地震载荷作用下液化土中输流管道动态响应研究

将地震载荷作用下的液化区埋土管道模拟成受到液化土弹性力作用下的直梁模型,将管道两端约束等效化为两端弹性支承,考虑管-土间的相互作用和管内流体与管道之间的流固耦合作用,采用梁模型一般振型函数实施模态叠加法对液化区埋地管道进行地震响应的动态分析,探讨了管道、流体和液化土参数对管道上浮反应的影响。数值仿真结果表明:埋土管道在地震作用下砂土液化时的上浮位移,随液化区管道长度、管外径、管内流体流速、液化砂土的密度和管截面受到的轴向压应力的增大而增大,随管内输送流体的密度、液化土的相对弹性系数、管材的粘弹性系数和管截面受到的轴向拉应力的增大而减小,地震加速度幅值对管道上浮位移的影响相对较小。     

双拱缺陷管线整体屈曲的解析解研究

海底管线通常具有初始缺陷,高温高压作用下管线会在初始缺陷的基础上进一步变形最终发展为整体屈曲。该文以具有初始反对称双拱缺陷的海底管线为研究对象,基于理想管线整体屈曲的变形假设,通过求解管线屈曲前后的能量平衡方程,得到了管线发生二阶与四阶模态整体屈曲的解析解,建立了整体屈曲过程中管内轴力与屈曲波长间的关系。通过研究屈曲段轴力与滑动段轴力的变化规律,揭示了经典解析解得到的管线整体屈曲前轴力随幅值的变化曲线出现动态跳转的机理。工程算例分析表明,相同条件下管线更容易发生二阶模态的整体屈曲;当屈曲段轴力的释放速率大于滑动段摩阻力的累积速率时,才会出现动态跳转的问题。     

塌陷作用下埋地悬空管道的力学响应分析

地面塌陷会使得管道弯曲发生下沉或悬空现象,进而埋地管道会发生局部应力集中现象,是威胁管道安全运行的重要因素。根据管道的受力特点,将管道分为埋地段和悬空段,分别简化为Vlasov弹性地基梁和简支梁模型进行分析。依据管道的变形协调条件,得到了管道的挠度和内力计算公式。结合管道的运行状态,利用解得的内力计算公式,对管道的应力状态进行了分析和计算,为理论模型合理的应用范围提供了判别依据。通过与数值模拟结果和Winkler模型计算结果的对比,采用Vlasov模型对该类问题进行分析是可行的,其计算结果优于Winkler模型的计算结果。分析了管道尺寸、管道埋深、塌陷区域尺寸、以及管道材料对塌陷作用下悬空管道的影响,并进行归一化分析,发现塌陷区域尺寸对管道安全运行的影响最大。     

地铁隧道掘进爆破对既有埋地管道的动力影响

为研究爆破载荷作用下临近埋地管道的安全性,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立炸药、岩土体、埋地管道的管土耦合模型,对爆破荷载下埋地管道的动力响应进行研究.通过监测管道迎爆面-背爆面特定单元的应力和速度时程曲线,发现距管道两端1/4处的迎爆面存在应力集中现象,背爆面有局部应力放大效应,10～21 ms时管道轴向振动速度最...     

Stresses and deformations in a buried oil pipeline subject to differential frost heave in permafrost regions

Differential frost heave of the buried oil pipelines in permafrost regions can have an adverse effect on the mechanical status of the pipeline, and seriously endanger the pipeline security. In order to reduce the damage to the pipeline during its designed lifetime, it is necessary to analyze the mechanical behavior of oil pipelines taking into consideration the differential frost heave in the design of the pipelines in permafrost regions. In this paper, an elastico-plastic finite element model for the mechanical behaviors of the pipeline–soil system was established. In order to simplify computations, the effects of the temperature and moisture fields on the problem were considered by applying the computed temperature zones of soils surrounding the pipeline from the thermal analysis, and actual frost heaving ratio of the soils was applied to the mechanical model to calculate the stresses and deformations of the pipeline in permafrost regions. These analyses may provide some useful insights into the possible mechanical states of the pipeline–soil system for the design, construction and operation of the buried oil pipelines in permafrost regions.     

埋设悬跨海底管道的屈曲分析

考虑海床刚度,研究了埋设悬跨海底管道在热膨胀引起的轴向压力下的屈曲问题。传统方法是将悬跨管道简化为两端简支或者两端固支梁来处理。基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论,考虑线弹性海床刚度和轴向压力,建立并求解了埋设段管道和悬跨段管道在自重作用下的四阶常微分方程,获得了两段管道的静挠度和内力的解析公式。通过对静挠度的特性分析,给出了埋设管道段和悬跨管道段的稳定性判断准则。     

埋地钢管局部悬空的挠度和内力分析

在地质灾害作用下,埋地钢管下方的土壤下陷或流失会造成管道悬空,这给管道长期的安全运行构成了严重的威胁。对于埋地钢管在悬空时的失效问题曾有文献进行过研究,但均未推导出此种状态下埋地钢管的挠度和内力计算公式。该文基于Winkler假设的弹性地基梁理论,建立了埋地钢管在局部悬空时管道与土相互作用的力学模型。利用埋地钢管悬空段与非悬空段之间的变形协调性,通过求解管轴挠曲线微分方程,得出了埋地钢管在局部悬空时的挠度和内力计算公式。通过算例与有限元方法的结果进行了比较,结果表明:该方法在精度方面可满足工程要求。     

轴向力作用下埋设于线弹性土壤中的悬跨管道振动分析

利用细长梁的小挠度理论,建立了两端埋设在线弹性土壤中的含轴向力的悬跨管道自由振动方程。基于埋设段的刚度约束特性,建立了悬跨段管道的边界条件。解析求解得到了悬跨段管道频率方程,数值求解了不同土壤刚度和轴向力条件下悬跨段管道的固有频率。研究表明:悬跨段管道振动特性取决于轴向力系数和土壤刚度系数,工程上推荐使用的简支梁和两端固支梁模型只在几个特殊参数点上适用,建议采用该方法进行悬跨管道振动分析。     

埋地管道爆炸地冲击作用的试验研究

利用DASP采集分析系统对常规武器或TNT药柱土中爆炸地冲击作用下引起埋地管道上的动应力进行了测试分析,得出了常规武器钻地爆炸地冲击作用下,正对爆心的埋地管段背面部分因弯曲易受到轴向拉应力破坏,且受力过程是瞬态受力过程的结论。利用LS-DYNA3D有限元程序对埋地管道爆炸地冲击作用影响进行了数值模拟分析,并与测试结果进行了比较,效果较好。     

Mechanical behaviour analysis of buried pressure pipeline crossing ground settlement zone

Numerical simulation model of buried pipeline crossing ground settlement zone was established considering pipeline–soil interaction. Mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline was investigated, and effects of ground settlement, pipeline parameters and surrounding soil parameters on mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline were discussed. These results show that there are two high stress areas on both sides of the dividing plane. High stress areas are oval on the top and bottom of the pipeline. Z-shape bending deformation appears under the action of ground settlement. In ground settlement zone, axial strain on the top of the pipeline is compression strain, and axial strain on the bottom of the pipeline is tension strain. On the contrary, they are tension strain and compression strain respectively in no settlement zone. Bending deformation, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in ground settlement. Von Mises stress, high stress area, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increasing diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure, but they decrease with the increase in buried depth. Diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure have a small effect on the bending deformation of the buried pipeline. Bending deformation decreases with the increase in buried depth in ground settlement zone. Von Mises stress and high stress area increase with the increasing surrounding soil’s elasticity modulus and cohesion, but they increase first and then decrease with the increase in Poisson’s ratio. Bending deformation of the pipeline in no settlement zone increases with the increase in elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio, but it is affected little by the cohesion. Axial strain and plastic strain have a bigger relationship with the elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in cohesion, and the change rates increase with the increase in ground settlement.     

埋地输油管道对爆破振动的动力响应

为了控制爆破振动对油气管道的影响,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对埋地管道在爆破作用下不同方向的受力过程进行数值模拟,建立埋地管道三维有限元模型,采用多物质流固耦合算法模拟爆破过程。结果表明:基于流固耦合方法模拟得到的振速与现场实测结果基本一致,利用该模拟方法研究爆破振动对埋地输油管道的影响是可行的。经过爆破模拟分析,得到埋地管道上的有效应力变化规律。迎爆面和背爆面受到的应力远高于管顶、管底受到的应力,且迎爆面的有效应力大于背爆面,说明迎爆面是最容易发生变形的;管顶和管底位于管道的中轴面上,受到的应力较小,变形也较小。     

单层和双层足尺度海底管道抗冲击性能分析

海底管道在服役过程中除了受到常规荷载作用外,还会受到各种意外的冲击载荷作用而失效。为了研究承受横向冲击载荷作用下海底管道的动态特性,对三个单层和一个双层的足尺度管道进行了落锤冲击试验,获得了横向冲击作用下管道的破坏形态、冲击力时程曲线、位移时程曲线及应变时程曲线。建立了分析冲击荷载作用下海底管道失效过程的有限元模型,并通过与试验结果的对比验证了模型的精确性。利用有限元模型研究了冲击高度、材料屈服强度、管道长细比和径厚比等参数对管道抗冲击性能的影响。研究结果表明:海底管道在冲击载荷作用下的破坏模式是局部凹陷处弯曲屈服,由管道的整体弯曲变形与冲击凹痕部位的局部弯曲耦合形成。与单层管道相比,双层管道由于内层管道参与抵抗冲击荷载的作用,从而具有更好的抗冲击性能。管道钢材的屈服强度的增加可有效减小冲击作用下的局部凹陷变形。     

考虑近断层脉冲型地震动影响的埋地管道地震易损性分析

近断层脉冲型地震动具有短时高能量的脉冲特性,会对埋地管道等长周期结构造成较为严重的破坏。为研究近断层脉冲型地震动影响的埋地管道抗震性能,该文基于简化速度脉冲模型,结合脉冲周期、脉冲峰值的经验统计公式,模拟了不同地震动的方向性脉冲分量和滑冲脉冲分量,通过与ATC-63报告推荐的远场地震动中的高频成份进行叠加,合成了具有多种频率成分的近断层脉冲型地震动;在此基础上,进一步考虑空间变异性,生成了的空间相关多点非平稳地震动。利用ANSYS软件进行有限元建模,输入人工合成的地震动进行增量动力时程分析,建立了PGV与埋地管道最大应变之间关系的概率地震需求模型,结合管道极限破坏状态的划分,进而建立了考虑不确定性的不同管材、管径、壁厚及填覆土的埋地管道地震易损性模型。该模型为跨断层埋地管道地震风险评估中的地震易损性分析提供了理论基础。     

Model test study on influence of freezing and thawing on the crude oil pipeline in cold regions

Buried pipelines are one of most economical and convenient methods for the transportation of large volumes of oil and gas. When a pipeline is buried in cold regions, it may suffer frost damage. Previous studies of pipelines and the surrounding soils in cold regions have tended to concentrate on the theory and practical engineering problems. This paper reports the results of a model test to investigate the stresses and strains on the buried pipeline and surrounding soils in the permafrost and seasonal frost areas based on the Mo'he–Daqing section of the China–Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP). The temperature of the soils surrounding the pipeline, displacement and axial strain as well as stress in the pipeline induced by frost heave and thaw settlement are monitored and analyzed. The test results will have some significance in guiding the construction of the CRCOP in cold regions.     

Model test study on influence of freezing and thawing on the crude oil pipeline in cold regions

Buried pipelines are one of most economical and convenient methods for the transportation of large volumes of oil and gas. When a pipeline is buried in cold regions, it may suffer frost damage. Previous studies of pipelines and the surrounding soils in cold regions have tended to concentrate on the theory and practical engineering problems. This paper reports the results of a model test to investigate the stresses and strains on the buried pipeline and surrounding soils in the permafrost and seasonal frost areas based on the Mo'he-Daqing section of the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP). The temperature of the soils surrounding the pipeline, displacement and axial strain as well as stress in the pipeline induced by frost heave and thaw settlement are monitored and analyzed. The test results will have some significance in guiding the construction of the CRCOP in cold regions.     

Stresses and deformations in a buried oil pipeline subject to differential frost heave in permafrost regions

Differential frost heave of the buried oil pipelines in permafrost regions can have an adverse effect on the mechanical status of the pipeline, and seriously endanger the pipeline security. In order to reduce the damage to the pipeline during its designed lifetime, it is necessary to analyze the mechanical behavior of oil pipelines taking into consideration the differential frost heave in the design of the pipelines in permafrost regions. In this paper, an elastico-plastic finite element model for the mechanical behaviors of the pipeline-soil system was established. In order to simplify computations, the effects of the temperature and moisture fields on the problem were considered by applying the computed temperature zones of soils surrounding the pipeline from the thermal analysis, and actual frost heaving ratio of the soils was applied to the mechanical model to calculate the stresses and deformations of the pipeline in permafrost regions. These analyses may provide some useful insights into the possible mechanical states of the pipeline-soil system for the design, construction and operation of the buried oil pipelines in permafrost regions.     

Stress induced magnetization changes of steel pipes--Laboratory tests

Magnetometer surveys above gas pipelines show stress induced magnetic anomalies at pipe bends. This suggests a potential technique for the noninvasive monitoring of stress in buried pipelines, etc. Laboratory measurements of the magnetic field changes due to the elastic bending of 110 mm diameter pipe are presented. The effects of orientation with respect to the earths field and of internal pressure are reported. Hysteretic effects are found to be important.     

Stresses in buried conduits caused by freezing front

A laboratory experiment modeling the buried conduit problem was performed to study the stress changes in the conduit as a result of frost penetration in the soil. The model consisted of a large-scale soil container insulated on all sides except the top. The level and temperature of the ground water in the container, and the end restraints of the buried conduit, could be controlled. The model was placed in a cold room where the air temperature could be reduced to ?25°C. The experimental results, supplemented by the available field data, demonstrate the influence of soil freezing on pipe bending stresses. Maximum frost depth, which can vary with the rate of freezing even for comparable air freezing indexes, is a significant soil thermal parameter that correlates with pipe stresses. Availability of ground water significantly increases pipe stresses while pipe-end restraints tend to decrease them slightly. The results suggest that the water expulsion by the advancing freezing front causes loss of soil stiffness due to the increased pore water pressures and decreased effective stresses in the soil.     

Classical Approach to Analyzing the Influence of Edge Boundary Conditions on Stresses and Flexibility of Pipe Elastic Bend

A new analytical method is proposed for the analysis of boundary effect in a pipe bend portion loaded by bending moment combined with internal pressure. The proposed method is based on the simplifying hypotheses, which make possible to represent all deformation- and force-related parameters in terms of the tangential displacement assumed in the form of the Fourier series expansion by the circumferential coordinate. A set of quadric differential equations by axial coordinate containing unknown displacement expansion coefficients is derived. We obtained an analytical approximate solution for a pipe bend portion and precise solution for a straight pipe, which are expressed via Krylov functions. We formulate the application procedure for the method of initial parameter, where the values of tangential and longitudinal displacements, axial and tangential forces are used as boundary conditions. We present the equations relating the above-mentioned parameters in the initial and end sections of the pipe bend portion. The results obtained are compared with the available published data. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 64 – 94, July – August, 2005.     

Buckling failure mode analysis of buried X80 steel gas pipeline under reverse fault displacement

High strength steel pipeline is widely used in long distance transportation of natural gas. These pipelines are vulnerable under active faults in strong seismic areas. The buckling failure modes of high strength X80 gas pipeline crossing reverse fault were analyzed systematically in this paper. Based on the nonlinear finite element method, a pipe-elbow hybrid model was developed for buckling failure analysis of X80 steel pipeline under reverse fault displacement. The pipe soil interaction relationship was simulated by a series of elastic-plastic soil springs. The nonlinearity of pipe material and large deformation were also considered. The non-linear stabilization algorithm was selected due to the convergence of the numerical model. Engineering parameters used in the Second West to East Gas Pipeline in China were selected in this study. Typical features for beam buckling and local buckling failure in the proposed numerical model were derived. Based on a series of parametric studies, the influences of the fault displacement, fault dip angle, pipe wall thickness, buried depth of pipe and soil conditions on the buckling failure modes were discussed in detail. The proposed methodology can be referenced for failure analysis and strength evaluation of pipelines subjected to reverse fault displacement.