太阳能半导体制冷性能改进的技术策略

本文在介绍了太阳能半导体制冷的原理及系统结构的基础上,对影响太阳能半导体制冷性能的主要因素进行了系统分析,主要有太阳辐射强度和电池板的光电转换效率、材料的优值系数、电臂的优化结构设计、热端强化散热以及半导体最优工况。其中半导体材料的优值系数和半导体制冷热端散热这两个因素是影响太阳能半导体制冷性能的关键因素。从优值系数方面讲,可以通过半导体材料的性能改进及其加工、制造工艺的完善提高优值系数,从而提高半导体制冷性能。而寻找合理的半导体制冷热端散热方式对制冷性能也有着很重要的影响,随着散热强度的不断增强,半导体制冷的性能有所提高,但最终趋于恒定。     

增压流化床联合循环商业示范电站变工况性能的研究

主要研究100MWe等级的PFBC商业示范电站偏离设计工况点和变工况运行的稳态性能，包括流化床锅炉内部变量在内的主要参数改变对电站性能的影响，蒸汽和燃汽部分对发电的分别贡献和相互匹配协调，以及负荷变化时预测系统能够达到的出力。     

局部阴影条件下基于改进电导增量法的光伏系统最大功率跟踪方法

在局部阴影的情况下,由于串联式光伏组件的输出特性不同而产生多个极值点,使得传统的最大功率追踪（maximum power point tracking, MPPT）方法陷入局部极值点而失效。文中提出一种针对两级并网光伏系统的改进电导增量法以适应光伏阵列在局部阴影下的多峰值最大功率跟踪,通过分析最大功率点电压的变化范围,设定最大功率电压搜索范围以提高搜索效率,并通过DC/DC Boost变换器占空比实现输入电压控制,保证算法不陷入局部极值点。最后利用仿真实验验证了该算法在有、无阴影情况下均能准确地跟踪光伏方阵最大功率,有效提高了光伏阵列输出效率。     

轴流涡轮变工况性能模拟

给出了计算涡轮平均 S2流场分布和总性能的计算方法 ,并给出了计算叶片排中非设计点的损失和落后角模型 ,计算中考虑了变比热、冷气掺混的影响。针对单级和两级涡轮进行了计算分析 ,结果表明该方法可为预测已有的涡轮性能及其调试、改进提供分析工具。图 3表 1参 6     

超临界参数机组控制系统的特点及其控制策略

介绍了超临界参数火电机组的技术特点,分析了其控制系统中存在的问题,指出超临界直流锅炉机组是强耦合、多变量、非线性的控制对象,提出在系统设计中要充分考虑采用变参数、变设定值的控制方案代替根据偏差反馈控制的策略,适时的动态时间补偿以及静态平衡动态修正的控制方法。图1参2     

空冷汽轮机低压排汽面积选择和变工况特性分析

根据我国西北某地区的典型环境温度对600MW直接空冷机组的低压末叶片进行优化,得到合理的低压排汽面积,同时根据末级叶片的设计特点对其变工况特性进行分析,从而对620mm末叶片的变工况性能有一定了解。分析结果表明,设计背压为15kPa.a时,末叶片采用620mm比较合适;采用专用强化叶型、控制反动度、控制攻角等方法的620mm末叶片可以有效保证空冷机组变工况安全高效运行。     

An Approximate Relation of a Regenerative Heat Exchanger Effectiveness in Off-Design Conditions

A regenerative heat exchanger is an important component of a thermal system in power units. It is crucial to know the performance of the regenerative heat exchanger in off-design conditions during its design and operation. Advanced regenerative heat exchanger simulators have been developed for many years to describe the performance in off-design conditions. The simulators involve the use of equations for mass, momentum, and energy balances and criteria relations for heat transfer coefficients; the geometrical data of the heat exchanger are also required. Due to high complexity, the calculations are performed iteratively. For this paper, a different approach was taken: The heat exchanger was considered as a “black box.” Based on the data obtained from the simulator, the effect of input variables on the output ones was investigated, so as to propose a relation describing the regenerative heat exchanger performance. To assess this performance, heat transfer effectiveness was proposed, and its two variants were considered. Since two heat transfer effectiveness definitions were assumed, two approximate relations concerning the regenerative heat exchanger were determined. The relations were verified against data obtained from a simulator of a high-pressure regenerative heat exchanger in a medium-power steam condensing unit. A satisfactory accuracy of the proposed relations was obtained.     

提高石蜡成型机冷室制冷效率的方法

分析影响石蜡成型机冷室制冷效率的因素,提出在工艺、设备、操作等方面应采取的提高制冷效率的措施.     

二元制冷系统的开车经验及优化操作

中沙(天津)石化乙烯装置二元制冷系统(GB651系统)是一个封闭的三段制冷系统,设计提供低温制冷范围为-40℃～-135℃。二元制冷系统前期由于操作画面指示流量不准,机组循环量较大,功耗偏高,运行功率为10000kW左右,循环量为150～180t/h,透平进气量为115t/h,均较设计值偏大很多。在2010年10月及2011年3月,进行了两次优化调整,对优化调整前后压缩机功率及其他参数进行对比,调整后循环量基本与设计值相吻合,机组功率大大降低,由开车初期的10000kW逐渐降至7800kW,折算全年产生直接经济效益达1100万元;二元制冷系统各点温度、压力、流量在装置满负荷时基本与设计值一致,满足乙烯装置的高负荷稳定运行。二元制冷系统此前的一次联锁停车时惰走时间很短,机组发生反转现象。提出应对二元制冷压缩机联锁停车后反转的对策及改造措施;对二元制冷系统干气密封泄漏量频繁波动现象进行分析。目前,二元制冷系统反转问题及干气密封泄漏量波动问题还未得到彻底解决,需要在装置大修期间进行完善,并进一步跟踪观察。     

Theoretical Analysis of Optimal Subcooling for Single Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems

A finite temperature difference heat transfer method and irreversibility analysis have been developed for investigating the effects of subcooling on coefficient of performance, cooling water pressure drop of condenser, and heat exchanger area for R1234yf, R1234ze, R22, R134a, and R410A in a single vapor-compression refrigeration system. In order to satisfy the increasing cooling load for subcooling in a condenser, the heat exchanger size or cooling water pumping power that corresponds to initial cost or operating cost, respectively, is increased. The optimum degree of subcooling in a refrigeration system with superior performance and least initial cost or operating cost is obtained numerically. The results show that the maximum coefficient of initial cost saving and coefficient of operating cost saving and their corresponding optimum degree of subcooling increase with condensation temperature. At a higher inlet temperature of cooling water, the optimum degree of subcooling turns out to be smaller for all refrigerants. The results are expected to facilitate the prospective design of a vapor-compression refrigeration system for using alternative refrigerants.     

双压再热蒸汽循环的IGCC变工况性能

介绍了IGCC蒸汽侧采用双压再热循环时再热回路的合理选定。叙述了IGCC的变工况模型和计算得到的变工况性能及其分析,指出调节压气机IGV时,能与一般联合循环一要改善IGCC的变工况性能。     

四级轴流涡轮变工况数值分析

采用FINE／Turbo软件包,对一个四级轴流空气涡轮两种转速下的不同流量工况进行了全三维数值模拟,与实验数据进行了涡轮效率、压比以及级间参数分布的比较。结果表明,计算与实验结果在各种工况下的性能符合良好。本文还对设计流量及小流量工况下透平内的流动情况进行分析和比较,研究这两种典型工况下叶片表面极限流线图谱、间隙流动特征等的差异。分析表明,在小流量工况下,与通道涡对应的分离线住置和展向尺度都与设计工况存在显著差别,动叶顶部间隙涡的再附形式以及叶片压力面极限流线图谱也发生了较大变化。     

Thermodynamic Analysis on the Performance of Barocaloric Refrigeration Systems Using Neopentyl Glycol as the Refrigerant

Barocaloric refrigeration is regarded as one of the next-generation alternative refrigeration technology due to its environmental friendliness.In recent years,many researchers have been devoted to finding materials with colossal barocaloric effects,while neglecting the research on barocaloric refrigeration devices and thermodynamic cycles.Neopentyl glycol is regarded as one of the potential refrigerants for barocaloric refrigeration due to its giant isothermal entropy changes and relatively low ...     

BEST系统变工况特性及控制方式研究

为分析抽汽背压式汽轮机(Backpressure Extraction Steam Turbine,BEST)回热系统的变工况工作特性及保证小汽轮机与给水泵之间的功率匹配,提出采用小发电机、节流阀、补汽阀的3种控制策略,根据汽轮机、回热加热器等主要设备的变工况过程建立BEST系统的变工况数学模型,分析各负荷下BEST和给水泵系统的功率匹配特性和回热系统抽汽参数的变化规律。研究表明:小汽轮机与给水泵的功率差值随着负荷降低先增加后降低,最大值出现在约50%负荷左右;采用小发电机调节,BEST末级排汽流量与压力近似不变;采用节流阀调节,BEST末级排汽流量与压力随负荷降低而降低;采用补汽阀调节,BEST末级排汽压力与流量随负荷降低而升高;小发电机调节方式的热经济性最佳,相对于其他两种调节方式的热耗率明显偏低,节流调节方式存在节流损失,补汽阀调节在BEST末级排汽供汽中引入了大量经过再热的抽汽,提高了抽汽过热度,降低了系统效率。     

基于实际工况的LPG发动机排放控制参数优化

为减少发动机在实际工况中的污染物排放量,以广州市城市公交客车用典型(LPG)发动机为研究对象,结合广州市实际道路工况特点,通过台架试验分析了该发动机的排放性;根据发动机工况、排放控制参数与排放性之间的关系,通过试验设计,建立了该发动机统计学数学模型,结合多目标优化算法,对其主要排放控制参数进行了优化;将优化前后的控制参数分别导入LPG发动机一维仿真模型中,进行了广州市典型道路工况下的性能仿真试验。仿真试验结果对比表明:试验工况下,排放控制参数优化后,LPG发动机HC、CO累计排放量分别减少9.5%、21.0%,转矩最大增加22.6%,但NO累计排放量增加2.7%。     

9FA燃气蒸汽联合循环发电机组热工控制系统的改进

该文主要介绍了GE公司的S109FA联合循环发电机组运行实践中热工控制系统中曾出现的危险点和潜在的危险点,通过不断的技术分析,进行彻底的设备改造或逻辑修改,从根本上提高了机组的安全可靠性,或许对从事燃机热工维护的人员来说有可鉴之处。     

Improving the Performance of an Electro-Hydraulic Load-Sensing Proportional Control Valve

The paper deals with the simulation and the experimental verification of the hydraulic behavior of an electro-hydraulic load-sensing proportional control valve. An innovative CAE （computer aided engineering） methodology, developed combining CFD （computational fluid dynamics） simulations with lumped and distributed numerical modeling, is firstly introduced and tailored by comparing the numerical results with measurements coming from an experimental campaign performed for a wide range of pressure loads and metered flow rates. Then, both the reliability and the limits of the numerical approach are highlighted through a detailed numerical vs. experimental comparison, involving the pressure of the main hydraulic lines, the flow rate through the first section and the local compensator displacement. Finally, the CAE methodology has been applied for assessing the internal ducts hydraulic permeability and the local compensator spring pre-load influence on the control valve metering curves. At the end of this analysis, an optimized design configuration, featuring a maximum controlled volumetric flow rate increased of more than 25%, has been proposed.     

极端工况下微网电压稳定控制策略研究

为了抑制极端工况下的电压跌落,从超级电容与蓄电池相互配合的角度出发,通过精确控制超级电容电压的方式,在不增加电容值的同时提高系统的功率裕度,从而降低在极端工况下电压跌落。在PSCAD/EMTDC建立了基于超级电容和蓄电池储能的微电网模型,仿真结果表明,所提控制策略可以有效缓解微电网在重负载下的电压跌落,电压落幅度减小13.7%。     

预喷射对柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声控制策略的试验研究

通过瞬态与稳态工况燃烧噪声测试试验,开展预喷射对柴油机瞬态工况燃烧噪声控制的研究。从缸内压力升高率最大值来分析预喷射对瞬态与稳态工况燃烧噪声不同的影响机理。通过分析预喷射对瞬态工况与稳态工况燃烧噪声的控制差异,得出预喷射同样能够降低瞬态工况燃烧噪声,但控制效果低于稳态工况。在此基础上,得出预喷射控制瞬态工况燃烧噪声的策略:相对于稳态工况,瞬态工况下应取较大的预喷量和与主预喷间隔,并得到试验的验证。