Heat Transfer Correlations for Elongated Bubbly Flow in Flow Boiling Micro/Minichannels

An improved conventional-to-micro/minichannel criterion was proposed by using the Bond number and the liquid Reynolds number. In micro/minichannels, bubbles tend to be confined and elongated in the channel and the conventional two-phase flow theory loses its applicability. As significant disagreement in experimental trends and heat transfer mechanisms was reported for flow boiling in micro/minichannels in the literature, it is not possible to explain the discrepancy and predict all data points by a single correlation without considering the different flow patterns. In this study, heat transfer correlations for elongated bubbly flow in flow boiling micro/minichannels were developed based on a collected micro/minichannel heat transfer database. The newly developed correlations not only can present a decent overall accuracy, but also estimate the parametric trends correctly. More than 97% of the data points can be predicted by the proposed correlations within a ±50% error band for elongated bubbly flow. Also, a flow-pattern-based model can be developed by combining the developed elongated bubbly flow correlations with previous annular flow correlations for predicting flow boiling heat transfer in micro/minichannels.     

Comparison of Void Fraction Correlations for Different Flow Patterns in Upward Vertical Two-Phase Flow

A comparison of the performance of 52 void fraction correlations was made based on an unbiased experimental data set of 1208 data points. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken for the available void fraction correlations and experimental void fraction data for upward vertical two-phase flow. The performance of the correlations in correctly predicting the diverse data set was evaluated. Comparisons between the correlations were made and appropriate recommendations were drawn. The analysis showed that most of the correlations developed are very restricted in terms of handling a wide variety of data sets. Based on this analysis, void fraction correlations with the best predictive capability are highlighted.     

An Improved Heat Transfer Correlation for Supercritical Aviation Kerosene Flowing Upward and Downward in Vertical Tubes

Correlations are crucial to the design of cooling channels employed in regenerative cooling systems for scramjets. In this paper, correlations for the aviation kerosene flowing upward and downward in vertical tubes are studied and discussed. Four existing correlations are assessed against the available experimental data. To further improve the prediction accuracy of the heat transfer behaviors of the supercritical aviation kerosene, a new dimensionless parameter(Qi) relevant to the heat flux is ...     

The Effect of Tube Flattening on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement

The present study investigated the effect of smooth tube flattening on heat transfer enhancement in an evaporator. The tubes with internal diameter of 8.7 mm were flattened into an oblong shape with different inside heights. The test setup was basically a vapor compression refrigeration system equipped with all necessary measuring instruments. Refrigerant R-134a flowing inside the tube was heated by an electrical coil heater wrapped around it. The ranges of mass velocities were from 74 to 106 kg/m²-s and vapor quality varied from 25% to 95%. Analysis of the collected data indicated that the heat transfer coefficient elevates by increasing the mass velocity and vapor quality in flattened tubes just like the round tube. The flow boiling heat transfer coefficient increases when the flattened tube is used instead of the round tube. The highest heat transfer coefficient enhancement of 172% was achieved for the tube with the lowest inside height at mass velocity of 106 kg/m²-s and vapor quality of 85%. Finally, based on the present experimental results, a correlation was developed to predict the heat transfer coefficient in flattened tubes.     

Heat Transfer Correlations for Single-Phase Flow,Condensation, and Boiling in Microfin Tubes

Experimental single-phase, condensation and flow boiling heat transfer data from the literature and our previous studies were collected to evaluate existing heat transfer correlations for microfin tubes of different geometries. The Ravigururajan and Bergles correlation modified by using the hydraulic diameter proposed by Li et al. (2012) can predict single-phase heat transfer data relatively well. Among the four reviewed condensation heat transfer correlations, the Yu and Koyama (1998) correlation presents the best prediction. However, all the four condensation correlations are prone to overpredict the carbon dioxide data. For flow boiling in microfin tubes, the general semiempirical correlation developed by Wu et al. (2013), applicable for intermittent and annular flow patterns, is the most reliable predictive method among the five evaluated correlations. It can predict 90% of the overall 754 data points within a ±30% error band, with a mean absolute deviation and a standard deviation equal to 18.2% and 21.9%, respectively, covering pure halogenated refrigerants, near azeotropic refrigerant mixtures, and carbon dioxide with the following applicable range: fin root diameter 2.1 to 14.8 mm, mass flux 100 to 800 kg/m²s, heat flux 4.5 to 59 kW/m², and reduced pressure 0.07 to 0.7.     

Experimental Investigation on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of HFC-134a inside a Vertical Helically Coiled Tube

An investigation on flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop of HFC-134a inside a vertical helically coiled concentric tube-in-tube heat exchanger has been experimentally carried out. The test section is a six-turn helically coiled tube with 5.786-m length, in which refrigerant HFC-134a flowing inside the inner tube is heated by the water flowing in the annulus. The diameter and the pitch of the coil are 305 mm and 45 mm, respectively. The outer diameter of the inner tube and its thickness are respectively 9.52 and 0.62 mm. The inner diameter of the outer tube is 29 mm. The average vapor qualities in test section were varied from 0.1 to 0.8. The tests were conducted with three different mass velocities of 112, 132, and 152 kg/m²-s. Analysis of obtained data showed that increasing of both the vapor qualities and the mass fluxes leads to higher heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops. Also, it was observed that the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced and also the pressure drop is increased when a helically coiled tube is used instead of a straight tube. Based on the present experimental results, a correlation was developed to predict the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient in vertical helically coiled tubes.     

超临界变压运行锅炉垂直上升内螺纹管的传热特性

在压力为10～28 MPa、质量流速为500～1 220 kg/(m2·s)、热负荷为140～400kW/m2的工况范围内,在试验台上进行了直径38.1 mm、厚度7.5 mm垂直上升内螺纹管的传热特性研究.结果表明:在亚临界压力区,内螺纹管的旋流作用使内螺纹管具有明显的传热强化效果;随着压力的升高,特别是在近临界压力区,由于汽-液比体积的差值减小,内螺纹管的旋流作用降低,所以强化传热效果降低.在超临界压力区,管内流体属于单相流体,当管中心处工质温度与贴壁处工质温度均低于拟临界温度时,管中心工质与管内贴壁处工质之间的比体积相差很小,使得内螺纹管的旋流作用降低,管壁温度升高较快,传热恶化;当管中心工质温度低于拟临界温度、而贴壁处工质温度高于拟临界温度时,两处工质之间的比体积差增大,使得内螺纹管的旋流作用增强,传热强化,壁温降低.     

R1234yf Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Inside a 2.4-mm Microfin Tube

ABSTRACT

This paper presents an experimental study on R1234yf flow boiling inside a mini microfin tube with an inner diameter at the fin tip of 2.4 mm. R1234yf is a new refrigerant with an extremely low global warming potential (GWP <1), proposed as a possible substitute for the common R134a, whose GWP is about 1300. The mass flux was varied between 375 and 940 kg m^?2 s^?1, heat flux from 10 to 50 kW m^?2, and vapor quality from 0.1 to 1. The saturation temperature at the inlet of the test section was kept constant and equal to 30°C. The wide range of operative test conditions permitted highlighting the effects of mass flux, heat flux, and vapor quality on the thermal and hydraulic behavior during the flow boiling mechanism inside such a mini microfin tube. The results show that at low heat flux the phase-change process is mainly controlled by two-phase forced convection, and at high heat flux by nucleate boiling. The two-phase frictional pressure drop increases with increasing both mass velocity and vapor quality. Dry-out was observed only at the highest heat flux, at vapor qualities of around 0.94–0.95.     

Prediction of Heat Transfer Coefficient in Flow Boiling over Tube Bundles Using ANFIS

The applicability of the artificial intelligence technique called ANFIS (for adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system) to model the flow boiling heat transfer over a tube bundle is studied in this paper. The ANFIS model is trained and validated with the experimental data from literature. The heat flux, mass flux, and row height are taken as input and the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient as output. The developed model performance is evaluated in terms of performance parameters such as root mean square error, mean square error, correlation coefficient, variance accounted for, and computational time. The preceding parameters of the model are then determined for different combinations of type and number of membership functions. The model is found to predict experimental heat transfer coefficient within an error of ±5%. The developed model is also compared with the artificial neural network model and is found to be better in predicting the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient. The developed model is further used to observe the variation of heat transfer coefficient of the individual rows and bundle for intermediate value of parameters such as heat flux and mass flux that are not included in the analysis of experimental data. The analysis is able to provide complete information about variation of heat transfer coefficient of individual rows and the bundle with respect to heat flux and mass flux.     

水平三维内微肋管在局部蒸干区的沸腾换热及其关联式

为了得到不同流型下的换热性能 ,以 R1 3 4a为实验工质在一种水平三维内微肋管内进行了流动沸腾换热实验研究 ,通过可视化等措施对得到的主要流型及其转换曲线表示在 G-x图上。对局部蒸干区的沸腾换热特点进行了讨论 ,并根据此区域换热的特点 ,沿周向管壁分成两个部分 ,即 :蒸干部分和非蒸干部分。对于非蒸干部分又分为淹没微肋的底部液体 ,且认为同环状流换热机理相同 ,而另一部分认为液休带领在沟槽中 ,从而得到了此区域的换热实验关联式 ,此换热关联式与实验值的最大偏差在± 1 6%以内     

Experimental Investigation on Observed Scattering in Heat Transfer Characteristics for Flow Boiling in a Small Diameter Tube

The effects of flow fluctuation at the test section inlet on flow boiling heat transfer were investigated for FC72 by the use of a horizontal circular tube with a diameter of 0.51 mm. Flow fluctuation was minimized by employing a high-powered syringe pump in one experiment and intensified in another experiment by the connection of an auxiliary tank exposed to atmosphere allowing the reverse flow. In the experiments of strict inlet flow rate regulation, heat transfer characteristics were similar to those observed in normal size tubes. However, if the flow rate fluctuated by up to ± 20% of the total under the weak inlet flow rate regulation, the trend of the heat transfer coefficient increasing with increasing vapor quality in moderate vapor quality region disappeared, and heat transfer deterioration due to partial dryout started at lower vapor quality. Boiling heat transfer characteristics in minichannels could be changed considerably by the existence of flow fluctuation caused by the rapid axial growth of elongated bubbles at low vapor quality. The regulation of inlet flow rate seems to be a key parameter in reducing the scattering in heat transfer data encountered in flow boiling of minichannels. Experimental data obtained by using a pump of weak power or data using a liquid reservoir can never be inherently consistent with those obtained for the constant inlet flow rate conditions. Although such a weak restriction of inlet conditions is actually encountered in application systems, the difference in heat transfer characteristics between the normal and mini-tubes should be clarified, as the first objective of the research, under the same inlet conditions without flow fluctuation.     

单面加热竖直窄通道内环状流沸腾传热特性

基于汽芯的动量方程和液膜的质量和动量方程,建立了单面均匀热流竖直窄通道内环状流沸腾传热模型,利用数值法对方程组进行求解,得出了环状流区域的液膜厚度,并进一步预测了环状流两相沸腾传热系数。研究表明:模型预测的两相沸腾传热系数比Mahmound关联式计算值偏小;将不同工况下的291组环状流两相沸腾传热系数实验值与模型预测值进行对比,平均绝对误差为12.7%。     

Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop and Flow Boiling Heat Transfer for R245fa in a 2.32-mm Tube

Experimental two-phase frictional pressure drop and flow boiling heat transfer results are presented for a horizontal 2.32-mm ID stainless-steel tube using R245fa as working fluid. The frictional pressure drop data was obtained under adiabatic and diabatic conditions. Experiments were performed for mass velocities ranging from 100 to 700 kg m^?2 s^?1, heat flux from 0 to 55 kW m^?2, exit saturation temperatures of 31 and 41°C, and vapor qualities from 0.10 to 0.99. Pressures drop gradients and heat transfer coefficients ranging from 1 to 70 kPa m^?1 and from 1 to 7 kW m^?2 K^?1 were measured. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient is a strong function of the heat flux, mass velocity, and vapor quality. Five frictional pressure drop predictive methods were compared against the experimental database. The Cioncolini et al. (2009) method was found to work the best. Six flow boiling heat transfer predictive methods were also compared against the present database. Liu and Winterton (1991), Zhang et al. (2004), and Saitoh et al. (2007) were ranked as the best methods. They predicted the experimental flow boiling heat transfer data with an average error around 19%.     

Forced Convection Film Boiling Heat Transfer Over a Vertical Cylinder

The knowledge of subcooled film boiling heat transfer is important as the basis of understanding the reflooding phenomenon during emergency cooling in a nuclear reactor under a loss-of-coolant accident. In this study, forced convection film boiling heat transfer from a vertical cylinder in Freon-113 flowing upward along the cylinder was measured for the flow velocities ranging from 0 to 1.3 m/s, and liquid subcoolings ranging from 0 to 20 K at pressures near atmospheric. A platinum heater with a diameter of 3 mm was heated by electric current. The heat transfer coefficients obtained are almost independent of vertical positions on the cylinder. The heat transfer coefficients are almost independent of velocity for the velocities lower than about 1 m/s and become higher for the velocities higher than 1 m/s. The heat transfer coefficients at each velocity are higher for higher liquid subcoolings. Improvement of film boiling heat transfer from the vertical cylinder with the increase in flow velocity is much less than that of horizontal cylinder in cross flow previously reported by the authors. This is mainly due to the difference of heat transfer enhancement mechanism; the former is the drag force on vapor flow acted by a liquid flow, and the latter is the pressure gradient near the front stagnation point caused by external potential flow.     

Development of Heat Transfer Correlation for Supercritical Water in Vertical Upward Tubes

Supercritical water is widely used in many advanced single-phase thermosiphons due to its favorable heat and mass transfer characteristics and potentially high thermal efficiency. However, the heat transfer characteristics of supercritical water in the deterioration regime cannot be accurately predicted due to the absence of exact evaluation of the effect on steep variation in thermophysical properties near the pseudocritical point. The present paper focuses on the deterioration mode by analyzing the physical mechanism and constructing a new correlation. About 3,000 experimental data on supercritical water, including 40 deteriorated heat transfer cases from open literature, were collected. Quantitative assessment of heat transfer behavior was conducted based on existing test data and previous criteria gathered from extant literature. Based on experimental data evaluation and phenomenological analysis, an improved dimensionless correlation is proposed by introducing multi-dimensionless parameters, which can correct the deviation of heat transfer from its conventional behavior in the Dittus-Boelter equation. Comparisons of various heat transfer correlations with the selected test data show that the new correlation agrees better with the test data versus other correlations selected from the open literature.     

非共沸混合制冷剂水平管内流动沸腾换热

近年来,非共沸混合制冷剂作为工质改善热泵和制冷设备工作效率和性能的潜力引起了广泛的重视。本文评述了非共沸混合制冷剂水平管内流动沸腾换热研究的主要问题,着重于讨论换热的计算,并提出了一些有益建议。     

Pressure Drop,Boiling Heat Transfer and Flow Patterns during Flow Boiling in a Single Microchannel

The boiling heat transfer and two-phase pressure drop of water in a microscale channel were experimentally investigated. The tested horizontal rectangular microchannel had a hydraulic diameter of 100 μ m and length of 40 mm. A series of microheaters provided heat energy to the working fluid, which made it possible to control and measure the local thermal conditions in the direction of the flow. Both the microchannel and microheaters were fabricated using a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique. Flow patterns were obtained from real-time flow visualizations made during the flow boiling experiments. Tests were performed for mass fluxes of 90, 169, and 267 kg/m²s and heat fluxes from 200 to 500 kW/m². The effects of the mass flux and vapor quality on the local flow boiling heat transfer coefficient and two-phase frictional pressure gradient were studied. The evaluated experimental data were compared with existing correlations. The experimental heat transfer coefficients were nearly independent of the mass flux and vapor quality. Most of the existing correlations did not provide reliable heat transfer coefficient predictions for different vapor quality values, nor could they predict the two-phase frictional pressure gradient except under some limited conditions.     

多孔表面管沸腾传热试验研究

针对烧制成多孔表面管,进行了传热性能研究,试验表明：多孔管可以显著地强化多孔侧沸腾传热,民同规格光滑管传热性能试验对比,其沸腾给热系数比光滑管提高５－６倍。     

光管内流动冷凝换热系数预测关联式研究

选用R22、R32、R134a 3种制冷剂,对其在内径为5 mm光管内的流动冷凝换热特性进行实验。实验工况为:制冷剂质量流速500～1 100 kg/(m~2·s),冷凝温度35、40和45℃,冷冻水Re 10 000～40 000,制冷剂在测试管进出口保持2～3℃的过热、过冷度。选取Cavallini、Shah和Dobson and Chato 3个关联式的预测值与3种制冷剂在光管内换热系数实验值进行比较。结果表明:Shah关联式对换热系数的预测精度最高,其预测误差在10%以内。基于Shah关联式对管内换热机制的假设,参考Dobson and Chato关联式拟合机制,提出新关联式,±7%的预测误差,足可证实新关联式较好的预测能力。