Internal Oxidation Thermodynamics and Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of AgSnO2 Electrical Contact Materials

研究了Ag-Sn合金内氧化热力学与恒温氧化行为。热力学计算结果表明,Ag-Sn合金内氧化在热力学上是可行的,并绘制了合金氧化热力学区位图。经氧化实验获得Ag-Sn合金恒温氧化行为曲线。Ag-Sn合金快速氧化的温度区间为550℃至800℃。随内氧化温度的升高,合金的氧化更为彻底并逐步趋于平稳。实验所得AgSnO2材料中,SnO2颗粒弥散分布于Ag基体中。在内氧化过程中,氧的扩散使合金内部发生氧化,并生成呈网状排布的氧化物。     

AgSnO_2电接触材料内氧化热力学与恒温氧化行为（英文）

研究了Ag-Sn合金内氧化热力学与恒温氧化行为。热力学计算结果表明,Ag-Sn合金内氧化在热力学上是可行的,并绘制了合金氧化热力学区位图。经氧化实验获得Ag-Sn合金恒温氧化行为曲线。Ag-Sn合金快速氧化的温度区间为550℃至800℃。随内氧化温度的升高,合金的氧化更为彻底并逐步趋于平稳。实验所得AgSnO2材料中,SnO2颗粒弥散分布于Ag基体中。在内氧化过程中,氧的扩散使合金内部发生氧化,并生成呈网状排布的氧化物。     

低偏析高温合金M41的高温氧化性能研究

用Ｍ１７和Ｋ３合金作对比，着重研究了低偏析镍基铸造高温合金Ｍ４１的高温氧化性能进行了恒温氧化、循环氧化以及Ｘ射线衍时（ＸＲＤ）、扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）、能谱分析（ＥＤＡＸ）等实验，结果表明，Ｍ４１合金的氧化速度随温度升高以加速度方式增长，但小于Ｋ３合金，温度越高，差别越大；在１０００℃以上，Ｍ４１合金的氧化动力学规律明显偏低于抛物线规律．Ｍ４１合金循环氧化性能优于Ｍ１７合金，氧化膜粘附性较好，基本不脱落，在过渡氧化阶段，该合金主要形成Ｎｉ和Ｃｒ的氧化物：稳态氧化阶段的氧化层主要由连续致密的Ｃｒ２Ｏ３，外氧化层和树根状Ａｌ２Ｏ３内氧化层构成．内氧化随时间延长，温度升高而加剧，离外氧化层／基体界面越近，内氧化物颗粒越细、越多．     

550℃高温钛合金的性能

Ｔｉ－５Ａｌ－４Ｓｎ－２Ｚｒ－１Ｍｏ－０．２５Ｓｉ－１Ｎｄ（简称Ｔｉ－５５）高温钛合金是我国自行设计研制的一种新型耐热钛合金．该合金通过添加适量稀土元素Ｎｄ,细化了合金组织,提高了合金抗氧化能力。稀土元素在合金中的内氧化,使合金基体中的氧含量降低并促使基体中的锡原子向稀土氧化物转移,抑制了Ｔｉ３Ｘ相的析出。同时,稀土氧化形成的稀土氧化物颗粒作为合金形核的弥散质点及其稀土氧化物颗粒周围所形成的位错亚结构对合金起到强化作用,使Ｔｉ－５５合金在使用温度下具有满意的热强性和热稳定性的最佳匹配。 近年,我…     

二元双相Cu-50Cr合金在700─900℃空气中的氧化

Cu－50Cr合金在700—900℃空气中的氧化结果表明,合金的氧化动力学在700和800℃遵循抛物线速度规律,在900℃其瞬时抛物线速率常数随时间而降低．合金氧化外层膜是CuO和Cu2O,内层膜由氧化铜和尖晶石型氧化物为基并嵌有Cr颗粒组成,Cr表面有Cr2O3和Cu2Cr2O4膜。900℃的氧化膜与基体金属界面上可观察到连续的Cr2O3层.合金未形成Cr的选择性外氧化．     

单晶Ni—6.0Al—6.5Ta—8.5Mo—6.5Cr合金的高温氧化及其氧化物分布特征

对单晶Ni-6.0Al-6.5Ta-8.5Mo-6.5Cr合金高温氧化后的组织结构进行了SEM观察,并用EDAX和X射线衍射对其氧化物进行分析,研究了合金氧化物的分布特征及其对持久性能的影响。结果表明：在大气环境的服股条件下无保护涂层合金的表层、次表层发生明显的氧化、内氧化现象;在氧化初期形成以Al为主的氧化物,在近表层处形成以Cr,Al和Ta为主的氧化物,在次表层形成的大颗粒内氧化物为α-Al2O3,Mo不参与合金的内、外氧化,近内氧化物处出现贫Al区,致使区为γ强化相消失;有保护涂层的单晶合金高温氧化后,贫Al区尺寸减小,区内无大尺寸内氧化物,因此使合金的持久性能明显提高。     

Fe-Y合金在600～800℃纯氧气氛中的氧化行为

研究了纯Ｙ和两种Ｆｅ－Ｙ合金在６００～８００℃０．１ＭＰａ纯氧中的氧化．两种合金形成的外氧化膜包括Ｆｅ、Ｙ的氧化物及其复合氧化物,并发生了Ｙ的内氧化．内氧化区继承了原始合金的显微组织形貌,且内氧化区前沿无贫Ｙ现象．这些特点是Ｙ在基体金属中低的溶解度和合金中存在不同于基体金属α－Ｆｅ的金属间化合物相的直接结果．     

溅射Ni-8Cr-3.5Al纳米晶涂层的抗高温氧化行为

对Ｎｉ－８Ｃｒ－３．５Ａｌ质量分数,％合金及其纳米晶涂层进行了１０００℃空气中高温氧化研究。结果表明：Ｎｉ－８Ｃｒ－３．５Ａｌ纳米晶涂层的抗高温氧化性能优于Ｎｉ－８Ｃｒ－３．５Ａｌ合金。这主要在于Ｎｉ－８Ｃｒ－３．５Ａｌ纳变涂层表面生成了具有分层结构含一连续α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３内层的氧化膜,而Ｎｉ－８Ｃｒ－３．５Ａｌ合金则生成了由Ｃｒ２Ｏ３内氧化物组成的氧化膜。讨论了涂层氧化膜的生成过程。     

THE OXIDATION OF A TWO-PHASE Cu-50Cr ALLOY IN AIR AT 70O ─900℃

Ｃｕ－５０Ｃｒ合金在７００－９００℃空气中的氧化结果表明,合金的氧化动力学在７０和８００℃遵循抛物线速度规律,在９００℃其瞬时抛物线速度常数随时间而降低。合金氧化外层膜是ＣｕＯ和Ｃｕ２Ｏ,内层膜由氧化铜和尖晶石型氧化物为基并嵌有Ｃｒ颗粒组成,Ｃｒ表面有Ｃｒ２Ｏ３和Ｃｕ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ４膜。９００℃的氧化膜与基体金属界面粘可观察到连续的Ｃｒ２Ｏ３层。合金未形成Ｃｒ的选择性外氧化。     

在600－800℃低氧压下Co－Nb合金的氧化

研究了含１５与３０ｗｔ％Ｎｂ的两种Ｃｏ－Ｎｂ合金在６００－８００℃低氧压Ｆ的氧化性能选择的氧压低于相应温度的氧化钴分解压，由Ｈ２－ＣＯ２混合气获得，在６００℃为１０－２４ａｔｍ，而７００与８００℃为１０－２０ａｔｍ．两种合金在６００与７００℃氧化结果仅产生由α－ＣＯ与氧化铌（ＮｂＯ２与Ｎｂ２Ｏ５）混合物组成的内氧化带在７００℃尚可能生成双元氧化物ＣＯＮｂ２Ｏ６在内氧化带界而无贫Ｎｂ层可见．两会金，尤其是Ｃｏ－３０Ｎｂ在８００℃时发生了由内氧化向外氧化的转变，伴随有贫Ｎｂ的单相区出现于合金的表层．从Ｃｏ中Ｎｂ的溶解度很低和合金与氧化膜显微组织的特点等角度详细讨论了合金的腐蚀机制．     

Ag-Sn合金氧化行为的研究

    研究了4种不同锡含量的Ag-Sn合金在700℃和800℃的氧化行为.结果表明,当锡含量小于4 mass%时,在表面有银出现,其下形成一层薄的外氧化膜,氧可以扩散到基体内部使基体完全内氧化;当锡含量大于5 mass%时,在合金的外表面出现少许银,其下为较厚的连续外氧化膜,内氧化前沿为富集内氧化产物并沿原合金晶界连成的网络.文中对这两种特性的氧化行为进行了具体阐述.     

两种Co-Nb合金在60O℃～800℃1大气压纯氧中的氧化

研究了含Ｎｂ１５和３０ｗｔ％的Ｃｏ－Ｎｂ二元合金在ｌａｔｉｎ纯氧中６００～８００℃的氧化特性。它们的氧化动力学近似地遵循抛物线规律,而其瞬时氧化速率常数随时间而减低、且以６００℃氧化者尤甚。两合金的氧化速率均高于纯Ｃｏ,但其速率增量颇低。在所有的实验条件下,两合金都发生了外氧化与内氧化,外氧化膜的外侧为连续的纯氧化钴带,其下为两个二元Ｃｏ－Ｎｂ氧化物（ＣＯＮｂ２Ｏ６和ＣＯ４Ｎｂ２Ｏ９）与基金属氧化物的混合。内氧化带为氧化钴、氧化铌（Ｎｂ２Ｏ５或／和ＮｂＯ２）的混合,而在该带的最外侧还有源于富Ｎｂ合金相的二元氧化物。在合金－氧化膜界面处都没有观察到贫铌带。从合金的和所生成氧化膜的显微组织特征,尤其是从铌在钴中溶解度低的角度,对合金的氧化行为进行了讨论。     

The Air Oxidation of Two-Phase Fe-Cu Alloys at 600-800°C

The air oxidation of three Fe-Cu alloyscontaining 25, 50, and 75 wt.% Cu has been studied at600-800°C. The oxidation followed the parabolic lawonly approximately with rates lower than those of thepure constituent metals. The scales were alwayscomposed of an inner layer containing a mixture ofcopper metal and iron oxide and of an outer oxide layerwhose composition depended on the copper content of the alloy. For the two alloys richer in ironthe external layer was composed mostly of iron oxideswith some copper-rich particles which oxidized only inthe external-scale zone. For the alloy richest in copper the external layer contained a complexmixture of iron oxides, copper particles and doubleFe-Cu oxides surmounted by an outermost copper-oxidelayer. No significant iron depletion was observed in the alloys beneath the region of internaloxidation. The peculiar scale microstructure observedfor these alloys is considered mainly as a consequenceof their two-phase microstructure and of the limited solubilities of the two components in oneanother.     

Development of preferential intergranular oxides in nickel-aluminum alloys at high temperatures

The development of intergranular oxides in dilute Ni-Al alloys containing 0.55–4.10% Al in Ni-NiO packs and in 1 atm oxygen at 800–1100°C has been examined. In the Ni-NiO packs, preferential intergranular oxide penetration as well as internal oxidation occurs in every case, except in the higher aluminum-containing alloys at 1100°C. Several different types of intergranular oxide morphology were observed, depending on alloy aluminum concentration and on temperature. The oxides in the more dilute alloys are thin and relatively continuous and are accompanied by preferential penetration of internal oxide particles in the adjacent grains. Thicker intergranular oxides are precipitated in the more concentrated alloys while, in some situations, numerous fine oxide particles are formed well ahead of the main intergranular oxide. The intergranular oxidation is facilitated by high stress development in the specimens due to increases in volume as internal and intergranular oxides are formed. These stresses create microvoids in the grain boundaries immediately ahead of the advancing internal and intergranular oxides, resulting in preferential nucleation and growth of further intergranular oxides. This is the case particularly at the lower temperatures where other stress-relief processes cannot operate. The resulting relatively continuous, incoherent intergranular oxide-metal interface allows a high flux of oxygen to the advancing intergranular oxide front. Preferential intergranular oxidation is much less extensive in the presence of a thickening external NiO scale, due to accommodation of the volume increases on internal oxide formation by vacancies injected into the alloy from the growing cationdeficient scale.British Nuclear Fuels, Windscale Works, Seascale, Cumbria, U.K.     

Oxidation behavior of three-phase Cu-25Ni-30Cr alloy at 700- 800℃ under high oxygen pressures

The thermogravimetric analysis of a ternary Cu-25Ni-30Cr alloy prepared by conventional casting was performed in 0.1 MPa pure O2 at 700 - 800 ℃. The results show that the alloy is composed of three phases,where the phase with the largest copper and lowest chromium content forms the matrix, while the other two,much richer in chromium, form a dispersion of isolated particles. At variance with another three-phase Cu-20Ni-20Cr alloy, which forms complex scales containing the oxides of the various components and double oxides plus an irregular region composed of alloy and oxides, the present alloy can form a very irregular but continuous chromia layer at the base of the mixed internal region, producing a gradual decrease of the oxidation rate down to very low values. A larger chromium content needed to form chromia layer for a ternary three-phase alloy is attributed to the limitations to the diffusion of the alloy components in the metal substrate imposed by their multiphase nature.     

The effects of Te and misch metal additions on the microstructure and properties of rapidly solidified Ag−Sn−In alloy for electrical contact applications

High wear resistance with a stable contact resistance is a prerequisite for electrical contact applications. Although Ag−CdO has been widely used as an electrical contact material, there are intrinsic problems of forming large Cd oxide particles and environmental regulations against using Cd. Newly developed Ag−SnO₂ alloys are considered good candidates to replace Ag−CdO alloys due to their stable and fine oxide formation capabilities. In addition, further improvements in performance are expected in Ag−SnO₂ alloys by alloy modification and/or solidification processing to produce finer and stable oxide dispersions through internal oxidation. The effect of the addition of Te and misch metal, which function as oxide forming elements, on Ag−Sn−In ternary alloy was investigated. Up to 0.5 wt.% of Te and misch metals were added and rapidly solidified to maximize their effect on fine oxide formation in an Ag matrix. Resulting microstructural changes and properties were evaluated through electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and hardness measurements. The role of Te addition was to provide nucleation sites for complex oxides such as In₂TeO₆ phase and to ensure fine and well dispersed SnO₂ oxide particles. A rapid increase in size was observed for both grain and oxide particles when Te content exceeded 0.3 wt.%. Misch metal addition, on the other hand, had a pronounced effect on grain size reduction of the Ag matrix, and was interpreted as a consequence of decreasing the latent heat of solidification. Maximum hardness was achieved at 0.3 wt.% misch metal addition. In both cases, hardness decreased rapidly at 0.5 wt.% addition and was attributed to the large grain size of the matrix, and also large oxide particles aggregated in the matrix grains.     

添加Ni对Cu-25Co合金在600,700℃纯氧气中氧化行为的影响(英文)

研究了三元双相Cu-20Ni-25Co合金在600,700℃、0.1 MPa纯氧气中的氧化行为.结果表明:合金的氧化动力学不规则且偏离抛物线规律,氧化动力学曲线由3段抛物线段组成.前期研究的二元双相Cu-25Co合金经过了较长时间的氧化后合金表面未能形成活泼组元Co的选择性外氧化,而本研究的Cu-20Ni-25Co合金表面氧化膜外层主要是由CuO组成.紧接着是Co的氧化物层.可见,向Cu-25Co合金中加入Ni后,降低了合金表面形成活泼组元Co外氧化膜所需的临界浓度,促使合金表面在较低Co含量下能形成活泼组元Co的外氧化膜.     

Oxidation Behavior of K4750 Alloy at Temperatures Between 750 ℃and 1000 ℃

This study investigated the oxidation behavior of a new casting Ni-based superalloy K4750 at 750 ℃-1000 ℃ in air for 100 h-1000 h by isothermal oxidation tests.The oxidation-kinetic curves were plotted by the static discontinuous weight gain method.Observation and identification of oxidation products were conducted using scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS),electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) was also used to analyze the chemical state of elements and the distribution in depth.The results showed that the oxidation-kinetic curves of K4750 alloy basically obeyed the parabolic law.The average oxidation rate below 900 ℃ was less than 0.1 g/m2.h which meant the alloy was at a complete anti-oxidation grade,and the alloy was at an anti-oxidation grade at 1000 ℃.The predominant surface oxide was Cr2O3,and a double layer structure of the oxide scale was observed at all tested temperatures as time increased.The outer oxide layer contained continuous Cr2O3 and a small amount of oxides mixed TiO2 and NiCr2O4,while the inner oxide layer was composed with Al2O3.The oxidation process could be interpreted by the competitive oxidation of different elements.The diffusion rate of Ti through Cr2O3 layer increased with increasing temperature,and thus the generation of TiO2 was advantageous.The dispersed TiO2 reaching a certain amount destroyed the continuity of the surface oxide layer,which accounted for the reduction of oxidation resistance of K4750 alloy at high temperatures.