富氧燃烧锅炉热平衡计算方法研究

针对富氧燃烧锅炉增加了尾部再循环烟气和空气分离器抽出的氧气特点,对富氧燃烧锅炉进行了热平衡计算建模,并以常规燃烧锅炉热平衡计算方法为基础,提出了富氧燃烧锅炉热平衡计算方法方法,并比较了不同氧浓度对富氧燃烧锅炉热平衡计算结果影响规律。所得研究结果为开展富氧锅炉热力计算提供了理论基础。     

富氧燃烧条件下锅炉燃料燃烧计算研究

以常规锅炉燃料燃烧计算方法为基础,对富氧燃烧锅炉的燃料燃烧计算方法展开研究。通过将富氧锅炉与常规锅炉的热力系统进行比较,建立了进行富氧锅炉燃料燃烧计算的基本模型。在此基础上首先提出了富氧燃烧条件下燃料所需理论助燃剂量和理论烟气量的计算方法,随后进行了考虑烟气再循环和不考虑烟气再循环2种条件下的实际烟气量的分析计算,其中包括各种烟气成分的体积量的计算,最后根据富氧燃烧锅炉热力系统的特点,推导出了富氧燃烧条件下烟气质量、烟气密度、飞灰质量浓度和烟气焓的计算公式。对富氧燃烧条件下锅炉的燃料燃烧计算进行了详细分析,为今后发展和完善富氧锅炉热力计算方法提供必要的理论基础。     

富氧燃烧烟气循环过程建模及燃烧产物体积变化特性研究

以300MW煤粉锅炉为例,详细计算并分析比较了烟气再循环方式及锅炉漏风系数对富氧燃烧锅炉燃烧产物成分变化规律。根据富氧燃烧不同烟气再循环方式,建立了富氧燃烧循环过程中各燃烧产物的体积计算模型并运用流程迭代的方法对燃烧产物中各组分体积做了详细计算。模型计算结果表明,炉膛出口燃烧产物中氧气和氮气的份额主要受漏风系数的影响,而水蒸气和二氧化碳的份额主要受烟气再循环方式的影响。所得研究结果对富氧燃烧锅炉受热面设计布置有着重要意义。     

不同O2/CO2比例气氛下富氧燃烧锅炉热力计算对比分析

采用富氧燃烧可以显著减少阻燃空气量以及烟气中非可燃气体含量,使得锅炉节能减排更加有效.不同的O2/CO2气氛下,富氧燃烧锅炉的燃烧状况随之变化,随着氧浓度的升高,炉膛内燃烧强度增强,理论燃烧温度升高,炉膛内辐射吸热量增加.介绍了富氧燃烧技术的基本特点,分析了不同O2/CO2比例气氛下富氧燃烧锅炉结构的不同,通过计算找到合适比例气氛下的富氧燃烧锅炉.     

200MW富氧燃煤锅炉传热特性研究

对常规空气燃烧传热计算方法进行了修正,使其适用于富氧燃烧方式,并对灰气体加权模型(WSGG)的参数进行优化和修正,得到了烟气发射率与温度、辐射层有效厚度和分压比的关系;以美国国家标准技术局(NIST)数据库数据为标准,对富氧燃烧方式下烟气各组分的导热系数、运动黏度和普朗特数等物性参数进行拟合,采取先组分后混合的方式对对流传热计算方法进行了改进,并对200 MW富氧燃煤锅炉进行传热性能研究.结果表明:富氧燃烧方式下烟气中CO2物性参数的拟合结果与真实值的误差小于0.61％;在富氧燃烧干循环26％O2体积分数、湿循环29 ％O2体积分数下,各受热面的吸热量和出口烟气温度等主要参数均能与空气燃烧方式下的对应参数较好吻合,基本可以达到同一锅炉系统2种燃烧方式的兼容运行.     

富氧燃煤锅炉烟气再循环方式选择与水分平衡计算

在不同的二次烟气再循环方式下,以300 MW富氧燃烧锅炉机组为例,对分别采用直接接触式冷却器（DCC）进行烟气脱水和湿式脱硫（FGD）与DCC串联进行烟气脱硫及脱水的富氧燃烧系统详细计算并比较了烟气中水蒸气体积分数的变化,并计算和比较了各种布置方式下的风机功耗.结果表明：单独采用DCC脱水情况下,锅炉烟气水蒸气体积分数比空气燃烧方式下高10%-15%;二次循环烟气脱水时,锅炉烟气中的水蒸气含量比空气燃烧方式下高约3%;FGD与DCC串联布置时的锅炉流通烟气水蒸气含量略高于采用单独DCC时二次循环烟气脱水的水蒸气含量;电厂循环水温度为30℃时,DCC出口烟气理论水蒸气体积分数为4.28%;单独采用DCC脱水的干烟气循环方式的风机总电耗最小.     

炉内烟气成分对富氧燃烧锅炉传热特性的影响

针对炉内烟气成分及其物性在不同燃烧方式下的变化对富氧燃烧锅炉炉内流动、温度及传热特性的影响进行了研究．研究表明,除烟气质量流量m外,不同燃烧方式间烟气成分的差异使烟气的物性有明显的不同,如密度、比热容和气体辐射吸收系数等,将显著影响炉内的流动、温度及传热分布．首先,炉内烟温取决于m cp的共同作用,由于CO₂、H₂O与N₂比热的差异,富氧燃烧烟气的比热明显高于空气燃烧,使富氧燃烧锅炉烟气质量流量在显著低于空气燃烧条件下才可获得与之相近的炉内烟温分布;其次,由于CO₂、H₂O与N₂辐射性质的差异,富氧燃烧烟气的吸收系数明显高于空气燃烧,不利于炉内高温火焰与壁面的辐射换热,因此富氧燃烧需在更高炉内烟温下才可获得与空气燃烧相近的壁面传热量．因此,在设计新型富氧燃烧系统或改造现有空气燃烧系统时,需综合考虑烟气流量与成分及物性变化的影响．     

水泥窑用富氧燃烧技术理论分析

结合水泥窑特点,本文通过理论计算和实验研究分析了富氧燃烧技术效果,并针对某1 200 t/d水泥生产线用富氧燃烧技术进行了探讨。表明水泥窑内煤粉理论燃烧温度、辐射换热量、起始反应温度和燃烧时间的变化取决于煤粉颗粒燃烧时周围氧气的浓度,而该浓度介于窑内整体氧气浓度和一次风氧气浓度之间。在富氧空气氧气含量确定的前提下,富氧燃烧技术的差异决定了该浓度大小。     

增压富氧燃煤锅炉省煤器的设计与优化

以300MW机组煤粉炉省煤器为例,对锅炉常压空气燃烧、常压富氧燃烧和5种不同增压(6MPa)富氧燃烧方案下的锅炉对流受热面尺寸、烟气流量、烟气侧传热系数和压降等参数进行了计算和分析,根据基于经济性分析的单位换热量换热器总费用最小的原则确定省煤器的最佳设计结构.结果表明:与常压空气燃烧相比,常压富氧燃烧下烟气体积流量减小了28.5%,对流传热系数减小了11.5%;增压富氧燃烧下的烟气体积流量减小了98.82%,随着烟气流速的增大,受热面面积减小,烟气侧传热系数和压降增大;最佳方案中的烟气流速为1.54m/s时,单位换热量换热器总费用约为常压空气燃烧下的60%,烟气侧压降为582.65Pa,烟道截面积仅为常压空气燃烧下的7.8%.     

600MW亚临界锅炉富氧改造热力学性能及?分析

利用锅炉热力计算和?分析的方法对某600 MW燃煤锅炉在不同O_2/CO_2气氛下进行锅炉热力特性和?效率计算,并与空气气氛下锅炉热力特性和?进行比较。结果显示:在富氧燃烧条件下,锅炉排烟量和排烟热损失有所减少,锅炉效率有所增加,同时锅炉的辐射和半辐射受热面的烟气侧换热系数增加。O_2/CO_2中氧气分压处于25%～30%之间时,锅炉的理论燃烧温度和炉膛出口温度与空气气氛相似。富氧条件下锅炉?效率提高1%左右,且?损失大部分发生在传热和燃烧过程中。     

Analysis of oxy-fuel combustion power cycle utilizing a pressurized coal combustor

Growing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions have driven extensive research into new power generation cycles that enable carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. In this regard, oxy-fuel combustion is a promising new technology in which fuels are burned in an environment of oxygen and recycled combustion gases. In this paper, an oxy-fuel combustion power cycle that utilizes a pressurized coal combustor is analyzed. We show that this approach recovers more thermal energy from the flue gases because the elevated flue gas pressure raises the dew point and the available latent enthalpy in the flue gases. The high-pressure water-condensing flue gas thermal energy recovery system reduces steam bleeding which is typically used in conventional steam cycles and enables the cycle to achieve higher efficiency. The pressurized combustion process provides the purification and compression unit with a concentrated carbon dioxide stream. For the purpose of our analysis, a flue gas purification and compression process including de-SO_x, de-NO_x, and low temperature flash unit is examined. We compare a case in which the combustor operates at 1.1 bars with a base case in which the combustor operates at 10 bars. Results show nearly 3% point increase in the net efficiency for the latter case.     

Oxy-fuel combustion of solid fuels

Oxy-fuel combustion is suggested as one of the possible, promising technologies for capturing CO₂ from power plants. The concept of oxy-fuel combustion is removal of nitrogen from the oxidizer to carry out the combustion process in oxygen and, in most concepts, recycled flue gas to lower the flame temperature. The flue gas produced thus consists primarily of carbon dioxide and water. Much research on the different aspects of an oxy-fuel power plant has been performed during the last decade. Focus has mainly been on retrofits of existing pulverized-coal-fired power plant units. Green-field plants which provide additional options for improvement of process economics are however likewise investigated. Of particular interest is the change of the combustion process induced by the exchange of carbon dioxide and water vapor for nitrogen as diluent. This paper reviews the published knowledge on the oxy-fuel process and focuses particularly on the combustion fundamentals, i.e. flame temperatures and heat transfer, ignition and burnout, emissions, and fly ash characteristics. Knowledge is currently available regarding both an entire oxy-fuel power plant and the combustion fundamentals. However, several questions remain unanswered and more research and pilot plant testing of heat transfer profiles, emission levels, the optimum oxygen excess and inlet oxygen concentration levels, high and low-temperature fire-side corrosion, ash quality, plant operability, and models to predict NO_x and SO₃ formation is required.     

全氧燃烧技术在钢包烘烤上的应用

主要介绍全氧燃烧技术以及在钢包烘烤上的应用实践,全氧燃烧时用纯氧代替空气作为燃料的助燃剂,79%的氮气不再参与燃烧,烟气中不存在氮气,烟气量大幅下降。钢包烘烤采用全氧燃烧技术,具有如下优点:燃烧过程完全,无CO外溢,减少NO_x和废气排放,减少对大气的污染,减少热量损失,提高热量利用率,并且降低能源消耗。     

Coal-fired oxy-fuel power unit – Process and system analysis

As oxy-fuel power generation is currently on the pre-demonstration stage of development many studies dealing with optimization and simulation aspects are still in progress. This paper is focused on the development of a simulation model of the integrated oxy-fuel system and cumulative energy analysis of an oxy-unit operation in separated national economy. The analyzed oxy-fuel system consists of a steam boiler, steam cycle, air separation unit, as well as a CO₂ purification and compression island. The built model is based on physical relations. It has been developed as a set of modules modelling isolated devices (e.g. combustion chamber or flue gas dehumidifier). Interconnections between these devices can be easily changed, which permits to analyse different oxy-fuel structures and operating parameters. The simulation model has been partially verified on the basis of literature data. Results of oxy fuel energy analysis have been presented for one selected structure and compared with an air combustion power unit, assuming the same steam cycle parameters. For both cases indices of cumulative primary energy consumption have been calculated. The obtained results show that the increase of oxy-fuel primary energy consumption (compared with air-based combustion) can be significantly reduced if by-produced nitrogen will be used for external applications.     

Sulphur impacts during pulverised coal combustion in oxy-fuel technology for carbon capture and storage

The oxy-fuel process is one of three carbon capture technologies which supply CO₂ ready for sequestration - the others being post-combustion capture and IGCC with carbon capture. As yet no technology has emerged as a clear winner in the race to commercial deployment. The oxy-fuel process relies on recycled flue gas as the main heat carrier through the boiler and results in significantly different flue gas compositions. Sulphur has been shown in the study to have impacts in the furnace, during ash collection, CO₂ compression and transport as well as storage, with many options for its removal or impact control. In particular, the effect of sulphur containing species can pose a risk for corrosion throughout the plant and transport pipelines. This paper presents a technical review of all laboratory and pilot work to identify impacts of sulphur impurities from throughout the oxy-fuel process, from combustion, gas cleaning, compression to sequestration with removal and remedial options. An economic assessment of the optimum removal is not considered. Recent oxy-fuel pilot trials performed in support of the Callide Oxy-fuel Project and other pilot scale data are interpreted and combined with thermodynamic simulations to develop a greater fundamental understanding of the changes incurred by recycling the flue gas. The simulations include a sensitivity analysis of process variables and comparisons between air fired and oxy-fuel fired conditions - such as combustion products, SO₃ conversion and limestone addition.     

循环流化床锅炉低氮燃烧的CPFD数值模拟

针对某75 t/h循环流化床锅炉炉膛出口NOx排放超标问题进行分析探讨,以合理的低氮燃烧控制技术为主,辅以SNCR烟气脱硝技术,争取达到NO x超净排放要求。采用CPFD计算方法对循环流化床锅炉炉膛内的气固流动和燃烧特性进行数值模拟,运用低过量空气燃烧法和空气分级技术对锅炉进行低氮燃烧控制,研究一、二次风配比、二次风射流、过量空气系数、循环倍率和颗粒粒径等因素对炉内燃烧及NO x排放的影响。结果表明:通过低氮燃烧控制后,炉内速度场和温度场分布均匀,炉膛出口处烟气流速增加,炉膛平均烟温和出口氧浓度降低,还原性气体CO浓度和优化前基本相同,炉膛出口NOx浓度降低,减排效果显著,为以后的锅炉运行提供实际指导经验。     

链条炉区段烟气再循环对锅炉运行及NOx排放特性影响的工业试验研究

针对一台采用尽早配风方式的29MW链条炉进行分区段烟气再循环对锅炉运行及NOx排放特性影响的工业试验。在挥发分析出及燃烧区段煤层下的一次风室混入再循环烟气将有效强化该区段煤层燃烧,降低该区段煤层以上燃烧空间的氧浓度,控制及消减挥发分N向NOx的转化,同时降低了穿过该区段煤层一次风的氧浓度,抑制焦炭N向NOx转化,NO消减效果最高达到25%。在焦炭燃烧区段煤层下的一次风室混入再循环烟气,能够降低穿过床层气流的氧浓度,抑制焦炭氮向NO的转化过程,该区段烟气再循环低氮效果有限,最大降幅9%。再循环烟气可以替代部分一次风,以维持足够的风室风压,进而降低穿过煤层气流的O2浓度,从而强化链条炉区段燃烧特性的低氮特征,实现链条炉的NOx减排。随着工业锅炉NOx排放指标的不断提高,烟气再循环作为一项有效的前置低氮环节,能有效降低整个低氮系统的投资,进而取得较好的经济性。     

不同燃烧条件下煤粉锅炉NOx排放特性的试验研究

以1台670 t/h煤粉锅炉为对象进行了热态试验,研究了煤粉锅炉在不同燃烧条件下NOx 的排放特性.采用在线烟气分析仪对烟气成分进行分析,并通过化学分析获得了飞灰中的可燃物含量.改变二次风配风方式、炉膛出口氧量、周界风风门开度以及磨煤机组合方式等影响因素,对锅炉热效率、飞灰可燃物以及NOx排放浓度进行测量和分析,获得了可减少NOx排放并保持较高燃烧效率的合理燃烧方式:采用均等配风,炉膛出口氧量为2.25%左右,周界风风门开度为15%,采用ABC层的磨煤机组合方式.     

电站锅炉燃烧优化信息库的建立与应用

在1台125 MW无烟煤切圆燃烧锅炉上进行了34个工况的燃烧优化试验.结果表明:当煤质特性较好、锅炉负荷较高时,正宝塔配风、烟气氧量为3%~4%有利于锅炉效率的提高.基于此,采用BP人工神经网络,选取煤的挥发分、发热量、二次风配风和烟气氧量4个有代表性的参数作为输入参数,锅炉效率作为输出参数,建立了表征煤质特性、运行条件与锅炉效率关系的简单适用的神经网络模型.基于该模型,提出了一种简洁的锅炉燃烧优化策略:根据入炉煤的挥发分和发热量,直接获得使锅炉效率最高的二次风配风和烟气氧量,并建立了锅炉燃烧优化信息库.经验证表明:该优化信息库能够有效指导锅炉的燃烧优化.