地方·技术·“再生式”建筑——摩尔“非现代”地区主义概述

"非现代"地区主义是针对弗兰姆普敦批判的地区主义中的哲学矛盾而提出的修正性理论,是批判的地区主义理论的深化和延伸。斯蒂文.摩尔通过"地方"和"技术"两个核心概念的论述意在引出"地方"与"技术"合一、文化与自然交融的"非现代"视野,并认为只有在"非现代"世界中,批判的地区主义中"地方"与"技术"的内在矛盾才能得以化解。而"非现代"地区主义的核心则是"再生式"建筑,其目标在于让人的习俗制度参与到自然系统的循环往复中。最后,摩尔提出了美学、政治和生态等"再生式"建筑的三个标准,并以宣言的方式总结了"再生式"建筑的八个要点。     

An account of critical regionalism in diverse building types in postcolonial Indian architecture

Critical regionalism is an architectural concept that seeks to balance local needs and capabilities with the progressive lessons of modernisation. Critical regionalism has been an influential architectural approach in postcolonial Indian architecture. Even before the term was coined in the 1980s, architects in India had subconsciously begun pursuing the ideas of critical regionalism in designing their buildings. The degree of influence of critical regionalism on postcolonial Indian architecture has varied over the course of time as a result of economic, political and social changes. This paper identifies key architectural projects realized in India since 1947 that adhere to the ideas and principles of critical regionalism. The identified regionalist projects have been categorized according to their building programmes and significant examples in each building type are discussed chronologically while bringing forth their qualities that make them regionalist in first place. By focusing on regionalist projects of significance in each building type, the paper highlights that critical regionalism is capable of producing potent architecture to cater to any building programme.     

批判性地域主义建筑特征初探

解决现代建筑面临的环境与能源压力以及复兴本土建筑文化,使得研究批判性地域主义建筑具有双重含义。该文试图通过研究其与现代建筑、传统、乡土、技术等四方面的关系,并对恰当的建筑实例进行剖析,来解读批判性地域主义建筑特征。     

Complexities of practicing architectural regionalism in India: An interview study

This paper presents the results and analysis from an interview study conducted with practitioners of architectural regionalism in India. The interviews sought to gain in-depth understanding of the strategies, mechanisms, and tools they employ to realize contextualized architecture that responds to local needs and potential. A sample composed of nine eminent Indian architects who regularly integrate the ideas of critical regionalism in their designs is selected and subsequently interviewed with regard to the varied aspects of their architectural practice. Findings are useful for practitioners and scholars of contemporary architecture in India for understanding the means employed by leading regionalist architects, while placing their work in the context of local building traditions, urban landscape, sociocultural conditions, technology, and climate.     

中国当代地域主义建筑的物质因素表达

为了保护地方特色和延续历史文脉,中国必须以批判的地域主义建筑思想作为指导,才能复兴传统并参与全球。文章试从地形特征、气候条件、地方材料以及建造技术4个方面对中国地域主义建筑的物质因素表达进行阐述,从而为中国当代的地域主义建筑创作提供一些参考。     

反思的设计

本文从反思的角度探讨了关于设计思维的问题，这是对于当代中国建设实践的反思，讨论的重点围绕着全球化与地区主义，反思的设计意在谋略解决这种冲突和矛盾。全文从历史角度回顾了上世纪后半叶建筑理论的发展。     

Frank Gehry: roofing, wrapping, and wrapping the roof

Frank Gehry's work has taken the architectural stage worldwide. Without theorising his work, Gehry has produced a sensible architecture that deserves serious examination. In many ways, his work speaks for the present problematic state of architecture; the long standing relation of architecture to sculpture and other forms of artistic creativity; architecture's relation to its own history; the impact of telecommunication technologies on architecture; and the aesthetic implications of the commodity fetishism for architecture. Reflecting on these issues, the main intention of this essay is to demonstrate the perme ation of the 'culture of building' in Gehry's architecture, in particular the Semperian discus sion of the tectonic relationship between the elements of roof and enclosure. The paper also invokes Gottfried Semper's discourse on theatricality to demonstrate the way Gehry's architecture appropriates the present culture of spectacle. This much is clear from Gehry's shift from regionalism for the montage of fragmentary forms, and the theatricalisation of architecture where the element of wrapping defies the tectonic but also reminds us of the essentiality of the rapport between a constructed form and the clothing.     

建筑技术与批判的地域主义

现代建筑运动带来大量缺乏个性的建筑，破坏了城市原有的肌理；能源危机，则促使建筑师们从更高的层面关注人类资源问题；在发展中国家，贫困阶层住房紧张的状况需要缓解。批判的地域主义提出了解决以上问题的方法。本文从建筑技术的视角，通过分析一些具有地域主义倾向的建筑作品，对批判的地域主义的技术观点加以说明，即主张谨慎对待和使用全球性的现代技术；使用需有利于生态、环保、节能的技术：在发展中国家则选择使用“适宜技术”。对照中国的发展状况，希望从中获取有益经验。     

消隐与显现——批判的地域主义的两种表现形式

批判的地域主义是基于现代主义所发展出来的建筑设计思潮。通过对肯尼斯·弗兰普顿的专著——《现代建筑——一部批判的历史》的分析,总结出消隐与显现是这种思潮的两种表现形式。本文通过对最近一个得到国际大奖的国内建筑作品进行分析,说明批判的地域主义的这两种表现形式。     

批判的地域主义与建筑的地域性

通过对全球化背景下建筑的地域性与地域主义的研究分析，探讨了批判性地域主义和地域性以及批判性地域主义和全球化之间的内在关系，并进一步提出关于批判性地域主义对建筑地域性的影响。     

全球化背景下遗失的场所精神

结合批判性地域主义的内涵以及场所与场所精神的概念，从场所精神这个角度对当今全球化的冲击所带来的城市无个性、千城一面的问题进行了思考，指出场所及场所精神正是批判的地域主义的核心概念，进而明确了人们寻求特殊性、地域性、差异性的实质是对场所精神的寻求。     

Between East and West: immigrants, critical regionalism and public housing

The architecture of an immigrant society is characterised by problems of identity. The lack of a long continuous connection between the builders and the land where the construction takes place severs the natural identity between the planning and construction tradition and the builders. Concepts such as 'local planning and construction tradition' or 'adapting construction to the conditions and natural qualities of the land' are not defined where immigrant architecture is concerned.

The State of Israel was built by Jews who immigrated to it from all over the world. The problem of the lack of a local constructing tradition, common to the entire immigrant population, was magnified many times over in Jewish construction in Israel. Israel being an immigrant country, the European origin of most of the early Jewish immigrants, and the conflict between the Jews and the Palestinians - all contributed to intensifying the problem of creating the 'place'.

This paper examines public housing construction in Israel and its relationship to the 'place'. Following the Introduction, which reviews the question of the essence of the place in an immigrant society, the paper covers pre-State construction and Jewish-ideological planning, focusing on urban and neighbourhood planning during the first decade of the State of Israel (1948-1958). Planning was first evidenced in the town of Be'er Sheva - a desert town referred to in the bible as the City of Abraham. The town was rebuilt during the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century and later by the Israeli authorities.

In examining Be'er Sheva's urban and neighbourhood planning, the following questions may be studied: What is the relationship between 'ideological' planning and the population that 'lives' with the planning? What is the relationship between the planning and the physical conditions of the place? In effect, the issue of critical regionalism is examined.     

阿卡汉建筑奖与批判地域主义的多重表现

本文将阿卡汉建筑奖置于批判地域主义的理论视野下,从分析获奖案例入手,探讨其体现出的批判地域主义的多重表现;文中讨论了在全球化、现代化带来的外部范式改变下,建筑如何寻求传统的连续性,以形成当代的地域主义建筑。     

批判性地域主义下的特色街区规划

本文通过对批判性地域主义内涵的解读,从现代化技术的选择性应用和场所精神的营造两方面分析了批判性地域主义在街区规划中的应用,并以国内多个实例,研究了批判性地域主义视野下城市特色街区规划在技术方式,材料应用,综合环境以及设计手法上等方面的创新与经验。     

Stealing Baghdad: the city of Opa-locka,Florida and The Thief of Bagdad

Kenneth Frampton's version of the theory of critical regionalism turns on a dialectics between ‘universal civilisation’ and ‘national culture’ while relegating the political circumstances of his chosen architecture merely to a form of negation. Yet Frampton's source for this opposition, Paul Ricoeur, was writing directly about the cultural problems faced by anti-colonial liberation movements. This article returns critical regionalism to the immediately post-colonial moment of Singapore in the early 1960s. It explores the Singapore Conference Hall and Trade Union House (Malayan Architects Co-Partnership, 1962–1965) as an exemplary building of that period. Between colonialism and the rapid modernisation that would be unleashed on Singapore in the later 1960s, the building balanced particular forms of the regional with the universal forms of rationalism that modernism had come to represent. Bound up with this balance was another delicate negotiation. The building was the product and embodiment of the brief alliance between organised labour and the government of Lee Kuan Yew's People's Action Party. The article suggests that a better understanding of the building within these circumstances not only helps to give political, and specifically post-colonial, resonance to theories of critical regionalism, it also provides a counter-balance to Rem Koolhaas's dismissal of this period in Singapore's urban development.     

Singapore's moment: critical regionalism,its colonial roots and profound aftermath

Kenneth Frampton's version of the theory of critical regionalism turns on a dialectics between ‘universal civilisation’ and ‘national culture’ while relegating the political circumstances of his chosen architecture merely to a form of negation. Yet Frampton's source for this opposition, Paul Ricoeur, was writing directly about the cultural problems faced by anti-colonial liberation movements. This article returns critical regionalism to the immediately post-colonial moment of Singapore in the early 1960s. It explores the Singapore Conference Hall and Trade Union House (Malayan Architects Co-Partnership, 1962–1965) as an exemplary building of that period. Between colonialism and the rapid modernisation that would be unleashed on Singapore in the later 1960s, the building balanced particular forms of the regional with the universal forms of rationalism that modernism had come to represent. Bound up with this balance was another delicate negotiation. The building was the product and embodiment of the brief alliance between organised labour and the government of Lee Kuan Yew's People's Action Party. The article suggests that a better understanding of the building within these circumstances not only helps to give political, and specifically post-colonial, resonance to theories of critical regionalism, it also provides a counter-balance to Rem Koolhaas's dismissal of this period in Singapore's urban development.     

拉丁美洲的地域主义建筑实践

在近年来许多国际建筑奖项的获奖角逐中,拉丁美洲建筑师以自己独特的地域主义的实践方式得到了世界的认可。悉数过往才发现,拉丁美洲的现代建筑在地方文化延续方面的研究和努力远远超出我们的想象。通过分类和总结拉丁美洲建筑师们的地域主义设计方法,期望有助于我们的了解、借鉴和学习。     

西部建筑创作探讨——延安火车站设计构思

建筑设计是场所的设计,是“建构基地”的活动。它是需要、关联域和形式三者关系的有机和谐,也是基地——建筑物——人三者品质关系的和谐。西部建筑创作不应是一种形态或风格,而应是一种设计方法和原则。地方性和关联性是西部建筑创作的关键所在。     

西方批判性地域主义建筑师的探索与实践

在简要阐述了批判性地域主义的内涵之后，着重从建筑“场所感”的表达这个方面对西方几位建筑师的探索与实践做了一些分析和总结，从而创造出具有场所精神的地域建筑。     

肯尼斯·弗兰姆普顿的地域建筑观

探究美国建筑史学家肯尼斯·弗兰姆普顿的地域建筑观对当今建筑界的重要影响。从弗氏对批判性地域主义的认知中挖掘其哲学思想,洞悉弗氏提出的实践策略。分析发现,在哲学现象学思想的影响下,肯尼斯·弗兰姆普顿识别与辨认出属于批判性地域主义建筑的标准和要素,并在此基础上提出悖论式思考方式和创作策略。弗氏的地域建筑观对当代地区建筑创作具有实际的指导意义。