A study of breakdown strength of liquid nitrogen cooled power cables

A 66 KV liquid nitrogen cooled cryogenic cable was manufactured and tested using ac and impulse voltages.Liquid nitrogen cooled cryogenic cables will be in practical use over the 275–500 kV range. Study of the 66 kV class cable is the first step towards the development. The insulation system of this cable is polyethylene paper tape wrapped insulation impregnated with liquid nitrogen and its insulation thickness is about 7.75 mm. The influence of bending, conductor surface effect, and thickness dependence on the breakdown strength are discussed.     

HTS电力技术应用中低温氮气的绝缘特性研究

针对超导电力装置的低温高电压绝缘问题,通过低温高电压实验装置,系统地研究了液氮液面以上低温氮气的绝缘与击穿特性,重点研究了高压电极的形状、电极之间的间距和气体压力等因素对低温氮气击穿特性的影响规律。结果表明:在液氮液面以上固定的位置(确保低温氮气的温度一致),电极间距越大击穿电压越高;击穿电压随气体压力近似线性增加;电极形状对低温氮气的击穿电压影响显著,电极间隙的电场越均匀,击穿电压越高。     

Cryogenic system with the sub-cooled liquid nitrogen for cooling HTS power cable

A 10 m long, three-phase AC high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable had been fabricated and tested in China August 2003. The sub-cooled liquid nitrogen (LN₂) was used to cool the HTS cable. The sub-cooled LN₂ circulation was built by means of a centrifugal pump through a heat exchanger in the sub-cooler, the three-phase HTS cable cryostats and a LN₂ gas-liquid separator. The LN₂ was cooled down to 65 K by means of decompressing, and the maximum cooling capacity was about 3.3 kW and the amount of consumed LN₂ was about 72 L/h at 1500 A. Cryogenic system design, test and some experimental results would be presented in this paper.     

Power losses of liquid nitrogen cooled high-current cables

This paper surveys the experimental and theoretical investigations on current induced losses of high power cables. Measurements on compact and tube conductor cable models have been carried out at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). Further measurements on a 2000 mm² fully transposed litz conductor have been performed. Using the experimental results published, the methods of calculation have been tested with regard to the applicability at very large conductor cross-section or high conductivity. If necessary, improvements of the methods of calculation are suggested.     

Liquid nitrogen impregnated insulation for cryogenic power cables

The measured dissipation factor and breakdown strength of liquid nitrogen impregnated polyethylene paper insulation for cryogenic power cable are presented. The effect of screening, and impulse and ac deteriorations are discussed. The tests were carried out using model cable type specimens.     

某型低温液氮泵脉动特性建模

结合某型号低温液氮泵的实际应用,建立了低温液氮泵的瞬时流量模型,给出了流量脉动率的计算公式,并仿真计算了不同参数条件下的瞬时流量及流量脉动率.导出了低温液氮泵的瞬时流量与泵出口压力之间的关系,给出了两者之间的传递函数.     

Benchmark test of the effectiveness of a nitrogen cooled beryllium reflector-filter

We present a comparison between the calculated and the measured effectiveness of a nitrogen cooled beryllium reflector-filter in increasing the cold flux of a polyethylene moderator at the same temperature. We also discuss the impact of the quality of beryllium on the results.     

Fabrication of a working Bi-2223 superconducting magnet cooled by liquid nitrogen

A practical Bi-2223 superconducting magnet, working in liquid nitrogen (L.N₂), was designed and fabricated. Bi-2223 tape with a critical current of 147 A was prepared by a controlled overpressure (CT-OP) process at 77.3 K in self-field. Ten double-pancake coils were resistively connected by copper terminals. The bore diameter was 54 mm?, the magnet outer diameter was 122 mm?, the height of the magnet was 124 mm, and the weight of the magnet was about 3 kg. The maximum magnetic field at the center of the bore was 0.48 T with an operating current of 50 A. The experimental results agree well with design predictions calculated by finite element method. AC operation was also performed, and no distortion of the voltage waveform was observed. Therefore, this Bi-2223 superconducting magnet is a suitable replacement for copper magnets designed for applications in science and technology.     

液氮辅助冻干机冷阱室内温度场模拟与分析

对液氮辅助制冷冻干机的冷阱进行数值模拟,建立冻干机冷阱的三维几何模型和冷阱内流体流动控制方程及边界条件.采用Fluent模拟软件对冷阱室内温度场模拟分析,得到了冷阱室内温度场分布图,通过对冷阱内部温度场分析,为指导冷阱室内结构设计,提高冷阱捕水能力提供参考.     

Experimental study of cryogenic liquid turbine expander with closed-loop liquefied nitrogen system

A cryogenic liquid turbine expander is developed as a replacement for traditional Joule–Thomson valves used in the cryogenic systems for the purpose of energy saving. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the turbine expander and is the subject of this paper. The test rig comprises a closed-loop liquefied nitrogen system, cryogenic liquid turbine expander unit, and its auxiliary and measuring systems. The test operating parameters of the turbine expander are determined on the basis of flow similarity rules. Pre-cooling of the liquid nitrogen system is first performed, and then the tests are conducted at different flow rates and speed ratios. The turbine expander flow rate, inlet and outlet pressure and temperature, rotational speed and shaft torque were measured. Experimental results and their uncertainties were analyzed and discussed. The following are demonstrated: (1) For both test cases, turbine expander peak isentropic efficiency is respectively 78.8% and 68.4% obtained at 89.6% and 92% of the design flow rate. The large uncertainties in isentropic efficiency are caused by the large enthalpy variations subjected to small measurement uncertainties in temperature and pressure. (2) Total efficiency and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine expander are obtained. They are essentially the same, since both include flow-related effects and also bearing losses. Comparisons of total efficiency and hydraulic efficiency were used to justify measurement uncertainties of different quantities, since the former involves the measured mass flow rate and enthalpy drop (being dependant on inlet and outlet temperature and pressure), while the latter involves the actual shaft power, volume flow rate, and inlet and outlet pressure. (3) Losses in flow passages and the shaft-bearing system have been inferred based on the measured turbine expander total efficiency, isentropic efficiency, and mechanical efficiency, which are respectively 57.6–74.8%, 62.1–78.8% and 89.5–96.4%. Uncertainty analysis is conducted for experimental isentropic efficiency, hydraulic efficiency, and total efficiency. The hydraulic efficiency seems to be the best measure for assessing the performance of cryogenic liquid turbine expander. (4) Isentropic efficiency versus speed ratio is obtained from the experimental data. The experimental isentropic efficiency increases with the speed ratio, and it reaches 78.8% at the largest experimental speed ratio. A higher efficiency would be achieved if the speed ratio could reach a larger value. This provides some guidance for an optimal operation of the turbine expander in the future.     

Review of tape materials for cable insulation at liquid nitrogen temperatures

This Paper reviews the electrical breakdown, partial discharge and loss angle characteristics of taped cable insulation impregnated with liquid nitrogen. Also life expectancy and the effects of semiconducting screens are surveyed. With the recent announcement of a superconductor at liquid nitrogen temperatures a review of cable insulation impregnated with liquid nitrogen is felt to be appropriate.     

超导电缆循环过冷液氮温度场模拟

建立了循环过冷液氮在恒温器内迫流冷却超导电缆的模型,利用Fluent软件模拟了30 m电缆系统内液氮温度场在不同流量、终端漏热、交流损耗等工况条件下的变化情况。仿真结果表明,在终端漏热和交流损耗一定时,液氮出口断面的最高温度随流量的增大而降低;在流量和交流损耗一定时,液氮出口断面的最高温度随终端漏热的增大而升高;在流量和终端漏热一定时,液氮出口断面的最高温度随交流损耗的变化不明显。     

The application of the cryogenic system on the HTS power cable circuit in actual grid

The 22.9 kV/50 MVA AC HTS power cable system consisted of power cable with 410 m length and cryogenic system has been manufactured by LS Cable & System and installed in Icheon substation of KEPCO grid in the end of 2010. High temperature superconductor only appears the superconductivity at the constant temperate range. So in order to maintain the superconductivity, the cryogenic system is needed. The cryogenic system, the open-loop type, is consisted of the Pressure Control System (PCS), Gas/liquid separator, Circulation Pump, Decompression unit, Filter and so on. Decompression unit is a device that keeps the sub-cooled nitrogen by way of the latent heat of evaporation and includes the heat exchanger. The effectiveness-NTU method is used for the design of the heat exchanger. After installation of the cryogenic system on the site, the test of the cooling capacity of the cryogenic system and commissioning tests were performed. During the grid operation of the HTS power cable system, no major problems have been encountered to this point. The cryogenic system has been operated sufficiently to maintain a stable of the HTS power cable system. This paper will summarize the design of the cryogenic system and the results of the grid operation.     

液氮汽蚀实验中低温热电偶的标定及误差分析

提出并验证了一种方便、快捷的获得77—90 K之间稳定温度点的方法,并基于该方法对应用于液氮汽蚀实验中温度测量的热电偶进行了标定。对标定后热电偶的测温结果进行了详细的不确定度分析,该分析方法旨在结合标定与使用时的各种条件对测量结果的影响,得出应用该热电偶进行每一次测温时所得结果的综合不确定度。分析结果表明,该方法标定所得的热电偶具有良好的测温精度,满足液氮汽蚀实验的测温需求;Keithley2700在测量热电势时的量程误差分量是对标定热电偶测温精度影响最大的部分。     

Temperature stabilization conditions for a cryogenic cable

Conditions for temperature stabilization of a cryogenic cable are analyzed as a function of redistribution of coolant flow over axial and peripheral channels.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 33, No. A, pp. 656–661, October, 1977.     

部分流低温液氮泵性能及流动特性仿真研究

对部分流低温液氮泵进行了外特性及内流场特性的数值模拟研究。通过两种数学模型及不同计算方法的对比,以扬程的预测差异为依据,确定了采用SIMPLEC压力耦合方式标准湍流模型最为精准,扬程偏差在4%以内。泵内流场的分析可知,泵的速度流场分布与部分流泵的设计理论相符;模拟的叶片头部的负压区验证了实验中的零压头现象。     

Subcooled liquid nitrogen refrigerator for HTS power systems

Subcooled liquid nitrogen is a good cooling medium of high temperature superconducting (HTS) electric power systems such as an electric power line and a power transformer. To produce subcooled liquid nitrogen, a cryocooler is used and a circulation pump is installed in the system. Several subcooled liquid nitrogen circulation systems were constructed and tested. Those are used as a refrigerator for HTS power systems. The pressure of subcooled liquid nitrogen is maintained at atmospheric pressure (0.108 MPa) and the working temperature is 68 K. One system of HTS power transformer was tested in distribution power line. In each case, the temperature of the cold head of the cryocooler is kept at 64 K little above nitrogen freezing temperature. For the stable operation, the system must work even in the case of shaking condition by earthquake, the pressure must be stable and be kept at atmospheric pressure.     

Steady state heat transfer of helium cooled cable bundles

In the present study nucleate and film boiling heat transfer characteristicsof horizontal conductor bundles are investigated at steady state conditions. The effect of gaps between wires, number of wires, wire position, wire size and bundle orientation on the departure from nucleate boling and transition to film boiling is studied. For gaps close to the bubble departure diameter, the critical heat flux can approach up to 90% of the single wire value. Consequently, the maximum stable current for a given bundle can be significantly increased above the single conductor value for the same cross-sectional area.     

氧氮液化设备低温液体泄漏的原因分析与处理

简介3000m3/h氧氮液化设备低温液体泄漏的现象,介绍了低温液体泄漏后从扒砂到漏点查找和处理的全过程,提出了预防低温液体泄漏和检修时发生"喷砂"事故的措施。