羌塘盆地中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩评价

迄今为止羌塘盆地已发现200多处油气显示点,其中5处为液态油苗,多处为油页岩,表明盆地已具备生烃基础。中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩在羌塘盆地广泛分布,岩性以碳酸盐岩为主,厚度从几十米到几百米不等,有机碳含量平均为0.117%～0.68%,以中等—好烃源岩为主,少数为较差烃源岩;泥质烃源岩有机碳含量平均为0.44%～4.64%,各剖面差别较大,较差—好烃源岩均有。干酪根显微组分分析结果表明,布曲组烃源岩干酪根显微组分以腐泥组为主,各剖面腐泥组平均含量为62%～88%。布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩有机质类型以Ⅱ₁型为主,部分Ⅰ型和少量Ⅱ₂型;泥质烃源岩以Ⅱ₂型为主,少量Ⅱ₁型。布曲组烃源岩镜质组反射率平均为0.98%～3.12%,有机质处于成熟一过成熟阶段。综合评价结果表明,布曲组为盆地最有利生烃层位,主要分布于北羌塘坳陷的中西部地区。     

羌塘盆地龙尾湖地区中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩评价

通过对羌塘盆地北羌塘坳陷龙尾湖地区羌资1井烃源岩和地表烃源岩特征进行对比分析,从烃源岩岩性、有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质成熟度等方面揭示了两者之间的差异,对龙尾湖地区布曲组烃源岩进行了评价。研究结果显示,羌资1井烃源岩的有机碳含量为0.1%～0.95%,其平均值明显高于地表烃源岩的有机碳含量,总体为中等—好烃源岩。该区有机质类型以Ⅱ1—Ⅱ2型干酪根为主,形成环境主要为还原环境,主要来源于低等水生生物,有机质类型较好。有机质成熟度普遍处于高成熟阶段,但羌资1井有机质演化程度明显比地表样品低。     

羌塘盆地南部古油藏带布曲组碳酸盐岩稀土元素特征及意义

在羌塘盆地南部古油藏带布曲组碳酸盐岩的详细岩石学分析基础上,研究不同类型碳酸盐岩的稀土元素特征,结果表明：①研究区碳酸盐岩包括灰岩、泥—微晶白云岩、（残余）颗粒白云岩、晶粒白云岩及鞍形白云岩;②各类碳酸盐岩均具有较低的稀土元素总量,能够指示沉积或成岩流体的性质,部分鞍形白云岩样品稀土元素总量高于灰岩,预示着可能有外来流体的加入;③不同类型碳酸盐岩稀土总量具有差别,但经太平洋表层海水标准化后,具有相似的稀土元素配分模式,La_N/Yb_N平均值为2.86,轻微的轻稀土富集和重稀土亏损,随着白云石化程度的增加,轻稀土富集程度变弱,δCe正异常（平均值2.94）和δEu正异常（平均值1.43）,这些特征说明布曲组碳酸盐岩沉积于氧化性质的水体中,白云石化流体主要为同期海源地层水,但在烃类充注以后成岩环境变为还原环境,受早白垩世末期拉萨地体与羌塘地块剪刀式碰撞,研究区布曲组地层中有大气淡水加入,再次受到新生代构造热事件影响,形成鞍形白云岩,构造热事件为Eu²⁺富集提供温度条件。     

西藏羌塘盆地羌D2井原油类型及其勘探意义

羌D2 井是目前羌塘盆地首口钻遇侏罗系布曲组含油层的地质井。通过对白云岩油层岩心样品系统采样和分析,发现钻井原油有两种类型。根据生物分子标志化合物中类异戊二烯烃、甾烷、萜烷系列进行的油源对比研究,初步认为羌塘盆地不同类型的两类原油可能有不同的来源,产自于不同环境的烃源岩之中。第一类原油来源于开阔海环境,生油母质以低等水生物为主,与侏罗系下统曲色组、中统布曲组烃源岩具有亲缘性;第二类原油来自于具有大量淡水注入的海湾河口环境,生油母质中高等植物标志显示明显,烃类可能来自侏罗系中统雀莫错组或夏里组烃源岩。该研究结果对确定羌塘盆地生油层系、圈定生烃洼陷具有指导意义。     

羌塘盆地扎仁地区中上侏罗统烃源岩生物标志物特征

应用生物标志物分析技术，结合其他地球化学资料，对羌塘盆地扎仁地区烃源岩的有机质生源构成、沉积环境和成熟度进行了讨论。研究区饱和烃碳数相对较高，表明遭受了一定程度的微生物降解；Pr／Ph值小于1，且检测出一定量的伽马蜡烷，表明烃源岩的沉积环境为含盐度低的偏还原环境；规则甾烷以C27略占优势，三环萜烷／五环三萜烷值为0．23～0．77，表明烃源岩有机质生物来源主要为低等水生生物；甾烷成熟度参数C29ααα20S／ααα（20S＋20R）值为0．41～0．50，C29αββ／（ααα＋αββ）值为0．58-0．63，萜烷成熟度参数C32 22S／（22S＋22R）值约为0．6．Ts／（Tm＋Ts）平均值约为0．52，表明有机质演化处于高成熟阶段。     

羌塘盆地侏罗系碳酸盐岩储集层特征

在野外露头资料研究的基础上,运用岩石薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规物性、毛细管压力曲线等手段,对羌塘盆地侏罗系碳酸盐岩储集层的岩石学、孔渗性及孔隙结构等特征作了详细研究。岩石类型主要为颗粒灰岩,包括内碎屑灰岩、鲕粒灰岩和生屑灰岩。储集空间包括孔隙和裂缝两种,孔隙主要为次生溶孔,裂缝为构造缝和溶蚀缝。孔隙的微观结构较差,基本上属于低孔低渗致密储集层。强烈的机械压实作用、胶结作用是导致储集层孔隙结构变差的主要因素,后期的溶解作用对储集层物性有一定的改善。构造作用使得岩石中裂隙发育,提高了岩石孔渗性,极大地改善了岩石的储集性能。     

羌塘盆地扎仁地区中侏罗统布曲组烃源岩评价

目前羌塘盆地的绝大部分烃源岩资料均来源于地表露头的分析数据,通过对羌资2井烃源岩和南羌塘坳陷扎仁地区地表烃源岩特征对比分析,从烃源岩岩性、有机质丰度、类型和成熟度等方面揭示了羌塘盆地的地表与地下烃源岩之间的差异。结果显示,羌资2井有机碳含量高于地表条件下的有机碳含量,有机质类型以Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,极少量为Ⅱ2型,而有机质演化程度也明显偏低。因此,认为羌塘盆地地下烃源岩具有非常好的生油能力,这对羌塘盆地烃源岩的评价有重要的现实意义。     

藏北北羌塘坳陷中西部地区布曲组碳酸盐岩烃源岩分布特征

依据典型剖面实测和辅助对比剖面观测,结合大量系统样品的测试分析,认为羌塘盆地北羌塘坳陷中侏罗统布曲组主要由一套厚度巨大的半局限潟湖相泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩和潮坪相颗粒灰岩、膏盐岩、泥页岩等组成。碳酸盐岩生油岩主要为潟湖相暗色泥晶灰岩、泥质灰岩及泥灰岩。生油层在纵向上主要产于布曲组下段和上段;横向上具有从坳陷内部到坳陷边缘生油岩厚度逐渐减薄、有机碳含量变差的特点。布曲组生油层的分布特征明显受沉积相和海平面升降变化的控制。该分布特征的研究对评价盆地布曲组生油前景,寻找主要生油坳陷等都具有重要意义。     

羌塘盆地上三叠统—下侏罗统海相页岩油特征及发现意义

羌塘盆地油气地质调查和浅钻在中生界海相地层发现了页岩油显示。基于露头、岩心样品系统分析测试,研究了海相页岩沉积发育条件与特征,评价了地球化学与储集特征。研究了中生界海相页岩油发育特征,取得以下认识：(1)羌塘盆地发育下侏罗统曲色组和上三叠统巴贡组两套海相富有机质泥页岩,主要由纹层状页岩夹块状泥岩构成。曲色组纹层状富有机质泥页岩位于该地层下部,厚度为50～75 m,主要分布于南羌塘和北羌塘中西部。巴贡组纹层状富有机质泥页岩位于地层中部,厚度为250～350 m,在南北羌塘均有分布。(2)两套纹层状富有机质泥页岩页理发育,同时发育多种类型的微孔隙和微裂缝,脆性矿物含量平均70%,可压裂性强,孔隙度均值5.89%,储集物性好,达到中等—好的页岩油储集层标准。(3)曲色组富有机质泥页岩为Ⅱ₁和Ⅱ₂型有机质,TOC均值8.34%,氯仿沥青“A”含量均值0.66%,残余生烃潜量(S₁+S₂)均值29.93 mg/g,R_o值0.9%～1.3%,达到优质烃源岩标准。巴贡组富有机质泥页岩为混合型...     

羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地区布曲组鞍形白云石成因

羌塘盆地南部隆鄂尼地区中侏罗统布曲组砂糖状白云岩中发育有大量的鞍形白云石,其岩相学特征表现为正交偏光下的波状消光以及弯曲的晶面和解理,阴极发光整体呈暗红色,无明显的环带。鞍形白云石中流体包裹体均一温度主要分布于152.8～174.1℃,盐度均值（23.3% NaCl）远高于现代海水盐度,表明其形成经历了高温高盐度的演化过程。微区同位素分析显示鞍形白云石δ¹³C值介于-4.81‰～4.29‰,δ¹⁸O值为-11.2‰～-7.51‰,根据白云石-流体氧同位素分馏方程得到成岩流体δ¹⁸O （SMOW）值为5‰～11‰。综合分析认为,鞍形白云石形成于相对封闭的深埋藏环境,是热液流体调整改造作用的产物。地层水加热再循环过程中在孔隙或裂缝较为发育的部位沉淀形成鞍形白云石,高盐度的地层水可能来自沉积期古海水与埋藏期地下热卤水的混合。鞍形白云石的成因研究表明,晶粒相对较粗大的砂糖状白云岩是地表/近地表形成的白云岩重结晶作用的产物。     

羌塘盆地上侏罗统索瓦组烃源岩分布特征及远景分析

羌塘盆地迄今为止共发现200多处油气显示点,其中5处液态油苗,多处油页岩,表明盆地具备生烃的物质基础。上侏罗统索瓦组烃源岩以碳酸盐岩为主,厚度从几十米到几百米不等,有机碳平均含量为0.1%~1.90%,以中等至好烃源岩为主;其次为泥质岩,仅在北羌塘坳陷中、西部有所分布,有机碳含量介于3.71%~28.14%之间,为好烃源岩。根据干酪根显微组分的分析结果认为索瓦组烃源岩有机质类型主要为Ⅱ₁型,镜质体反射率介于0.94%~2.7%之间,烃源岩处于成熟—过成熟阶段。构造运动造成索瓦组烃源岩抬升剥蚀,综合分析认为该烃源岩总体上对整个盆地的油气远景贡献较差,但在北羌塘坳陷西部和东北部仍可作为重要的烃源岩。     

羌塘盆地侏罗系白云岩储层特征研究

羌塘盆地侏罗系白云岩分布广泛,其岩石类型可分为泥晶-微晶白云岩、残余颗粒白云岩和晶粒白云岩,前两者常与石膏相邻或伴生,后者与石膏无关.在沉积期后变化中经历了多种成岩作用改造,其中影响白云岩储集性的作用主要有溶蚀作用、重结晶作用和构造应力作用.本区白云岩主要储集空间为晶间孔、晶间溶孔和构造缝,细-粗晶白云岩储集物性好,为好-较好的储层.     

UPPER TRIASSIC POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE QIANGTANG BASIN,TIBET: ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Upper Triassic coal‐bearing strata in the Qiangtang Basin (Tibet) are known to have source rock potential. For this study, the organic geochemical characteristics of mudstones and calcareous shales in the Upper Triassic Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formations were investigated to reconstruct depositional settings and to assess hydrocarbon potential. Outcrop samples of the Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formations from four locations in the Qiangtang Basin were analysed. The locations were Xiaochaka in the southern Qiangtang depression, and Woruo Mountain, Quemo Co and Zangxiahe in the northern Qiangtang depression. At Quemo Co in the NE of the basin, calcareous shale samples from the Tumengela Formation have total organic carbon (TOC) contents of up to 1.66 wt.%, chloroform bitumen A contents of up to 734 ppm, and a hydrocarbon generation capacity (Rock‐Eval S₁+ S₂) of up to 1.94 mg/g. The shales have moderate to good source rock potential. Vitrinite reflectance (R_r) values of 1.30% to 1.46%, and Rock‐Eval T_max values of 464 to 475 °C indicate that the organic matter is at a highly mature stage corresponding to condensate / wet gas generation. The shales contain Type II kerogen, and have low carbon number molecular compositions with relatively high C_21?/C₂₁₊ (2.15–2.93), Pr/Ph ratios of 1.40–1.72, high S/C ratios (>0.04) in some samples, abundant gammacerane (GI of 0.50–2.04) and a predominance of C₂₇ steranes, indicating shallow‐marine sub‐anoxic and hypersaline depositional conditions with some input of terrestrial organic matter. Tumengela and Zangxiahe Formation mudstone samples from Xiaochaka in the southern Qiangtang depression, and from Woruo Mountain and Zangxiahe in the northern depression, have low contents of marine organic matter (Type II kerogen), indicating relatively poor hydrocarbon generation potential. R_r values and T_max data indicate that the organic matter is overmature corresponding to dry gas generation.     

羌塘盆地三叠系、侏罗系石油地质特征和含油远景评价

羌塘盆地是发育在前泥盆结晶基底和上古生界浅变质褶皱基底之上以中生界海相沉积为主体的复合型残留盆地。它由北羌塘坳陷带、中央隆起带和南羌塘坳陷带3个二级构造单元组成,主要发育三叠系和侏罗系两套生储盖组合。北羌塘坳陷带内,三叠系及侏罗系组合发育良好;中央隆起带内基本没有侏罗系组合,三叠系组合也仅分布于倾伏部位;南羌塘坳陷带内,三叠系组合发育良好,局部范围内也有较好的侏罗系组合。青藏高原的油气勘探实践表明,该区含油远景取决于构造运动的强弱及保存条件的好坏。结合生储盖组合情况,羌塘盆地可分为3类含油气远景区:北羌塘坳陷带有利区、南羌塘坳陷带有利区和中央隆起带次有利区。     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF EOCENE, PALEOCENE AND JURASSIC DEPOSITS IN THE SUBSURFACE OF THE POTWAR BASIN, NORTHERN PAKISTAN

The hydrocarbon source rock potential of five formations in the Potwar Basin of northern Pakistan – the Sakesar Formation (Eocene); the Patala, Lockhart and Dhak-Pass Formations (Paleocene); and the Datta Formation (Jurassic) – was investigated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis and total organic carbon (TOC) measurement. Samples were obtained from three producing wells referred to as A, B and C. In well A, the upper ca. 100 m of the Eocene Sakesar Formation contained abundant Type III gas-prone organic matter (OM) and the interval appeared to be within the hydrocarbon generation window. The underlying part of the Sakesar Formation contained mostly weathered and immature OM with little hydrocarbon potential. The Sakesar Formation passes down into the Paleocene Patala Formation. T_max was variable because of facies variations which were also reflected in variations in hydrogen index (HI), TOC and S2/S3 values. In well A, the middle portion of the Patala Formation had sufficient maturity (T_max 430 to 444°C) and organic richness to act as a minor source for gas. The underlying Lockhart Formation in general contained little OM, although basal sediments showed a major contribution of Type II/III OM and were sufficiently mature for hydrocarbon generation. In Well B, rocks in the upper 120 m of the Paleocene Patala Formation contained little OM. However, some Type II/III OM was present at the base of the formation, although these sediments were not sufficiently mature for oil generation. The Dhak Pass Formation was in general thermally immature and contained minor amounts of gas-prone OM. In Well C, the Jurassic Datta Formation contained oil-prone OM. T_max data indicated that the formation was marginally mature despite sample depths of > 5000 m. The lack of increase in T_max with depth was attributed to low heat flows during burial. However, burial to depths of more than 5000 m resulted in the generation of moderate quantities of oil from this formation.     

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY OF POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE TERTIARY DINGQINGHU FORMATION,NIMA BASIN,CENTRAL TIBET

The Tertiary Nima Basin in central Tibet covers an area of some 3000 km² and is closely similar to the nearby Lunpola Basin from which commercial volumes of oil have been produced. In this paper, we report on the source rock potential of the Oligocene Dingqinghu Formation from measured outcrop sections on the southern and northern margins of the Nima Basin. In the south of the Nima Basin, potential source rocks in the Dingqinghu Formation comprise dark‐coloured marls with total organic carbon (TOC) contents of up to 4.3 wt % and Hydrogen Index values (HI) up to 849 mg HC/g TOC. The organic matter is mainly composed of amorphous sapropelinite corresponding to Type I kerogen. Rock‐Eval T_max (430–451°C) and vitrinite reflectance (R_r) (average R_r= 0.50%) show that the organic matter is marginally mature. The potential yield (up to 36.95 mg HC/g rock) and a plot of S2 versus TOC suggest that the marls have moderate to good source rock potential. They are interpreted to have been deposited in a stratified palaeolake with occasionally anoxic and hypersaline conditions, and the source of the organic matter was dominated by algae as indicated by biomarker analyses. Potential source rocks from the north of the basin comprise dark shales and marls with a TOC content averaging 9.7 wt % and HI values up to 389 mg HC/g TOC. Organic matter consists mainly of amorphous sapropelinite and vitrinite with minor sporinite, corresponding to Type II‐III kerogen. This is consistent with the kerogen type suggested by cross‐plots of HI versus T_max and H/C versus O/C. The T_max and R_r results indicate that the samples are immature to marginally mature. These source rocks, interpreted to have been deposited under oxic conditions with a dominant input of terrigenous organic matter, have moderate petroleum potential. The Dingqinghu Formation in the Nima Basin therefore has some promise in terms of future exploration potential.     

羌塘盆地流体包裹体特征及其在储层成岩研究中的应用

该文根据羌塘盆地流体包裹体观察测试资料,对流体包裹体的主要类型和特征进行了综合论述.作者在成岩作用研究的基础上,重点讨论了流体包裹体技术在储层成岩研究中的应用,建立了羌塘盆地三叠系—侏罗系成岩演化序列,分析了成岩作用与油气运移的关系,对流体包裹体技术应用于储层研究进行了初步探讨.     

中上扬子北缘中古生界海相烃源岩特征

中上扬子北缘中古生界海相层系有机地球化学剖面的研究表明,中古生界海相层系烃源岩主要发育于下寒武统、上奥陶统五峰—下志留统龙马溪组底部和二叠系。其中下古生界烃源岩以泥质岩为主,有机质丰度高,有机质类型好,多属好—最好的烃源岩;上古生界(P)烃源岩以碳酸盐岩为主,泥质岩为辅,前者有机碳一般<1%,多属较好的烃源岩,后者有机质丰度高,多属好—最好的烃源岩;二叠系碳酸盐岩和泥质烃源岩有机质类型复杂多样,以Ⅱ₁型为主。3套烃源岩热演化程度普遍较高,等效镜质体反射率R_o一般>2.0%,区内油气结构以天然气为主。烃源岩可溶有机质有机地球化学特征研究表明,下古生界烃源岩正构烷烃呈单前峰型,而二叠系烃源岩正构烷烃有3种类型。在甾、萜烷生物标志化合物方面,二叠系烃源岩以较低的C₂₁三环萜烷/C₂₃三环萜烷、C₂₇规则甾烷/C₂₈₊₂₉规则甾烷等为显著特征而区别于下寒武统烃源岩,五峰组—龙马溪组烃源岩则介于其间。