of 5000 I.U./ml were insufficient to prevent spore outgrowth by C. botulinum in cooked meat medium. Comparatively, much lower levels of nisin were effective in preventing botulinal outgrowth in TPYG broth at pH 6. The decreased effectiveness of nisin in cooked meat medium may be due to the binding of nisin to meat particles, and this binding is apparently not affected by lowering the pH to pH 6.0.     

Comparing predicting models for heat inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at different pH

Under the same experimental conditions it has been demonstrated that whereas survival curves of Listeria monocytogenes in the range of temperatures from 54 to 62 °C followed a first-order kinetic, those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the range of temperatures from 50 to 56 °C were not linear showing a shoulder followed by a linear region. The first order kinetic model did not describe survival curves of P. aeruginosa. A model based on the Weibull distribution (Log₁₀(N_t/N₀)=(1/−2.303)*(t/b)ⁿ)) accurately described the inactivation kinetics of both microorganisms at the three pHs of 4, 5.5, 7.4 investigated. For both microorganisms, the b value depended on the treatment temperature and the pH of the treatment medium. Whereas for L. monocytogenes the n value was independent of the treatment conditions, for P. aeruginosa the n value depended on the pH of the treatment medium.

The model based on the Weibull distribution was capable of accurately predicting the treatment time to inactivate five Log₁₀ cycles of both microorganisms at the three pHs investigated.     

液体培养观察菊粉对青春双歧杆菌生长代谢的影响

菊粉替换培养基中的葡萄糖,对青春双歧杆菌进行体外培养,通过测量培养液吸光度、pH和滴定酸度的变化,考察了菊粉对青春双歧杆菌生长代谢的影响,探讨了实验室简单易行的观察方法。所有培养液菊粉组吸光度均大于相应空白组的吸光度,说明菊粉能够促进青春双歧杆菌生长。但不同培养基的观察效果有区别。唯一碳源培养基菊粉组吸光度的平均值0.376相对较低,但其菊粉组与空白组的比值1.584、糖发酵培养基的比值1.404均显著高于PTYG培养基的比值1.248(P<0.05)。PTYG培养基营养丰富,空白组中的双歧杆菌也能较好地生长,菊粉组的优势不明显。唯一碳源培养基的构成为无机盐加待测底物,液体呈透明状,便于观察具体的生长情况。如果要培养观察双歧因子的促生长效果,建议采用唯一碳源培养基。     

Modelling the survival of Enterobacter cloacae in a model olive cover brine solution

The main goal of this research was the evaluation of the survival of Enterobacter cloacae in a model olive brine. Two different assays were run; the first experiment assessed the viability of the target in brines containing NaCl (6–12%) and p‐coumaric acid (0.0–0.05%), adjusted to different pHs (4–10) and stored at 10–30 °C for 9 days. The death rate and cell levels at selected times were modelled with a polynomial equation to highlight the individual and interactive effects of NaCl/p‐coumaric acid/pH/temperature. Then, a second experiment was run for 3 months (temperature, 10 °C; pH, 4.5–5.5; NaCl, 6–8%). The survival of E. cloacae was affected mainly by pH, then by salt and temperature; however, the significance of the variables changed within the time, as salt and temperature acted in a significant way only after 1 day.     

Limit Dextrinase — Does Its Malt Activity Relate to Its Activity During Brewing?

Limit dextrinase (EC 3.2.1.142) hydrolyses α‐1,6 glucosidic bonds in amylopectin and branched dextrins. Measurement of limit dextrinase activity during fermentation of unboiled wort at the pH of the wort has shown that its activity increases almost 10 fold during the first 10–15 h of fermentation and this increase in activity is unaffected by the presence of leupeptin, a cysteine protease inhibitor. The increase in activity seen when assays were carried out at pH 5.5 was much smaller and was reduced by leupeptin. The activity of limit dextrinase declined slowly during the latter part of the fermentation. It was established that the optimum pH for rapid extraction and assay of malt limit dextrinase in the absence of a reducing agent is approximately 4.5, but in the presence of dithiothreitol, at pH 5.5, activities 2–3 times higher can be obtained after 5 h extraction (600–700 mU/g dry weight). Limit dextrinase activities after 1 h extraction at mashing temperatures were below 20 mU/g dry weight if the mash pH was below 5.0. It is concluded that at pHs below 5.0, where limit dextrinase activity is below its optimum for activity, limit dextrinase activity increases due to dissociation of the inhibitor/enzyme complex. The protection from mashing temperatures of 65°C afforded by the inhibitor is lost at these lower pHs.     

Simple and complex coacervation methods for the nanoencapsulation of Rosa damascena mill L. anthocyanin in zein/potato starch: A new approach to enhance antioxidant and thermal properties

The structure and antioxidant properties of zein and potato starches as well as the stability of anthocyanins strongly depend on the pH. However, due to the stability of anthocyanins in at acidic medium, their encapsulation has been limited to low pHs. In the present work, an encapsulation of anthocyanins extracted from Rosa damascena mill L. (as a model) into zein, starch, and their binary mixtures by simple and complex coacervation methods over a wide range of pH (especially higher pHs), and different encapsulating agent doses and different initial volumes of anthocyanin were studied in order to obtain new conditions for the preservation of anthocyanins and to improve the antioxidant activities of zein and potato starches. High levels of antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency for zein/starch/anthocyanin nanocapsules and maximum antioxidant activity for zein/starch nanocapsules (without anthocyanin) were obtained at pHs 8 and 2, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and thermal gravimetric analysis techniques were used to analyze simple and complex coacervates biopolymer interactions, morphology, and thermal stability. The size of zein nanocapsules (283–366 nm) decreased in the range of 50–175 nm after the encapsulation of anthocyanin (pH 8), which makes them suitable for drug delivery processes. The prepared nanocapsules showed a high scavenging ability.     

Biochemical and conformational changes of myosin purified from Pacific sardine at various pHs

ABSTRACT:  Biochemical and conformational changes of purified sardine myosin were investigated at various pHs. The purity of myosin, as determined by SDS-PAGE, was approximately 94.6%. One major band at 205 kDa, corresponding to myosin heavy chain, and 3 light chains at 31, 24, and 23 kDa were observed on the SDS-PAGE gel. The greatest myosin protein solubility was observed at pH 7 and remained constant up to pH 11. Sardine myosin showed no solubility at pHs 2.5 to 5.0. Three endothermic peaks were obtained for samples prepared at pHs 7 and 10, while no peaks were shown for pH 2 samples, indicating chemical denaturation of myosin occurred before thermal treatment. The greatest Ca²⁺-ATPase activity was observed at pH 7, while no activity was observed between pHs 2 and 5 and at pH 11. Total sulfhydryl content was not measured at pHs 2.5 to 4 while the greatest measure was obtained for samples at pH 5.5. Surface hydrophobicity was not detected from pHs 2.5 to 5.0; thereafter the content remained consistent through pH 11. Storage modulus, indicating the elastic element of myosin gels, was minimally affected at pH 2, indicating myosin was chemically denatured before the temperature sweep treatment. However, at pH 10, the thermal exposure of myosin, as evidenced by dynamic thermograms with deeper valleys at 40 to 60 °C, was noted, indicating myosin was not damaged by adjustment to pH 10 and therefore was still able to undergo thermal gelation.     

含葡萄糖培养基高温灭菌变色及其防范措施的研究

研究了葡萄糖浓度、pH值、硫酸铵及氨基酸对葡萄糖溶液高温变色的影响，结果表明pH值是葡萄糖溶液高温变色的主要因素；pH值低于5.5，并且避免与含氨离子化合物共同灭菌，可以有效防止色素的产生。     

Effect of a previous heat shock on the thermal resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at different pHs

In this work we study the effect of heat shocks of various durations up to 60 min, at different temperatures between 35 and 45 degrees C, in media of pH 4.0, 5.5 and 7.4 on the heat resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pattern of survival curves after heat treatment did not change with the application of a previous heat shock. However, the kinetics of inactivation was different for the two microorganisms studied. Whereas the inactivation of L. monocytogenes was similar to an exponential function of heating time and therefore straight survival curves were obtained, survival curves corresponding to P. aeruginosa showed convex profiles. All survival curves obtained in this investigation were fitted to Weibull-based Mafart equation: log(10)S(t)=-(t / delta)(p). The magnitude of the heat shock induced thermotolerance increased with treatment medium pH. At pH 7.4 the increase in heat tolerance depended on the duration and temperature of the heat shock. On the contrary, at pH 5.5 and pH 4.0, the heat-shock temperature did not exert any effect. The observed maximum delta values increased 2.3, 4.0 and 9.3 fold for L. monocytogenes, and 1.3, 2.1 and 8.4 fold for P. aeruginosa, at pH 4.0, 5.5 and 7.4, respectively. This research has proven that Mafart equation allows studying and quantifying the effect of heat shocks on bacterial heat resistance.