二水磷石膏转化为半水石膏的工艺研究

中国磷肥工业每年排放出约5000万t的二水磷石膏,这些磷石膏中以水份和P2O5为主的杂质含量过高限制了磷石膏的综合利用。本文提出用化学转晶法将二水磷石膏转化为半水石膏,回收其中的P2O5并且大大降低石膏中的水份含量,为磷石膏的利用找到了一条经济适用的途径。实验研究了H2SO4浓度、温度和液固比对二水磷石膏转化为半水石膏的影响,得出最佳的转晶工艺条件为H2SO4浓度12.25%,转晶温度95℃,液固比2.8∶1,在此条件下得到了纯度很高的半水-无水混合石膏。     

湿法磷酸体系磷石膏结晶过程与机理研究

湿法磷酸生产过程中硫酸钙结晶制约着磷石膏的品质,良好的硫酸钙结晶不仅能提高磷收率,还有利于磷石膏资源化利用。针对硫酸钙结晶调控问题,系统考察了在添加正辛醇条件下硫酸钙物相形貌随反应时间的变化规律,综合研究了磷石膏晶体结构变化和生长规律。结果表明,反应时间为7 h时磷石膏内残余总磷为0.36%,其中水溶性磷为0.18%,磷收率达到98.79%;磷石膏以（002）为主要晶面生长,结晶过程分为磷矿酸解、硫酸钙晶体颗粒长大、晶体破碎与二次结晶3个阶段,均匀的二水硫酸钙板条状结晶有助于提高磷石膏洗滤性能和洗涤效果。通过磷石膏结晶调控和变化过程研究,为湿法磷酸生产工艺参数选择和硫酸钙结晶过程调控提供参考和基础支撑。     

磷石膏脱水反应动力学研究

利用Netzsch STA 409PC型TG-DSC同步热分析仪,在升温速率分别为2.5,5.0,10,20℃/min的条件下对磷石膏脱水进行测试,研究其动力学和反应机理。结果表明,磷石膏脱水分为2步进行,产物分别是CaSO4.0.5H2O和CaSO4。2步脱水都遵循Avrami-Erofeev方程,脱水速率受晶核的形成及生长控制,活化能分别为97.67 kJ/mol和92.63 kJ/mol。利用得到的动力学方程对磷石膏在不同温度下的脱水过程进行模拟计算,结合工业上采用磷石膏制备建筑石膏的工艺和控制问题进行了讨论和分析。     

磷石膏作水泥缓凝剂的实践

<正>磷石膏是用硫酸分解磷矿石制取磷酸时产生的固体废渣,其主要成分是CaSO4·2H2O。磷酸铵化肥厂每生产1t磷酸产生约5t磷石膏,每生产1t磷酸二铵产生约4t磷石膏。近年来随着高效复合肥工业的     

表面活性剂对湿法磷酸萃取过程影响的实验研究

湿法磷酸生产中添加表面活性剂可以有效地改善磷石膏结晶,提高过滤性能,减少磷石膏中P2O5损失。研究了一种复配型表面活性剂吐温-脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚在改善磷石膏结晶习性方面取得的效果,磷矿转化率提高1.97百分点,过滤强度提高21.8%,每吨P2O5磷酸硫酸消耗降低77.39 kg。     

科技简讯

湿法磷酸中ＮＨ＋４对二水硫酸钙结晶的影响在湿法磷酸生产中,磷石膏的结晶形状和大小将直接影响其过滤性能。在用硫酸分解磷矿制取磷酸时,磷矿中的杂质大部分被溶解在磷酸溶液中。这些杂质影响了硫酸钙结晶过程,使磷石膏的过滤强度较低［一般为５００ｋｇ（干）／（ｍ...     

降低二水法湿法磷酸磷石膏枸溶磷、提升磷矿分解率的技术与应用

针对二水法湿法磷酸生产中磷石膏枸溶磷含量高的问题,研究了影响磷石膏枸溶磷含量和磷矿分解率的主要因素,以及降低磷石膏中枸溶磷、提高磷矿分解率的相关改进技术。生产应用后,稳定控制了萃取槽中SO3的质量浓度,磷石膏w(P2O5枸溶)由0.55%下降至0.14%,磷矿分解率提升2.05%。     

磷石膏煅烧条件的研究

将磷石膏(CaSO4·2H2O)煅烧成能广泛应用于建筑领域的半水石膏(CaSO4·1/2H2O)是磷石膏综合利用的有效途径之一。以净化磷石膏为原料,对煅烧条件、外加剂、研磨时间等因素进行试验,初步确定了磷石膏煅烧的基本条件。     

改性磷石膏代替天然石膏的试验及应用

0引言磷石膏是制取磷酸的工业副产品,每生产1吨磷酸就要排放3吨磷石膏。干燥脱水后的磷石膏外观呈灰白粉状,略带粘性。其化学成份主要是CaSO4·2H2O,含量在85%以上,按石膏国标要求属一级品位。在显微镜下观察可见与天然二水石膏的晶体结构基本相同。由于传统的二水法生产磷酸排     

硝酸分解磷矿半水-二水法脱钙工艺研究

对硝酸分解磷矿半水-二水法脱钙工艺进行研究,考察半水石膏生成阶段反应温度、反应时间,二水石膏生成阶段反应时间、晶种加入量、洗涤对二水石膏的影响及工艺对不同磷矿的适应性.最优条件下,生成的二水石膏长度为150～300μm,直径为30～50μm,w(P2O5残留)降低至0.2％,w(CaSO4·2H2O)>98％,酸解液脱...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。