大型污水处理厂带硝化活性污泥工艺的启动调试

以上海市竹园第一污水处理厂升级改造工程为例,对污水处理厂主要的处理工艺进行了介绍,研究了污水处理构筑物的设计参数,并对改造后项目的调试运行效果作了分析,指出该升级改造工程系统可按设计要求正常运行,各设施、设备均满足功能要求。     

城市污水处理厂污泥现状及处置对策

结合工作实际,对比国内外污泥处理的先进经验,对几种处置方法进行了列举分析,并通过优缺点比较,提出了城市污水厂污泥处置与利用的最佳方案,以减少污泥造成的环境污染。     

Microbial communities in activated sludge performing enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a sequencing batch reactor

Microbial communities of activated sludge in an anaerobic/aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) supplied with acetate as sole carbon source were analyzed to identify the microorganisms responsible for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Various analytical methods were used such as electron microscopy, quinone, slot hybridization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses. Electron photomicrographs showed that coccus-shaped microorganisms of about 1 microm diameter dominated the microbial communities of the activated sludge in the SBR, which had been operated for more than 18 months. These microorganisms contained polyphosphate granules and glycogen inclusions, which suggests that they are a type of phosphorus-accumulating organism. Quinones, slot hybridization, and 16S rRNA sequencing analyses showed that the members of the Proteobacteria beta subclass were the most abundant species and were affiliated with the Rhodocyclus-like group. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two dominating clones of the beta subclass were closely related to the Rhodocyclus-like group. It was concluded that the coccus-shaped organisms related to the Rhodocyclus-like group within the Proteobacteria beta subclass were the most dominant species believed responsible for biological phosphorus removal in SBR operation with acetate.     

Biological phosphate removal by activated sludge under defined conditions

A simple, one reactor vessel system, called a fill-and-draw system, was developed for the study of enhanced biological phosphate removal under defined conditions. Sludge was grown in a medium with acetate and glucose as sole energy and carbon sources. The sludge was exposed to cycles with three distinct, consecutive periods; first an anaerobic period, then an aerobic period and finally a settlement period. In the period of settlement one third of the liquid was replaced with fresh medium. Sludge grown under this regime became considerably enriched with polyphosphate-accumulating bacteria. The polyphosphate content reached up to 110 mg P/g dry weight. The amount of polyphosphate in the cells during steady state depended on the acetate:glucose ratio, the nitrate and phosphate concentration in the medium. Highest phosphate accumulation was obtained with an acetate:glucose ratio of 9:1. Intracellular polyphosphate was formed during the aerobic period and was anaerobically hydrolysed and released as phosphate into the medium. In the absence of oxygen and in the presence of 2g acetate-COD/l, 80–90% of phosphate was released by sludge containing 100 mg P/g dry weight. In the absence of acetate only 2–19% of the accumulated phosphate was excreted.     

瑞士伯尔尼污水处理厂的管理模式及收费机制

基于对瑞士伯尔尼污水处理厂的概况、污水处理工艺、企业与员工架构情况的分析,介绍了其管理运营模式,并对该厂与中国典型污水处理厂的收费机制进行了探讨,以供参考。     

Pre-treatment and bioconversion of wastewater sludge to value-added products—Fate of endocrine disrupting compounds

Development of processes for the production of value added products (VAPs), such as biopesticides, microbial inoculants or industrial enzymes through biotransformation of raw or pre-treated wastewater sludge (WWS) has undergone a substantial progress over the last decade. WWS based VAPs are low cost biological alternatives that can compete with chemicals or other cost intensive biological products in the current markets. However, when WWS is used as a raw material for VAPs production, questions still remains on the persistence of organic pollutants within the biotransformed WWS, especially, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and the production of their toxic intermediates. WWS pre-treatment prior to biotransformation as well as the microbial strains used for biotransformation can possibly remove these organic pollutants. The literature findings concerning the impact of WWS pre-treatment and value added products on EDCs removal are reviewed in this paper. The microbial potential to degrade or detoxify EDCs and toxic intermediates concomitant with value-addition is also discussed. The concept of obtaining EDCs free-WWS based VAPs and simultaneously achieving the objective of pollution control is presented.     

FeSO_4应用于SBBF强化除磷

序批式生物膜滤池(SBBF)是基于序批式生物膜法的改进污水处理新型工艺,针对SBBF处理城市污水的除磷的效果较差的弊端,通过直接投加FeSO_47H_2O到反应体系实现协同除磷,使得该工艺能够较好地应用于污水脱氮除磷。Fe(Ⅱ)的投加量从0.03~0.3mM进行协同除磷试验,结果表明0.2mM的Fe(Ⅱ)投加可为有效投加量。进一步将0.2mM的Fe(Ⅱ)在进水阶段后投加到反应体系,稳定运行1个月,发现出水的TP稳定保持在0.5mg/L以下,而COD和氮的去除基本不受影响。COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为84.9%、83.2%、46.3%和88.2%。反应器出水的各项指标均稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A排放标准。     

河南省博爱县污水处理厂设计介绍

根据博爱县污水处理厂进出水水质,选择奥贝尔氧化沟作为该工程的主体工艺,并介绍了该污水处理厂主要工艺设计参数及工艺特点,以利于博爱县的城市建设,提高该县的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。     

Efficiency of removal of coliforms, faecal coliforms and coliphages in the tubli sewage treatment plant, bahrain

Total coliforms, faecal coliforms and coliphages in the raw sewage were detected in high numbers during the months averaging a maximum temperature of 20°C. The secondary and tertiary effluents show a 99–100% removal of the three indicators of faecal pollution. A direct correlation between the faecal coliforms and coliphages suggests that coliphages alone may be used as an indicator for the presence of pathogenic bacteria in contaminated waters.     

Phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process

The results from this research suggest that both calcium phosphate precipitation and enhanced biological uptake play a role in phosphorus removal in the activated sludge process when a non-nitrifying, anaerobic-aerobic system is used to treat a low calcium wastewater. The primary removal mechanism was found to be biological uptake, as calcium phosphate precipitation accounted for only 15–27% of the total phosphorus removed. Calcium phosphate precipitation in the aerobic unit was enhanced because of the pH increase in that reactor. This was the result of low CO₂ production (indicated by low specific oxygen uptake values) and intense aeration which caused excessive CO₂ stripping in the aerobic unit     

Fate of natural estrogens in batch mixing experiments using municipal sewage and activated sludge

Since natural estrogens such as 17beta-estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) are excreted daily by humans, E2 and E1, which are classified as inevitable endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are always present in sewage wastewater. For several years, the monitoring and removal of natural estrogens at sewage treatment plants have been examined by many investigators. However, little is known regarding the exact behavior of estrogens in actual sewage when in contact with activated sludge. In this study, the fate of E2 and E1 as a result of adsorption and decomposition in batch mixing experiments using municipal wastewater and activated sludge collected from an actual municipal sewage treatment plant was investigated. Estrogen concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. E2 and E1 in sewage were removed from the liquid phase in contact with activated sludge, and E2 and E1 adsorbed on the sludge were decomposed in 4h. Significant changes in the adsorption and decomposition of E2 and E1 on the sludge were not observed at low temperatures or when different sludge samples were used such as those acclimatized to low-loading and high-loading conditions. In contrast, the processes leading to the removal of estrogens, such as the adsorption and decomposition of estrogens in contact with activated sludge, were inactivated by sterilizing the sludge. Natural estrogens adsorb onto the activated sludge, and are therefore easy to be biodegraded. In a biological reaction process, therefore, the estrogens will be rapidly removed at the initial stage, when the sewage is satisfactorily mixed with the sludge.     

聚硫密封膏在污水处理厂工程中的应用

详细介绍了聚硫密封膏在污水处理厂工程中的应用工艺,包括选择材料与机具、基层处理、材料拌制和嵌填施工。     

Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment

In this paper we report on the performances of full-scale conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment and two pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) in eliminating various pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) belonging to different therapeutic groups and with diverse physico-chemical properties. Both aqueous and solid phases were analysed for the presence of 31 pharmaceuticals included in the analytical method. The most ubiquitous contaminants in the sewage water were analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen (14.6-31.3 μg/L) and acetaminophen (7.1-11.4 μg/L), antibiotic ofloxacin (0.89-31.7 μg/L), lipid regulators gemfibrozil (2.0-5.9 μg/L) and bezafibrate (1.9-29.8 μg/L), β-blocker atenolol (0.84-2.8 μg/L), hypoglycaemic agent glibenclamide (0.12-15.9 μg/L) and a diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (2.3-4.8 μg/L). Also, several pharmaceuticals such as ibuprofen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, ofloxacin and azithromycin were detected in sewage sludge at concentrations up to 741.1, 336.3, 380.7, 454.7 and 299.6 ng/g dry weight. Two pilot-scale MBRs exhibited enhanced elimination of several pharmaceutical residues poorly removed by the CAS treatment (e.g., mefenamic acid, indomethacin, diclofenac, propyphenazone, pravastatin, gemfibrozil), whereas in some cases more stable operation of one of the MBR reactors at prolonged SRT proved to be detrimental for the elimination of some compounds (e.g., β-blockers, ranitidine, famotidine, erythromycin). Moreover, the anti-epileptic drug carbamazepine and diuretic hydrochlorothiazide by-passed all three treatments investigated.Furthermore, sorption to sewage sludge in the MBRs as well as in the entire treatment line of a full-scale WWTP is discussed for the encountered analytes. Among the pharmaceuticals encountered in sewage sludge, sorption to sludge could be a relevant removal pathway only for several compounds (i.e., mefenamic acid, propranolol, and loratidine). Especially in the case of loratidine the experimentally determined sorption coefficients (K_ds) were in the range 2214-3321 L/kg (mean). The results obtained for the solid phase indicated that MBR wastewater treatment yielding higher biodegradation rate could reduce the load of pollutants in the sludge. Also, the overall output load in the aqueous and solid phase of the investigated WWTP was calculated, indicating that none of the residual pharmaceuticals initially detected in the sewage sludge were degraded during the anaerobic digestion. Out of the 26 pharmaceutical residues passing through the WWTP, 20 were ultimately detected in the treated sludge that is further applied on farmland.     

Effects of integrated fixed film activated sludge media on activated sludge settling in biological nutrient removal systems

Integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) is an increasingly popular modification of conventional activated sludge, consisting of the addition of solid media to bioreactors to create hybrid attached/suspended growth systems. While the benefits of this technology for improvement of nitrification and other functions are well-demonstrated, little is known about its effects on biomass settleability. These effects were evaluated in parallel, independent wastewater treatment trains, with and without IFAS media, both at the pilot (at two solids residence times) and full scales. While all samples demonstrated good settleability, the Control (non-IFAS) systems consistently demonstrated small but significant (p < 0.05) improvements in settleability relative to the IFAS trains. Differences in biomass densities were identified as likely contributing factors, with Control suspended phase density > IFAS suspended phase density > IFAS attached phase (biofilm) density. Polyphosphate content (as non-soluble phosphorus) was well-correlated with density. This suggested that the attached phases had relatively low densities because of their lack of anaerobic/aerobic cycling and consequent low content of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms, and that differences in enhanced biological phosphorus removal performance between the IFAS and non-IFAS systems were likely related to the observed differences in density and settleability for the suspended phases. Decreases in solids retention times from 8 to 4 days resulted in improved settleability and increased density in all suspended phases, which was related to increased phosphorus content in the biomass, while no significant changes in density and phosphorus content were observed in attached phases.     

PDCA循环在污水处理项目管理中的应用

结合污水处理厂生产管理运行实际,具体介绍了PDCA循环的四个阶段和八个步骤在污水处理项目运行管理中的操作,结果表明,在污水处理项目中引进PDCA循环有效改善了出水水质,提升了管理水平。     

城镇污水处理厂除臭技术研究

针对城镇污水处理厂除臭的必要性,对城镇污水处理厂恶臭污染治理的多种技术进行了分析比较,结果表明,生物除臭法对臭气的去除率高、运行费用低、无二次污染,是一种较为经济有效的除臭技术,也是除臭技术的主要发展方向。     

Pharmaceutical chemicals and endocrine disrupters in municipal wastewater in Tokyo and their removal during activated sludge treatment

We measured six acidic analgesics or anti-inflammatories (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen, mefenamic acid), two phenolic antiseptics (thymol, triclosan), four amide pharmaceuticals (propyphenazone, crotamiton, carbamazepine, diethyltoluamide), three phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (nonylphenol, octylphenol, bisphenol A), and three natural estrogens (17beta-estradiol, estrone, estriol) in 24-h composite samples of influents and secondary effluents collected seasonally from five municipal sewage treatment plants in Tokyo. Aspirin was most abundant in the influent, with an average concentration of 7300 ng/L (n = 16), followed by crotamiton (921 ng/L), ibuprofen (669 ng/L), triclosan (511 ng/L), and diethyltoluamide (503 ng/L). These concentrations were 1 order of magnitude lower than those reported in the USA and Europe. This can be ascribed to lower consumption of the pharmaceuticals in Japan. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and thymol were removed efficiently during primary + secondary treatment (> 90% efficiency). On the other hand, amide-type pharmaceuticals, ketoprofen, and naproxen showed poor removal (< 50% efficiency), which is probably due to their lower hydrophobicity (logKow < 3). Because of the persistence of crotamiton during secondary treatment, crotamiton was most abundant among the target pharmaceuticals in the effluent. This is the first paper to report ubiquitous occurrence of crotamiton, a scabicide, in sewage. Because crotamiton is used worldwide and it is persistent during secondary treatment, it is a promising molecular marker of sewage and secondary effluent.     

提高污泥浓度对市政污水处理的影响研究

综合分析了MLVSS的变化与MLSS之间的关系,以及COD,SS,氨氮的去除与MLSS的关系,并以某县城的污水处理厂为例,探讨了污泥浓度的变化情况,同时对浓度提高的污泥进行试验,结果表明:当MLSS不超过6 000 mg/L时,坚持正常的排泥较为合适。     

Occurrence and behaviour of linear alkylbenzenesulphonates, nonylphenol, nonylphenol mono- and nonylphenol diethoxylates in sewage and sewage sludge treatment

The fluxes of linear alkylbenzenesulphonates (LAS), nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO) and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) through sewage and sludge treatment of 29 Swiss sewage treatment plants were investigated. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine LAS. Normal-phase HPLC was employed to measure NP, NP1EO and NP2EO which are metabolites of the nonionic surfactants of the nonylphenol polyethoxylate type (NPnEO). Quantitative determinations were performed of raw sewage, primary and secondary effluents and of sewage sludge. Under normal conditions of sewage and sludge treatment, LAS were efficiently removed from the raw wastewater (> 99% w/w) and were partly transferred to the sewage sludge (15–20% w/w). About 50% (molar base) of NPnEO in the sewage were transformed to NP and accumulated in the digested sludge. Large variations existed among different sewage treatment plants. It was estimated that 1.0 g m⁻² y⁻¹ of LAS and 0.3 g m⁻² y⁻¹ of NP are applied with sewage sludge to Swiss soils.     

长治市污水处理厂运行控制与维护管理

对长治市污水处理厂近十年的日常运行过程中出现的问题及解决方法进行了分析和总结,阐述了城市污水处理运行中应当注意的问题,为更好地推广和应用除磷脱氮鼓风曝气氧化沟工艺积累了一定的实践经验。