侧向风对自然通风直接空冷塔性能影响的数值分析

采用多孔介质简化模型分析了在不同风速情况下300 MW自然通风直接空冷系统空冷塔内的流场和各凝汽器换热量.结果表明:在没有侧向风时,流场是均匀对称的,此时塔内空气流量最大,而各凝汽器换热量均匀;当有侧向风时,由于空冷塔底部气流存在漩涡,使空冷塔内空气回流,空气流量减小;在风速大于4 m/s时,各凝汽器换热量差异较大,随着风速增加,这种现象加剧.     

基于CFD模拟的城市街道PM2.5扩散研究

城市道路和街道的典型"线源污染"对周围小区的扩散及污染情况进行数值模拟。结果表明,由于机动车排放的颗粒粒径极小,气流追随性好,因此颗粒轨迹与气流轨迹基本上吻合。5nm惯性极小,气流跟随性更好,且不易发生重力沉降,因此更符合气流轨迹;而5μm的颗粒物则容易发生惯性撞击、重力沉积等,扩散更强,分布更随机。小区内的建筑物对细颗粒物有一定的阻挡作用,建筑物之间的颗粒物浓度明显低于道路附近。     

太阳能热泵干燥室气流组织优化研究

为优化太阳能热泵干燥室内气流组织,将计算流体力学(CFD)技术与正交性实验相结合,采用9组正交实验对干燥室(2 400 mm×1 200 mm×2 200 mm)内部气流进行模拟,对比送风孔板的入口风速(2～6 m/s)、孔径大小(6～16 mm)以及送风量(1 000～3 000 m~3/h)对气流组织均匀性的影响程度,对模拟数据进行极差和方差分析,综合分析各因素的影响趋势,进而选取最优工况。结果表明:流速均匀性随入口风速的增加而降低,随孔径的增大而增加,风量的变化对其影响相对较小;温度均匀性随孔径的增大而增加,风量变化对温度均匀性影响较大;确定在入口风速2 m/s,孔径16 mm,送风量为3 000 m~3/h时干燥室气流均匀性最优。     

基于神经元的PEMFC仿生流道性能模拟研究

质子交换膜燃料电池的流道结构对反应气体的流动和压降等具有重要影响。受神经元结构启发,提出一种兼顾径向流道和仿生流道在压降和气体分布均匀性优点的新型仿生流道结构。通过COMSOL软件模拟研究该新型流道的分支数（2~9）对质子交换膜燃料电池的性能曲线、阴极氧浓度分布、水浓度分布及压降的影响。结果表明：增加流道分支数可提高质子交换膜燃料电池的输出性能,其中9分支流道的峰值功率密度最大,为0.32 W/cm²,相比于2分支流道增加了的146.15%;分支数的增加也会提高氧浓度分布的均匀性,阴极气体扩散层与催化层交界面处的平均氧浓度从0.44 mol/m³提高到1.42 mol/m³,氧气不均匀度从2.13降低至0.90;分支数的增加也明显改善了弧形流道内的水浓度分布。此外,随着流道分支数从2增加到9,流道压降从38.57 Pa递减至4.47 Pa,质子交换膜燃料电池的输出功率从0.40 W递增到1.56 W。     

绿化空间布局及壁面加热条件对街道峡谷内污染物扩散的影响

采用经风洞实验验证的标准 k–ε数值模型,模拟了绿化空间布局及壁面加热条件对街道峡谷内流场和污染物扩散的影响。考虑了3种绿化组合方式与4种壁面加热条件,并采用无量纲浓度K与空气交换率R_ACH分别对街道峡谷内污染情况与通风性能进行评估。结果表明,不同的绿化空间布局和壁面加热条件会改变街道峡谷内流场和污染物浓度分布。选择绿化结合布局时,应尽量选择绿墙和绿篱的组合以减弱绿化阻塞作用对污染物扩散的不利影响。背风面加热和迎风面加热对街道峡谷的通风能力提升作用并不明显,而三壁加热能明显改善街道峡谷的通风性能。     

间接空冷系统空冷散热器运行特性的数值模拟

以某6×1000 MW间接空冷电厂主要建筑物和空冷塔平面布局为例,通过CFD模拟,得到了冷却空气流场、温度场,分析了机组热负荷、环境气温、风速、风向对空冷散热器进口空气流速的影响.结果表明:处于环境风上游的空冷散热器单元,其迎面风速最大,空气温度最低,冷却效果最好;而处于侧面的空冷散热器单元,迎面风速最小,空气温度最高,冷却效果最差.随机组热负荷增加,空冷散热器冷却空气流量增加,随环境气温、风速增加,空冷散热器冷却空气流量减小.风向的改变也会影响散热器的运行特性.     

建筑密度对建筑物群内风能利用的影响

针对建筑物群内风能应用问题,采用CFD方法,对建筑密度分别为26%、20%、18%、16%、14%的5种建筑物群周围风速和湍流强度特征开展研究,分析建筑密度对建筑物群内风力机合理安装位置的影响方式。结果表明：在低于1.5H高度范围内,建筑物群的建筑密度越大,同一安装高度上适合于安装风力机的区域就越大,即越有利于建筑物群内风能的应用;在高度高于1.5H后,建筑密度对建筑物群内风力机安装位置的影响消失;无论建筑密度大小,在低于1.2H的高度范围内,建筑物群内不适合安装风力机;在高度高于1.45H后,可优先考虑将风力机安装于建筑物群内中间一排建筑物顶面,在建筑物顶面可优先将风力机安装于拐角位置;5种建筑密度的建筑物群内只考虑风速要求即可确定风力机的合理安装位置。     

高速燃尽风射流对NOx与CO协同控制的模拟研究

针对某75 t/h四角切圆煤粉电站锅炉采用深度空气分级脱硝后带来的CO浓度提升问题,提出了高风速燃尽风射流对NO_x与CO协同控制的方法。使用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟方法,研究了该技术的工作原理以及对火焰燃烧特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)对传统空气分级,燃尽风风率从20%增加到40%时,锅炉出口NO_x质量浓度从450 mg/m~3降低到263 mg/m~3,同时折烟角处CO质量浓度从15.5 mg/m~3增加到428.3 mg/m~3;(2)采用高速燃尽风,燃尽风风率为40%,风速提高至82 m/s,可以保证NO_x与CO同时有效控制;(3)高风速对CO燃尽的原因,归因于在炉内形成一个大回流区,此处有氧浓度高、停留时间长、湍流强度高等特点,这些都促进了CO燃尽,模拟也表明高风速燃尽风喷射不影响炉内煤粉燃烧过程。该新工艺的提出与数值模拟研究,对深度空气分级脱硝与CO同时控制的工业应用有一定理论指导意义。     

建筑物尾流区风资源利用的数值模拟

基于Fluent软件,利用标准的湍流模型,针对不等高的相邻建筑物建模,下游建筑物完全处于上游建筑物尾流区内,分析了上下游建筑物高度差对上游建筑物尾流区的影响:同一下游建筑高度下,越远离建筑物前沿,风速比越小;在上游建筑物尾流区内,随着下游建筑物高度的升高,风速比的峰值会相应升高。假定进口风速为5 m/s,结合1 000 W的小型风机,比较了下游建筑物不同高度下风机的输出功率,可知:当下游建筑物较低时,风机安装位置风速低于启动风速;随着下游建筑高度的升高,输出功率提升。     

环境风影响下换流变压器空冷系统换热性能研究

针对北方地区某高压直流输电换流站,建立了换流变压器空冷系统以及周围建筑物的计算流体动力学仿真模型,研究了不同环境风向和风速影响下空冷系统换热性能的变化规律。研究结果表明：由于周围建筑物的影响,空冷系统的换热性能在不同的环境风向下均有所衰减。当风向为W、风速为6m/s时,环境风流动方向与风机进气方向相反,极1和极2换流变空冷系统的换热能力衰减最为严重,分别下降了38%与40%。在高风速占比最多的NW28°风向下,环境风速逐渐升高时换热器上方的涡旋随着风向移动,迎风侧换热器出口高温气流回流至其他换热器入口;处于迎风侧的变压器2F换热器换热量最低,沿着环境风的运动方向不同位置换热器换热量呈现先升高后降低的趋势。研究结果为深入理解环境风影响下空冷系统换热性能的变化规律提供了理论依据,也为设计适应真实场景的变压器空冷系统提供了技术支撑。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.