Traditional and "lesser" hemosorption in the treatment of bronchial asthma patients]

Based on a comprehensive comparative characterization relying on clinical, functional and allergological indices in 110 patients with bronchial asthma, a conclusion was drawn to the effect that traditional hemosorption (HS) involving the use of a sorbent 400 ml in capacity is more efficient procedure than commonly named "lesser" hemosorption with a 100 ml capacity sorbent. It is advisable that in patients with bronchial asthma, HS should be done only with 400 ml volume sorbents.     

HIV-related encephalopathy

The questionnaire data of 860 patients with bronchial asthma (BA) and the 7-year catamnestic investigation depth were analysed. According to clinical effect achieved the extracorporal methods of the patients with BA treatment were ranked in such a manner: splenosorption, immunosorption to DNA, which contains the sorpents, the conventional method of hemosorption (HS), using the SKN sorpent, plasmapheresis and the ultra-violet irradiation of blood (UVIB). The applicational efficacy of HS using KAU and "Gemosfer" sorpents is significantly lesser than such of SKN sorpents. UVIB do not effects late follow-up results of the hormonally-dependent patients treatment.     

The comparative efficacy of hemosorption and xenosorption in bronchial asthma patients

The authors studied comparative clinical, immunologic, laboratory and functional effectiveness of hemosorption (HS) on charcoals and xenosorption (XS) on donor pig spleen in bronchial asthma patients. XS was administered in 60 patients, HS was applied to 91 patient. There was no significant difference in immunologic characteristics between the patient groups. However, XS had a more apparent positive influence on the external respiratory function, degree of allergy and unspecific inflammation, as well as on general clinical effectiveness.     

CO2 Capture from Flue Gases Using Three Ca-Based Sorbents in a Fluidized Bed Reactor

Experiments of CO2 capture and sorbent regeneration characteristics of limestone, dolomite, and CaO/Ca12Al14O33 at high temperature were investigated in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and a fluidized bed reactor. The effect of reactivity decay of limestone, dolomite, and CaO/Ca12Al14O33 sorbents on CO2 capture and sorbent regeneration processes was studied. The experimental results indicated that the operation time of high efficient CO2 capture stage declined continuously with increasing of the cyclic number due to the loss of the sorbent activity, and the final CO2 capture efficiency would remain nearly constant, due to the sorbent already reaching the final residual capture capacity. After the CO2 capture step, the Ca-based sorbents need to be regenerated to be used for a subsequent cycle, and the multiple calcination processes of Ca-based sorbent under different calcination conditions are studied and discussed. Reactivity loss of limestone, dolomite and CaO/Ca12Al14O33 sorbents from a fluidized bed reactor at both mild and severe calcination conditions was compared with the TGA data. At mild calcination conditions, TGA results of sorbent reactivity loss were similar to the experimental results of fluidized bed reactor for three sorbents at 850°C calcination temperature, and this indicated that TGA experimental results can be used as a reference to predict sorbent reactivity loss behavior in fluidized bed reactor. At severe calcination condition, sorbent reactivity loss behavior for limestone and dolomite from TGA compare well with the result from a fluidized bed reactor.     

The use of applied sorbents in the surgical management of wounds of the extremities]

970 laboratory experiments, 202 chronic experiments on animals and 102 clinic observations were performed to study the possibilities of sorbents to enhance the efficiency of surgical treatment in gunshot wounds of the extremities. Gravimetric, climatic, morphometrical, microbiological, spectrofluorometric, clinical and roentgenological methods of studies were used for this matter. It was ascertained that the sorbent application contributed to the optimization of the wound process. The studies have proved the advantages of composite sorbent with biologically active supplements: it has a high sorption capacity, pronounced bacteriostatic and local-anaesthetic features.     

Investigation into sorption processes of pyrazole-containing resins with respect to metals of the platinum group

The results of investigations into increasing the capacitive characteristics of pyrazole-containing sorbents for the recovery of palladium and platinum from their acidic solutions are presented. For these purposes, a sorbent of the SVPD grade with a microporous structure based on N-vinyl-3(5)-methylpyrazole and divinylbenzene is synthesized and tested and its capacitive characteristics by palladium and platinum are determined. The comparative tests of the SVPD resin with a pyrazole-containing sorbent of the SDP-d grade with a macroporous structure obtained based on styrene divinylbenzene and 3(5)-methylpyrazole in the presence of the deprotonating additive are performed at various acidities of the starting solutions. It is shown that the sorbent of the SVPD grade is preferable due to its capacitive characteristics when compared with the macroporous SDP-d sorbent. Optimal acidities of the starting solutions for the recovery of palladium and platinum by the sorbents under study are established. Two samples of bifunctional resins containing groups of N-vinyl-3(5)-methylpyrazole and organic sulfides are synthesized. The results of their tests showed that the introduction of organic sulfides into the resin not only leads to an increase in the sorbent capacity by palladium, but also considerably widens the working acidity range of the solutions.     

Pyrazole-containing polymer sorbents for recovery of gold and silver from cyanic solutions

The results of an investigation into imparting hydrophilic properties to pyrazole-containing sorbents in cyanic media and increasing their capacitive characteristics with respect to noble metals are presented. It is established that adding up to 30% (relative to 3(5)-methylpyrazole) of triethanolamine or trimethylamine into the resin matrix exerts a positive effect on the capacitive characteristics of sorbents based on styrene divinylbenzene and 3(5)-methylpyrazole. It is shown that the introduction of deprotonating additives into the reaction mixture when synthesizing a sorbent of SDP-d grade makes it possible to increase its sorption capacity by 20–25% in regards to silver for its recovery from the AgNO₃ solution (the number of functional groups of resin correspondingly increases). A sorbent of SDDP-d grade of microporous structure with an increased content of 3(5)-methylpyrazole groups is obtained. The synthesized samples of resins are compared in regards to sorption from cyanic solutions on the background of high Cu and Zn contents in starting solutions. The sorption isotherms of Au, Ag, Cu, and Zn on the SDDP-d resin from cyanic solutions are recorded, and the sorption ability series Au > Ag > Zn > Cu is determined.     

Control of Molybdenum Emission by Sorbents: Equilibrium Analysis

Emissions from fossil fuel combustion containing various heavy metals such as molybdenum are of public concern due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment. In this study, thermodynamic analyses were applied to determine the potential of sorbent technology to control molybdenum emissions from combustion sources. The effectiveness of four sorbents (Ca, Fe, Mg and Na based) was assessed for a wide range of temperatures. The adverse effects of chlorine and sulfur were also examined. Ca and Na-based sorbents were identified to be effective.     

Efficacy of various inorganic sorbents to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens

Experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of three inorganic sorbents, S1, S2, and S3, to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxins (AF) and T-2 toxin in male broiler chickens from day of hatch to 21 d of age. The compounds had been reported to bind to AF and T-2 toxin in vitro. S1 and S2 were the same basic compound that had been stored for different lengths of time following activation. In Experiments 1, 2, and 3, the appropriate diets were produced to contain no mycotoxins, the specific adsorbent at 0.5% of diet, AF alone at 5 mg/kg of diet, T-2 alone at 8 mg/kg of diet, AF at 5 mg/kg of diet plus the specific sorbent at 0.5% of diet, or T-2 at 8 mg/kg of diet plus the specific sorbent at 0.5% of diet. The specific sorbents used were: 1) Experiment 1, S1; 2) Experiment 2, S1 and S2; and 3) Experiment 3, S3. In Experiments 1 and 3, S1 and S3, respectively, showed no protection against AF or T-2 toxin as measured by BW gain, when compared to AF alone group. In Experiment 2, S1 showed no protection; however S2 reduced the effects of AF on BW gain by 25% as compared to AF alone diet. The data demonstrate that under the conditions of our experiment: 1) one of the sorbents provided some protection against aflatoxicosis; 2) there was variability in protection against aflatoxicosis between two different samples of the same sorbent that had been stored for different lengths of time following activation; 3) protection by the sorbents against the effects of T-2 toxin was not observed.     

Protein-protein interactions on weak-cation-exchange sorbent surfaces during chromatographic separations

This paper examines the nature of chromatographic separations on a weak cation-exchange material in which immobilized protein coats 24% or less of the sorbent surface. It was found that columns on which proteins were immobilized still behaved as a cation-exchange chromatography sorbents, but their selectivity was different from the parent weak cation-exchange column. This was interpreted to mean that in addition to the normal electrostatic interactions expected in ion- exchange chromatography, protein analytes interact with immobilized protein on the sorbent surface. Anionic proteins were not adsorbed, indicating that immobilized proteins were acting synergistically with ionic stationary phase groups to enhance retention. It is concluded that these protein-protein interactions occur after proteins are captured by the primary interaction mechanism of the column, in this case, electrostatic interaction. Protein-protein interaction is a secondary, lateral process. These lateral interactions were observed between 4% and 24% surface saturation. The significance of this observation is that in preparative chromatography and the case of "fouled" columns, strongly adsorbed proteins could alter the elution characteristics of sample proteins being target for analysis or purification.     

Palladium and platinum recovery from bicomponent mixtures using chitosan derivatives

Chitosan has been used as a base material for the preparation of platinum and palladium sorbents. Chitosan derivatives were obtained by glutaraldehyde cross-linking (GA), by poly(ethyleneimine) grafting (PEI), and by thiourea grafting (TDC). These sorbents were tested for the recovery of platinum group metals (PGMs) in batch systems and column systems from bicomponent mixtures at the optimum pH (ca. pH 2). Sorption isotherms were determined in batch systems, considering the impact of the excess of one metal on the sorption of the second. The sorbents have a marked preference for palladium over platinum. In most cases, the total sorption capacity (taking into account both Pd and Pt sorption) was comparable to that of each metal individually, indicating that the metals compete for the same sorption sites, regardless of the type of sorbent. In fixed-bed systems, similar effects were observed, with typical profiles driven by the displacement of platinum by palladium, attributed to the greater affinity of the sorbents for palladium. The sorbents (especially GA and TDC) have a greater selectivity for Pd than for Pt, compared to PEI, which has greater sorption capacities. Metal desorption was tested using several eluants, none of which allowed the complete removal of the metals from loaded sorbent, nor the selective desorption of either. A complete separation of the metals was not obtained, but by combination of sorption and desorption conditions, a concentration of Pd of 10- to 20-fold was achieved.     

Efficacy of immunosorption in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: double blind controlled trial

Efficacy of immunosorption (IS) employing perfusion of whole blood through activated charcoal containing DNA was studied in 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). 11 SLE patients exposed to hemosorption on charcoal free from DNA served as controls. When used in combination with intensive therapy (corticosteroids and cytostatic immunosuppressant), IS produced a positive effect on lupus nephritis symptoms in 8 out of 10 patients with kidney affection. AntiDNA antibodies blood level decreased by 53.6% after two IS procedures, while only by 36.4% after nonselective hemosorption. Reduced count and functional activity of B-cells recorded after IS contribute much to final outcome of the treatment.     

Sorption behavior of cobalt in sulfuric acid solutions

Interaction of cobalt(II) ions with functional groups of sorbents based on amines, which additionally contain carboxyl (ANKB-35) and hydroxyl (SB-1, AN-31) fragments, is investigated. It is shown that the form of existence of the sorbent exerts an insignificant effect on cobalt absorption with ampholyte ANKB-35. Alternatively, anion exchangers AN-31 and SB-1 sorb cobalt in noticeable amounts only in the deprotonated form (OH^?). The analysis of obtained results on the cobalt sorption in equilibrium conditions as well as the IR spectroscopy provides clarification of specific features of the process. It is found that cobalt is adsorbed owing to the complex formation with nitrogen of amino groups of sorbents with the additional formation of bonds with carboxyl (ANKB-35) and hydroxyl (AN-31, SB-1) groups. In addition, the process is complicated by precipitation in the phase of sorbents according to the scheme Co²⁺ → Co(OH)₂ → Co(OH)₃. This effect is especially characteristic of the SB-1 anion exchanger, which contains a considerable amount of hydroxyl groups. The obtained data provide a justified choice of the ion exchanger and conditions of its use to concentrate Co²⁺ from solutions of sulfuric acid leaching of various cobalt-containing raw materials.     

Investigation of the hepatic excretion mechanism of indocyanine green in patients with liver disease

The purpose of the present paper is to clarify the disturbance of the indocyanine green (ICG) uptake-excretion mechanism in patients with liver disease. The following parameters were used to indicate the disappearance rate of various dyes from plasma; K for ICG, KAU for 198Au colloid and KRB for 131I-rose bengal. ICG was administered intravenously using three different continuous infusion rates on all patients. The maximum rate of biliary excretion (Tm) as well as the relative hepatic storage capacity (S) were determined. Tm and S definitely decreased in cases with liver cirrhosis. Tm had no relationship to the degree of liver damage, but S fell in proportion to its dysfunction. KAU and KRB significantly decreased in cases of liver cirrhosis, while chronic aggressive hepatitis revealed a marked decrease of Krb without an equivalent decrease of KAU. The correlation coefficient between K and S was definitely higher than that between K and Tm, and K was more closely correlated with KRB than KAU. From these results, it was reasonable to presume that K was more influenced by the hepatic uptake and storage than by the excretion of ICG in the bile, and indicated that the capacity of the liver to handle dyes.     

A novel study of sulfur-absorption via samarium-doped cerium sorbent at high temperature

Sulfides existing in many gas mixtures of high temperature cases have a negative effect on various industrial applications.In this study,we present samarium-doped cerium(SDC) sorbent to remove H2 S at high temperature.Compared with pure CeO_2,the SDC sorbent shows excellent ability in sulfur removal because of the positive effect of the doping of Sm.The H_2 has a negative influence on sulfidation of the SDC sorbent and significantly shortens the breakthrough time,hence breakthrough sulfur capacity(BSC).The carbon monoxide present in the feed gas has no obvious effect on the sulfur-removal performance,A suitable samarium loading in SDC leads to an optimum interaction between metal oxide species and the surface oxygen vacancies,which results in an optimal adsorbed activity of reduced gas(H_2,H_2 S) and hence desulphurization performance.In addition,the SDC sorbents have a good regenerated ability by a simple calcination process.     

Lead Removal in Fixed Beds by Recycled Iron Material

A granular iron-bearing material recovered from surface finishing operations in cast-iron manufacturing is demonstrated to be an effective sorbent for removal of lead from wastewaters in laboratory-scale tests. Fixed-bed experiments indicate that lead removals are equal to or greater than those achieved by other sorbents such as activated carbon and prepared granular iron oxides on a mass per mass basis. State-of-the-art equilibrium and rate models have been shown to be useful for simulating adsorber performance and quantifying the effects of system variables in fixed-bed systems. For an influent lead concentration and pH of 10 ppm and 5.5, respectively, an empty bed contact time of ≥2.5 min provides for efficient use of the sorbent and yields a solid phase loading capacity of ～40 mg∕g at exhaustion. Minor differences were observed in the adsorptive properties of two different particle size fractions. Efforts to chemically regenerate the sorbent resulted in relatively low lead recovery and subsequent adsorption efficiency compared with investigations with ion exchange materials and activated carbons. However, the low sorbent usage rate and availability of the material should render the recycling and reuse of shot blast fines a cost-competitive process for fixed-bed treatment of metals such as lead in industrial and hazardous wastewaters.     

Hemosorption in the prevention of severe forms of hemolytic disease of the newborn in rhesus sensitization

A total of 164 hemoperfusions were administered to 60 pregnant patients with Rh sensitization and a history of perinatal death of the newborns from hemolytic disease. Hemoperfusion was found to decelerate the progress of hemolytic disease of the newborns promoting delivery of babies with more benign forms of the disease. The method efficacy was 76%. Dynamic follow-up of fetal functional status over the course of hemosorption treatment by examinations of biophysical profiles and ultrasonic dopplerometry has shown no negative effects of this treatment modality on fetal status.     

The evaluation of the efficacy of hemosorption and plasmapheresis in IHD complicated by chronic heart failure

Hemosorption and plasmapheresis were studied for effects on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant blood activity, platelet hemostasis, microcirculation, myocardial contractility and intracardiac hemodynamics. The results demonstrated that antioxidant blood response is a key criterion responsible for decreased efficacy of hemosorption and plasmapheresis in patients with progressive angina pectoris with chronic heart failure. The results of hemosorption and plasmapheresis in the above patients may become better if an adjuvant antioxidant therapy is used.     

Purification of murine IgG1 on group specific affinity sorbents

Murine IgG1 a CD4-antibody, was produced from the cell line MAX 16 H 5. DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and group specific sorbents based on different ligands, such as protein A-Sepharose, AvidChrom, Thiophilic Resin (T-Resin) Fractogel EMD TA 650S, Sepharose 4B-immobilized metal chelate and histidine sorbents, were compared in terms of their suitability for the large-scale purification of this IgG. Evaluation criteria were selectivity for IgG1 protein capacity and recovery, stability under cleaning-in-place (CIP) conditions and the rate of IgG1 adsorption. Both thiophilic gels performed best under these conditions, with Fractogel EMD TA 650S demonstrating slightly higher contamination with other proteins compared to the T-Resin based on 6% beaded Agarose. Higher purities were obtained with these gels compared to conventional purification techniques employing a combination of ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Favorable adsorption kinetics were found on DEAE-Sepharose with the effective diffusivity in the pores of the sorbent being five-times accelerated compared to the diffusion coefficient of IgG1 in solution. Multilayer adsorption of the IgG1 was experienced from adsorption isotherms on DEAE-Sepharose and Fractogel EMD TA 650S. This was linked to an early breakthrough of this protein during frontal chromatography. Co-purification of pyrogens between two-(Thiophilic Resin) and five-times (DEAE-Sepharose) of the original level was significant with all sorbents except protein A-Sepharose and AvidChrom. Thus an additional chromatographic step is required in case of pyrogen contamination of the cell culture homogenate.     

Predicting the Performance of Activated Carbon-, Coke-, and Soil-Amended Thin Layer Sediment Caps

In situ capping manages contaminated sediment on-site without creating additional exposure pathways associated with dredging, e.g., sediment resuspension, and potential human exposure during transport, treatment, or disposal of dredged material. Contaminant mass is not immediately removed in sediment capping, which creates concerns over its long-term effectiveness. Groundwater seepage can also decrease the effectiveness of in situ capping. This study compares the effectiveness of commercially available sorbents that can be used to amend sand caps to improve their ability to prevent contaminant migration from the sediments into the bioactive zone. Amendments evaluated include coke, activated carbon, and organic-rich soil. The properties relevant to advective-dispersive transport through porous media (sorption, porosity, dispersivity, and bulk density) are measured for each material, and then used as inputs to a numerical model to predict the flux of 2,4,5-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) through a sand cap amended with a thin (1.25-cm) sorbent layer. Systems with and without groundwater seepage are considered. Isolation times provided by the sorbent layers increased with increasing sorption strength and capacity (activated carbon?coke ≈ soil?sand). The effective porosity, dispersivity, and bulk density of the sorbent layer had little effect on cap performance compared to sorption strength (Kf). In the absence of seepage, all sorbents could isolate PCBs in the underlying sediment for times greater than 100?years and would be effective for most cap applications. With groundwater seepage (Darcy velocity = 1?cm/day), activated carbon was the only sorbent that provided contaminant isolation times greater than 60?years. Long isolation times afforded by sorbent-amended caps allow time for inherently slow natural attenuation processes to further mitigate PCB flux.