A study of the concentrations of selected organic vapors in the ambient atmosphere of suburban and rural New Jersey locations

Data were collected on a selected group of volatile organic compounds including aromatic, chlorinated aromatic, and halogenated one‐ and two‐carbon compounds at three sites in the state of New Jersey. Sampling took place at South Amboy, Rutherford and Batsto Village during 1979 and continued in 1980 at the latter two sites. Studies were also carried out on the correlation of the concentration data obtained with wind direction during sampling.

The most frequently detected pollutants include the aromatic compounds, benzene, toluene, xylenes and chlorobenzene, as well as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene. Concentration levels found were usually in the low part‐per‐billion range for Rutherford and South Amboy, with levels in Batsto averaging at least a factor of three lower. Correlation of wind direction with average concentration shows no significant trends for Rutherford or Batsto, but does indicate a general effect of industrial area pollution on South Amboy.     

关于在我国砖和砌块等墙材标准中以体积吸水率取代质量吸水率表示墙材吸水性的探讨和建议

对于材料吸水性有关的材料的物理性能以及吸水率对墙体材料性能,如孔隙率、干燥收缩和抗冻性等的影响进行了讨论,介绍了美国标准ASTM关于对墙材吸水性的规定,最后建议在砖和砌块墙材标准中应以体积吸水率取代质量吸水率表示墙材的吸水性。     

Pressure development during explosions in clouds of dusts from grain, feedstuffs and other natural organic materials

An investigation into the explosibility of dusts from a range of grain and feedstuffs has been undertaken. The standard Hartmann bomb was used as test apparatus, the ignition source being a continuous spark.The purpose of the investigation was two-fold. First, it was of interest to analyze the statistical scatter in data from replicate Hartmann bomb tests. Secondly, it was desirable to disclose any systematic relationship existing between explosibility, and physical and chemical properties of the dusts.The statistical analysis revealed that the coefficients of variation, σ/m, of p_max in replicate tests with a given dust, were for most of the dusts between 0.05 and 0.10, whereas in the case of (dp/dt)_max most of the coefficients of variation were between 0.20 and 0.40. Further statistical analysis indicated that distributions of data from replicate Hartmann bomb test scan be assumed to be normal.No systematic correlation between calorific values of the dusts and explosibility was found.The possibility of correlating explosibility to chemical composition as obtained in a standard Weende feedstuffs analysis, was investigated. A reasonably good positive correlation between (dp/dt)_max and percentage starch + fibres (cellulose) was disclosed. Results from additional Hartmann bomb tests with starch, cellulose and protein powders confirmed the validity of this correlation. The goodness of the correlation was improved when taking into account the effect of variations in particle size, expressed as specific “envelope” surface.The effect of moisture content in the dust, on (dp/dt)_max was also investigated. A simple relationship, likely to be applicable to the group of dusts studied, was found.The results obtained can be condensed into an approximative, empirical equation, applicable to the group of dusts studied, and giving, at a selected probability level of confidence, (dp/dt)_max in a Hartmann bomb test as a function of chemical composition, moisture content, and fineness of the dust.     

Standards for the radioactivity content of building materials,as recommended by a committee of the health council

A committee of the Health Council of the Netherlands has developed a system of activity concentration limits in order to control the radiation dose coming from building materials. For each building material two limits have been calculated: one based on an upper bound for the additional individual dose equivalent and one based on an unconditionally acceptable additional dose equivalent for parts of the population.     

情系灾区关注重建行业盛典会聚蓉城——第22届中国墙体屋面材料设备暨配套产品博览会、2008'中国(成都)重建家园高层论坛、2008'中国砖瓦工业协会年在成都市隆重召开

深秋的蓉城,在经历了5·12特大地震的撼动和与之顽强抗争之后,仍以她那美丽和坚贞的姿态,迎来了国内外砖瓦界的各位朋友会聚在此,参加一年一度的砖瓦行业盛会,制定行业发展大计,参与灾后重建工作,同时将最新研制的科技创新和节能绿色墙材装备与产品向社会和用户展示,分析国际     

第20届中国墙体屋面材料、设备暨配套产品博览会在北京胜利召开

由中国砖瓦工业协会主办的“第20届中国墙体屋面材料、设备暨配套产品博览会”于2006年11月14日在北京展览馆落下帏幕。来自国内外100个砖瓦、新型墙材、设备及配套产品生产企业带着各自的新产品参加了展出;来自国内27个省市的业内外代表2千余人参观了博览会。中国建材工业协会、国家墙改办、北京市金隅集团、中国贸促会建材分会的领导及新当选的中国砖瓦工业协会第五届理事会副会长出席了开幕式。中国建材工业协会会长张人为、中国砖瓦工业协会名誉会长杨志元、会长孙向远、国家墙改办副主任滕军力、北京市金隅集团党委常委、工会主席王建…     

Ammonia removal from wastewater by ion exchange in the presence of organic contaminants

The scope of this study was the removal of ammonium by ion exchange from simulated wastewater. The study looks at the effect of organics upon ammonium ion exchange equilibrium uptake. The ion exchangers included a natural zeolite clinoptilolite, and two polymeric exchangers, Dowex 50w-x8, and Purolite MN500. The organic compounds studied included citric acid and a number of proteins. The traditional method for removal of ammonium and organic pollutants from wastewater is biological treatment, but ion exchange offers a number of advantages including the ability to handle shock loadings and the ability to operate over a wider range of temperatures. The results show that in most of the cases studied, the presence of organic compounds enhances the uptake of ammonium ion onto the ion exchangers.     

The use of polar organic compounds to estimate the contribution of domestic solid fuel combustion and biogenic sources to ambient levels of organic carbon and PM2.5 in Cork Harbour, Ireland

PM_2.5 samples collected at Cork Harbour, Ireland during summer, autumn, late autumn and winter, 2008-2009 were analyzed for polar organic compounds that are useful markers for aerosol source characterization. The determined compounds include tracers for biomass burning primary particles, fungal spores, markers for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from isoprene, α-/β-pinene, and d-limonene. Seasonal and temporal variations and other characteristic features of the detected tracers are discussed in terms of aerosol sources and processes. The biogenic species were detected only during the summer period where the contributions of isoprene SOA and fungal spores to the PM_2.5 organic carbon (OC) were estimated to be 1.6% and 1% respectively. The biomass burning markers, and in particular levoglucosan, were present in all samples and attributed to the combustion of cellulose-containing fuels including wood, peat, bituminous and smokeless coal. The contribution of domestic solid fuel (DSF) burning to the measured OC mass concentration was estimated at 10.8, 50, 66.4 and 74.9% for summer, autumn, late autumn and winter periods, respectively, based on factors derived from a series of burning experiments on locally available fuels. Application of an alternative approach, namely principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), to the measured concentrations of the polar organic marker compounds used in conjunction with real-time air quality data provided similar trends and estimates for DSF combustion during all seasons except summer. This study clearly demonstrates that, despite the ban on the sale of bituminous coal in Cork and other large urban areas in Ireland, DSF combustion is still the major source of OC during autumn and winter periods and also makes a significant contribution to PM_2.5 levels. The developed marker approach for estimating the contribution of DSF combustion to ambient OC concentrations can, in principle, also be applied to other locations.     

Nutrient and organic carbon trends and patterns in the upper Rio Grande, 1975-1999

Nutrient patterns and trends were analyzed using USGS water quality data collected from 1975 to 1999 along the uppermost 600 km of the Rio Grande in Colorado and New Mexico. Data on discharge, pH, organic carbon (total), N-NH(4+)+organic N (total), NH4+ (dissolved), N-NO(2-)+N-NO3- (dissolved), phosphorus (total), and P-orthophosphate (dissolved) came from six USGS stations--Lobatos, Taos Junction, Otowi, San Felipe, Isleta and Bernardo--ranging from the Colorado-New Mexico border to about 80 km below Albuquerque, NM. Kendall's S and Seasonal Kendall's S' were used to measure trend, and ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison test were used to analyze spatial differences between stations. Temporal trend analyses show widespread decreases in N and P concentrations at most stations, likely due to improvements in sewage treatment and dilution from increasing discharge. N-NO(2-)+N-NO3- (dissolved) and total nitrate load increases at Isleta and Bernardo, likely due to improved nitrification in sewage treatment and to increasing human population. Spatial analyses show large increases for most parameters at Isleta. All parameters show decreases again at Bernardo, about 50 km downstream from Isleta, except for N-NO(2-)+N-NO3- (dissolved), which continues to increase. Urbanization in the Albuquerque area significantly impacts downstream river nutrient levels.     

Prenatal exposures to persistent organic pollutants as measured in cord blood and meconium from three localities of Zhejiang, China

Prenatal exposures to persistent organic pollutants were assessed using the levels of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) measured in cord blood and meconium samples from Luqiao and two other localities of the Zhejiang province in China. Luqiao is a town with the largest site for disassembly of PCB-containing obsolete transformers and electrical waste in China. The other two localities Pingqiao (100 km NW of Luqiao) and Lin'an (500 km NW of Luqiao) are towns without known electronic or electrical waste sites. A total of 23 PCB congeners (including 12 dioxin-like) and 6 OCPs were measured using the traditional GC-muECD technique. Micro-EROD bioassay was additionally used to measure TCDD-based TEQ levels of the 12 dioxin-like PCBs. Significant correlations were found between the TEQs measured by the two methods, supporting the application of micro-EROD as a practical tool for complementing the chemical analysis. The data showed that beta-HCH, p,p'-DDE, and 6 PCB congeners (101, 138, 153, 180, 183, and 187) were the predominant pollutants, with PCB138 being the best indicator (predictor) for total PCB levels. Cord blood and meconium from Luqiao have higher levels of PCBs than those from the other two localities, suggesting that a disassembly site for electronic and electric waste would provide an environment for greater exposure to these chemicals. The cord blood or meconium levels of beta-HCH, though likewise considerably high, were comparable in the three localities. Similar findings were observed for p,p'-DDE. Pollution by these OCPs might have come from past use of agricultural pesticides in the three localities.     

Modern and historical fluxes of halogenated organic contaminants to a lake in the Canadian arctic, as determined from annually laminated sediment cores

Two annually laminated cores collected from Lake DV09 on Devon Island in May 1999 were dated using 210Pb and 137Cs, and analyzed for a variety of halogenated organic contaminants (HOCs), including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, short-chain polychlorinated n-alkanes (sPCAs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Dry weight HOC concentrations in Lake DV09 sediments were generally similar to other remote Arctic lakes. Maximum HOC fluxes often agreed well with production maxima, although many compound groups exhibited maxima at or near the sediment surface, much later than peak production. The lower than expected HOC concentrations in older sediment slices may be due to anaerobic degradation and possibly to dilution resulting from a temporary increase in sedimentation rate observed between the mid-1960s and 1970s. Indeed, temporal trends were more readily apparent for those compound classes when anaerobic metabolites were also analyzed, such as for DDT and toxaphene. However, it is postulated here for the first time that the maximum or increasing HOC surface fluxes observed for many of the major compound classes in DV09 sediments may be influenced by climate variation and the resulting increase in algal primary productivity which could drive an increasing rate of HOC scavenging from the water column. Both the fraction (F(TC)) and enantiomer fraction (EF) of trans-chlordane (TC) decreased significantly between 1957 and 1997, suggesting that recent inputs to the lake are from weathered chlordane sources. PCDD/Fs showed a change in sources from pentachlorophenol (PeCP) in the 1950s and 1960s to combustion sources into the 1990s. Improvements in combustion technology may be responsible for the reducing the proportion of TCDF relative to OCDD in the most recent slice.     

Persistency of organic contaminants in groundwater,lessons from soil pollution incidents in the Netherlands

Based on an inventory of the presence of halogenated substances in raw water of 232 groundwater pumping stations and on the study of a number of soil pollution incidents in The Netherlands a compilation of more than 100 organic substances identified in contaminated groundwater is discussed. Subsequently the reason why a number of these substances are very persistent under the circumstances prevailing in the soil is analysed. Water solubility is shown to be a major parameter determining the occurrence in groundwater of frequently used chemicals and controlling to a large extend the persistence in groundwater of non-degradable organic chemicals. A list of 12 pollutants, mainly hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which are of a major concern due to their widespread use, transportability and persistence observed in groundwater in The Netherlands.     

行业盛会谱写节能减排新篇章——2009年中国砖瓦工业协会年会、2009年中国（合肥）国际砖瓦节能高层论坛、第23届中国墙体屋面材料、设备暨配套产品博览会在合肥市召开

2009年11月9～11日,由中国砖瓦工业协会组织召开的“2009年中国砖瓦工业协会年会、2009年中国（合肥）国际砖瓦节能论坛、第23届中国墙体材料、设备暨配套产品博览会”在安徽省合肥市隆重召开。这是中国砖瓦行业的一次盛大聚会,是中国砖瓦行业认真贯彻落实国家产业政策,发展循环经济,推动墙材革新与建筑节能,推动砖瓦行业节能减排,以取得的优异成绩进行一次行业汇报和向伟大祖国成立60周年献上的一份厚礼。     

Persistent organic pollutants in edible marine species from the Gulf of Naples, Southern Italy

Edible tissues from 10 marine species, collected from the Gulf of Naples in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy) between February and July 2003, were analysed for the presence of organochlorine pesticides hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and DDTs (p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD), and 20 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The PCB levels (calculated as the sum of all the determined congeners) were found to be the highest (from 56.8 to 47909.5 ng/g on lipid basis), followed by the DDTs (sum of p,p'-DDT and its metabolites; 相似文献   

Persistent organic pollutants in outmigrant juvenile chinook salmon from the Lower Columbia Estuary, USA

Although chemical contaminants are recognized as a potential factor contributing to the salmon declines in the Pacific Northwest, United States, information on contaminant concentrations in threatened and endangered salmon from the Columbia Estuary is limited. In this study we monitored exposure to several persistent organic pollutants [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and other organochlorine pesticides] in outmigrant juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) in the Lower Columbia River, and evaluated the potential for adverse effects on salmon and the estuarine food web. Contaminants were measured in whole bodies and stomach contents of subyearling to yearling chinook collected in 2001 and 2002 from sites near the confluence of the Columbia and Willamette Rivers, Longview, and within the lower Estuary. The contaminants detected at highest concentrations in salmon whole bodies were PCBs and DDTs. Average concentrations of PCBs in salmon from the sampling sites ranged from 1300 to 14,000 ng/g lipid, in some cases exceeding the recently estimated threshold for adverse health effects in juvenile salmonids of 2400 ng/g lipid. Average DDT concentrations ranged from 1800 to 27,000 ng/g lipid. These levels are among the highest measured in juvenile salmon from Pacific Northwest estuaries to date. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs in salmon whole bodies showed no clear spatial gradient from the Willamette/Columbia Confluence to the mouth of the Columbia, but tended to be higher in larger fish and older fish, suggesting a correlation with estuarine residence time. PCBs, DDTs, and PAHs were all found in salmon stomach contents, indicating that prey is a source of exposure. Hatchery feed may have contributed to contaminant body burdens in those fish that were of hatchery origin. Contaminant body burdens in salmon were poorly correlated with contaminant concentrations previously measured in local bed sediments, suggesting that pelagic as well as benthic sources are important in determining salmon exposure.     

Degradation of reactive dyes in wastewater from the textile industry by ozone: Analysis of the products by accurate masses

The present work describes the use of ozone to degrade selected reactive dyes from the textile industry and the analysis of the resulting complex mixture by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS). To allow certain identification of the substances detected in the wastewater, the original dyes were also investigated either separately or in a synthetic mixture of three dyes (trichromie). Since the reactive dyes are hydrolyzed during the dyeing process, procedures for the hydrolysis were worked out first for the individual dyes. The ozonated solutions were concentrated by solid-phase extraction, which separated very polar or ionic substances from moderately polar degradation products. The latter, which are the primary degradation products, were investigated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with a tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer. Accurate masses, which in most cases could be determined with a deviation of ≤5 ppm from the exact value, were also measured. In addition, a diode-array detector was placed before the mass analyzer to provide UV-vis spectra of the products in the same run. With retention times, mass spectra, accurate masses, UV-vis spectra and, of course, knowledge of the structures of the original dyes, plausible structures could be proposed for most of the components of the moderately polar fraction. These structures were confirmed by ¹H NMR in cases where it was practical to isolate the degradation products by preparative HPLC.     

臭氧——浮滤池工艺强化处理引黄水库水中有机物的试验研究

分别采用预臭氧-浮滤池工艺和臭氧气浮-浮滤池工艺对鹊山水库水进行了试验研究.预臭氧-浮滤池工艺试验结果表明,臭氧预处理对浊度去除影响不大;臭氧预氧化对UV<,254>的去除效率很高,平均去除率为76.47%,经气浮、活性炭过滤之后,总去除率可达到100%;臭氧预氧化对COD<,Mn>有一定的去除效果,总去除率较无臭氧预处理平均提高7.0%,出水平均值降至1.87 mg/L.臭氧气浮-浮滤池工艺试验表明,臭氧气浮对浊度去除影响不大,臭氧的强氧化性主要表现在对UV254的去除上,其平均去除率比浮滤池工艺提高了9.8%.     

耐火材料侵蚀对CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系统微晶玻璃结构及性能影响

通过耐火材料静态侵蚀实验,采用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等手段研究了侵蚀后CaO-Al2O3-SiO2系统微晶玻璃的结构及性能。