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各国核电厂场外应急计划的比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文分析和比较了各国核电厂的应急计划,特别是场外应急的干予水平和应急计划区,讨论了我国干予水平、核电厂应急计划区和香港核应急计划几个实际问题。 相似文献
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文章概述了小型模块化压水反应堆(以下简称小堆)厂址适宜性要求、国际上现行应急计划区的分区和大小,介绍了反应堆应急计划区的确定方法,同时对我国小堆应急计划区的划分提出可能的建议。 相似文献
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《中国核科技报告》1991,(1)
介绍了与应急计划有关的源项的背景材料,列出了几个国家在制定应急计划政策时所考虑事故源项,扼要地提出了最近严重事故及其源项研究的主要结果和可能对应急计划的影响。提出了我国在制定应急计划政策时考虑事故源项的原则和我国用源项建立应急计划区大小方法的意见,根据我国在建核电厂应急计划区大小的研究以及选用的源项和核电厂功率对应急计划区大小的影响的研究结果,说明提出的原则和意见在我国是否可行。研究结果表明,确定我国核电厂(压水堆型)的应急计划区大小时考虑设计基准事故(DBA)和概率安全评价(PSA)得出的事故谱,将它们的厂外预期剂量,与相宜的干预水平作比较,作为确定应急计划区大小的技术依据是适宜的,可行的。 相似文献
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介绍了与应急计划有关的源项的背景材料,列出了几个国家在制定应急计划政策时所考虑事故源项,扼要地提出了最近严重事故及其源项研究的主要结果和可能对应急计划的影响。提出了我国在制定应急计划政策时考虑事故源项的原则和我国用源项建立应急计划区大小方法的意见,根据我国在建核电厂应急计划区大小的研究以及选用的源项和核电厂功率对应急计划区大小的影响的研究结果,说明提出的原则和意见在我国是否可行。研究结果表明,确定我国核电厂(压水堆型)的应急计划区大小时考虑设计基准事故(DBA)和概率安全评价(PSA)得出的事故谱,将它们的厂外预期剂量,与相宜的干预水平作比较,作为确定应急计划区大小的技术依据是适宜的,可行的。 相似文献
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确定核动力厂应急计划区大小的准则和方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在详细介绍了一些国家或地区确定核电厂应急计划区的准则和方法的基础上,将确定应急计划区的方法主要分为确定论和概率论两种,并进行了评论和比较。分析了应用美国确定应急计划区大小的准则时可能遇到的困难,提出了我国确定核电厂应急计划区大小准则的建议。最后用广东大亚湾核电站概率安全评价第三级事故后果的计算说明,应用本文所建议的准则,大亚湾核电站不论是否安装砂堆过滤器,采用10km作为烟羽应急计划区半径均是适宜的。 相似文献
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应急计划区的测算结果是核电厂营运单位场内应急计划的重要支持性内容,本文以环境保护部核与辐射安全中心牵头研发的审评软件平台为基础,对国内某核电厂提交的应急计划区测算报告中烟羽应急区的相关测算情况进行了校核计算,比对了业主方的报告结果,发现了相关的问题,为我国核电厂应急计划区的审评工作提供了有效的技术参考。 相似文献
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AP1000核电厂烟羽应急计划区划分初步研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
应急计划区的划分是核电厂应急计划制定中的重要内容之一。第三代核电机组AP1000应急计划区的划分研究,对其应急计划和应急准备工作具有十分重要的意义。首先介绍了应急计划区划分的一般方法以及我国相关法规的要求;然后以某滨海厂址为例,根据现阶段AP1000事故源项的研究结果和该厂址的气象观测数据,使用PAVAN和MACCS程序对相应的事故后果进行计算;最后结合相应的准则对计算结果进行分析和评价。初步的研究结果表明,AP1000核电厂取半径3km范围作为烟羽应急计划区的内区、半径7km范围作为烟羽应急计划区的外区是合适的。 相似文献
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为了保证在发生核事故时能及时有效地采取防护行动以保护公众和环境,需要事先在核设施周围建立应急计划区,并在该区域内需要制定应急计划并做好应急准备。本文系统地介绍了国际原子能机构(IAEA)有关应急计划区发展历程及预防行动区(PAZ)和紧急防护行动计划区(UPZ)的特征,详细阐述了在福岛核事故后IAEA有关应急计划区的最新变化发展,重点分析了Ⅰ类威胁核设施的PAZ和UPZ的变化,为完善我国核电厂核应急工作提供启示与参考。 相似文献
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压水堆核电站应急源项的选定和应急计划区的划分 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
从我国已建压水准核电站的具体实例出发,结合国外的先进经验,对核电站应急源项的选定及应急计划区的划分工作进行研究和总结,对新建核电站的应急源项的选定和应急计划区的划分提出一些个人的看法。 相似文献
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核事故应急撤离是核应急响应的重要组成部分, 目的在于快速有效地将可能受到事故影响的人员转移至安全地区。本文根据海上浮动核电站的运行场址与运行特点, 对海上浮动核电站应急响应特征进行分析, 给出了浮动核电站应急等级划分和应急计划区范围。结合陆地核电站场区撤离与海洋平台撤离疏散方法, 制定了海上浮动核电站应急撤离情景与撤离分析假设。对浮动核电站人员撤离的分析结果表明, 浮动核电站人员撤离满足客船撤离要求, 及海上浮动核电站应急撤离的时间要求。关键词: 海上浮动核电站; 核应急; 应急计划区;应急响应; 应急撤离 相似文献
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Correct communication between main control room (MCR) operators is an important factor in the management of emergency situations in nuclear power plants (NPPs). For this reason, a standard communication protocol for the management of emergency situations in NPPs has been developed, with the basic direction of enhancing the safety of NPPs and the standardization of communication protocols. To validate the newly developed standard communication protocol, validation experiments with 10 licensed NPP MCR operator teams was performed. From the validation experiments, it was found that the use of the standard communication protocol required more time, but it can contribute to the enhancement of the safety of NPPs by an operators’ better grasp of the safety-related parameters and a more efficient and clearer communication between NPP operators, while imposing little additional workloads on the NPP MCR operators. The standard communication protocol is expected to be used to train existing NPP MCR operators without much aversion, as well as new operators. 相似文献
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A transient is defined as an event when a plant proceeds from a normal state to an abnormal state. In nuclear power plants (NPPs), recognizing the types of transients during early stages, for taking appropriate actions, is critical. Furthermore, classification of a novel transient as “don't know”, if it is not included within NPPs collected knowledge, is necessary. To fulfill these requirements, transient identification techniques as a method to recognize and to classify abnormal conditions are extensively used. The studies revealed that model-based methods are not suitable candidates for transient identification in NPPs. Hitherto, data-driven methods, especially artificial neural networks (ANN), and other soft computing techniques such as fuzzy logic, genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), quantum evolutionary algorithm (QEA), expert systems are mostly investigated. Furthermore, other methods such as hidden Markov model (HMM), and support vector machines (SVM) are considered for transient identification in NPPs. By these modern techniques, NPPs safety, due to accidents recognition by symptoms rather than events, is improved. Transient identification is expected to become increasingly important as the next generation reactors being designed to operate for extended fuel cycles with less operators' oversight. In this paper, recent studies related to the advanced techniques for transient identification in NPPs are presented and their differences are illustrated. 相似文献
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Life extension is investigated as a safeguard assessment for the stability on the operation of the nuclear power plants (NPPs). The Cobb-Douglas function, one of the production functions, is modified for the nuclear safeguard in NPPs, which was developed for the life quality of the social and natural objects. Nuclear Safeguard Estimator Function (NSEF) is developed for the application in NPPs. The cases of NPPs are compared with each other in the aspect of the secure performance. The results are obtained by the standard productivity comparisons with the designed power operations. The range of secure life extension is between 1.008 and 5.353 in 2000 MWe and the range is between 0.302 and 0.994 in 600 MWe. So, the successfulness of the power operation increases about 5 times higher than that of the interested power in this study, which means that the safeguard assessment has been performed in the life extension of the NPPs. The technology assessment (TA) is suggested for the safe operation which is an advanced method comparing conventional probabilistic safety assessment (PSA). 相似文献