Porous ternary complex metal oxide nanoparticles converted from core/shell nanoparticles

We demonstrate an easy and scalable low-temperature process to convert porous ternary complex metal oxide nanoparticles from solution-synthesized core/shell metal oxide nanoparticles by thermal annealing. The final products demonstrate superior electrochemical properties with a large capacity and high stability during fast charging/discharging cycles for potential applications as advanced lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrode materials. In addition, a new breakdown mechanism was observed on these novel electrode materials.

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Magnetic properties of nanomagnetic and biomagnetic systems analyzed using cantilever magnetometry

Magnetic properties of nanomagnetic and biomagnetic systems are investigated using cantilever magnetometry. In the presence of a magnetic field, magnetic films or particles deposited at the free end of a cantilever give rise to a torque on the mechanical sensor, which leads to frequency shifts depending on the applied magnetic field. From the frequency response, the magnetic properties of a magnetic sample are obtained. The magnetic field dependences of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic thin films and particles are measured in a temperature range of 5-320 K at a pressure below 10(-6) mbar. We present magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic materials Fe, Co and Ni at room temperature and also for the rare earth elements Gd, Dy and Tb at various temperatures. In addition, the magnetic moments of magnetotactic bacteria are measured under vacuum conditions at room temperature. Cantilever magnetometry is a highly sensitive tool for characterizing systems with small magnetic moments. By reducing the cantilever dimensions the sensitivity can be increased by an order of magnitude.     

Low-temperature phase and morphology transformations in noble metal nanocatalysts

In situ real-time x-ray diffraction was used to study temperature-induced structural changes of 1-5 nm Au, Pt, and AuPt nanocatalysts supported on silicon substrates. Synchrotron-based x-ray diffraction indicates that the as-synthesized Au and Au(64)Pt(36) nanoparticles have a non-crystalline structure, while the Pt nanoparticles have the expected cubic structure. The nanoparticles undergo dramatic structural changes at temperatures as low as 120?°C. During low-temperature annealing, the Au and AuPt nanoparticles first melt and then immediately coalesce to form 4-5 nm crystalline structures. The Pt nanoparticles also aggregate but with limited intermediate melting. The detailed mechanisms of nucleation and growth, though, are quite different for the three types of nanoparticles. Most interestingly, solidification of high-density AuPt nanoparticles involves an unusual transient morphological transformation that affects only the surface of the particles. AuPt nanoparticles on silicon undergo partial phase segregation only upon annealing at extremely high temperatures (800?°C).     

The role of cavitation and debonding in the toughening of core–shell rubber modified epoxy systems

Epoxy systems EPN/BA and EPN/DDS having significantly different cross-link densities have been modified using core–shell rubber particles. The toughening mechanisms have been investigated and the results show that cavitation and particle–matrix debonding play different roles in the low and high cross-link density epoxy resins. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Synthesis and characterization of a binary noble metal nitride

There has been considerable interest in the synthesis of new nitrides because of their technological and fundamental importance. Although numerous metals react with nitrogen there are no known binary nitrides of the noble metals. We report the discovery and characterization of platinum nitride (PtN), the first binary nitride of the noble metals group. This compound can be formed above 45-50 GPa and temperatures exceeding 2,000 K, and is stable after quenching to room pressure and temperature. It is characterized by a very high Raman-scattering cross-section with easily observed second- and third-order Raman bands. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction shows that the new phase is cubic with a remarkably high bulk modulus of 372(+/-5) GPa.     

Ferromagnetic resonance in multilayer structures with bilinear and biquadratic exchange coupling

The resonance magnetization dynamics in multilayer nanostructures exposed to transverse and longitudinal magnetic fields is investigated with allowance for biquadratic exchange coupling between the magnetic moments of neighboring layers. It is found that the crystallographic magnetic anisotropy leads to the appearance of a minimum on the field dependence of the resonance frequency for the “acoustic” mode and the accompanying maximum in the magnetic susceptibility.     

Crystal structure transfer in core/shell nanowires

Structure engineering is an emerging tool to control opto-electronic properties of semiconductors. Recently, control of crystal structure and the formation of a twinning superlattice have been shown for III-V nanowires. This level of control has not been obtained for Si nanowires, the most relevant material for the semiconductor industry. Here, we present an approach, in which a designed twinning superlattice with the zinc blende crystal structure or the wurtzite crystal structure is transferred from a gallium phosphide core wire to an epitaxially grown silicon shell. These materials have a difference in lattice constants of only 0.4%, which allows for structure transfer without introducing extra defects. The twinning superlattices, periodicity, and shell thickness can be tuned with great precision. Arrays of free-standing Si nanotubes are obtained by a selective wet-chemical etch of the core wire.     

磁响应性贵金属核/壳纳米复合粒子制备研究进展

磁响应的贵金属核/壳结构复合纳米粒子具有不同于单组分纳米粒子更优越的多重功能,在催化剂、光学材料、生物传感器及生物医学领域具有重要前景。从核/壳结构类型出发,综述了具有磁响应的贵金属核/壳结构纳米复合粒子的化学制备与结构特征,并简要对其应用研究进展做了讨论。     

Synthesis and mechanistic study of stable water-soluble noble metal nanostructures

Sodium salt of poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) (PSSMA) has been employed to prepare a series of stable nanosized metal colloids such as silver, gold, palladium, platinum, and silver-gold alloy nanostructures. All of the as-synthesized products are very stable in water. The metal nanostructures have been directly confirmed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and also characterized by techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and (1)H NMR. Intensive study has found that the metal ions are most probably reduced by organic radicals, generated from the thermal degradation of PSSMA.     

Ferromagnetic resonance in the study of surface demagnetization due to chemisorption

Reduced surface magnetization due to chemisorption is determined from ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) absorption of nickel and iron thin films. Magnetically “dead” or “live” layers, i.e. layers of decreased or enhanced magnetization in comparison with the bulk, can be excluded at free Ni (111) surfaces. Approximately one hydrogen atom eliminates the contribution of one nickel atom to the surface magnetization. Twice the effect is found for CO at low coverages θ < 0.3.     

Three-layer core/shell structure in Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles

This paper describes the internal structure of Au-Pd nanoparticles exhibiting newly discovered three-layer core/shell morphology, which is composed of an evenly alloyed inner core, an Au-rich intermediate layer, and a Pd-rich outer shell. By exploitation of spatially resolved imaging and spectroscopic and diffraction modes of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), insights were gained on the composition of each one of the observed three layers, indicating a significant extent of intimate alloy among the monometallic elements.     

Synthesis of noble metal/carbon nanotube composites in supercritical methanol

A simple and efficient route has been employed to deposit noble metal nanoparticles (Pt, Ru, Pt-Ru, Rh, Ru-Sn) onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in supercritical methanol solution. In this method, the inorganic metallic salts acted as metal precursors, and methanol as solvent as well as reductant for the precursors. The as-prepared nanocomposites were structurally and morphologically characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses. It was demonstrated that the CNTs were decorated by crystalline metal nanoparticles with uniform sizes and a narrow particle size distribution. The size and loading content of the nanoparticles on CNTs could be tuned by manipulating reaction parameters. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of the composites was also discussed.     

Static electric and optical properties of two coupled noble metal nanoparticles

The static electric polarizability and absorption spectrum of the coupled noble metal (Ag, Au, Cu) cluster-pair are investigated within density functional theory (DFT). The results show that the HOMO-LUMO gap gradually widens with increasing cluster distance D, and the static polarizability exhibits a maximal value as D is near the average bond length of cluster. In the absorption spectrum, the spectral strength is related to electric dipole moments which sensitively rely on D. With the increase of D the low-energy peaks (LEPs) obviously blue shift while the high-energy peaks (HEPs) keep their positions unmoved. The LEPs (HEPs) mostly comes from the transitions between near (far) the HOMO and LUMO energy levels. In these transitions, the low-energy excitations are dominantly contributed by d-electrons, indicating the fact that intense coupling effects can weaken the screen of d-electrons on sp-electrons. By means of the competition mechanism between charge transfer and electron cloud distortion, the spacing dependence behaviors of both electric and optical properties are explained self-consistently.     

Zero-phonon linewidth in CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanorods

High-resolution spectral hole-burning studies of CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanorods reveal a sharp zero-phonon line, with a line width dependent on the measurement time scale. The zero-phonon line width is attributed to contributions from radiative decay, spectral diffusion induced by surface electric field fluctuations, and phonon-assisted migration of excitons localized in the nanorods. A decoherence rate as small as 4.5 GHz has been observed, when the effects of spectral diffusion are suppressed in the spectral hole-burning measurement. Comparison between zero-phonon line widths in nanorods and spherical nanocrystals also elucidates important differences in the decoherence process between the one- and zero-dimensional nanostructures.     

Exchange bias phenomenology and models of core/shell nanoparticles

Some of the main experimental observations related to the occurrence of exchange bias in magnetic systems are reviewed, focusing the attention on the peculiar phenomenology associated to nanoparticles with core/shell structure as compared to thin film bilayers. The main open questions posed by the experimental observations are presented and contrasted to existing theories and models for exchange bias formulated up to date. We also present results of simulations based on a simple model of a core/shell nanoparticle in which the values of microscopic parameters such as anisotropy and exchange constants can be tuned in the core, shell and at the interfacial regions, offering new insight on the microscopic origin of the experimental phenomenology. A detailed study of the magnetic order of the interfacial spins shows compelling evidence that most of the experimentally observed effects can be qualitatively accounted within the context of this model and allows also to quantify the magnitude of the loop shifts in striking agreement with the macroscopic observed values.