桥式起重机三维实体库建立及基于SolidWorks平台的参数化设计应用技术

结合桥式起重机的产品结构特点，采取模块化设计思想、三维参数化设计平台和数据库技术，建立通用零部件三维模型库，支持设计分析和产品组装，初步形成具有产品特点的专业机械图形设计系统。本文结合产品设计论述其基本思路、关键技术和实现方法。     

基于ADAMS与EASY5的40 kN液压起重机联合仿真

以液压起重机为研究对象,在UG软件中完成结构的三维建模,导入动力学仿真软件ADAMS中建立液压起重机的虚拟样机模型,利用EASY5软件建立起重机的液压系统模型,通过设计软件数据接口实现了液压起重机的机械/液压联合仿真。结果表明:虚拟样机模型与液压系统模型实现了无缝联接,验证了联合仿真方法的有效性与实用性。     

浅谈桥（门）式起重机运行轨道焊接方法及电器回路的改进方法

桥（门）式起重机在机械修理、吊装货物等机械操作中应用较广泛，但对于其较为细致的部分，需在使用过程中不断摸索总结，加以改装，使之更经济方便使用。现就桥、门式起重机运行轨道的焊接及点动电气回路控制的改进介绍如下：     

起重机主起升机构的变速设计

用途最为广泛的桥式和门式起重机通常不要求主起升机构变速，但在如安装用起重机等特定条件下使用的主要起升机常要求变速，本文介绍几种行之有效的机械变速方式，叙述了它们的设计要点以及使用实例，可供参考。     

典型工况下桥式起重机大车运行机构摆角模型

桥式起重机常常受到如空气阻力、风载荷影响、系统自身阻尼、轨道变化以及运动过程中的摩擦力等多种因素的干扰,这些不确定的因素对负载摆动有着不可避免的影响。对起重机建立准确模型是研究桥式起重机的电子防摇控制策略的基础。从桥式起重机四大组成部分的功能出发,分析起重机一个作业循环以及大小车运行时的受力情况：包括由轨道缺陷导致的负载阻力、绳长弹性形变以及风载等。建立桥式起重机-负载三维动力学数学模型,基于MATLAB对仿真结果进行分析。研究结果表明：驱动力大小、风载以及负载质量在不同程度下会促进负载的摆动,且当这些因素保持不变时,摆角增速有所下降。     

企业建立通用零部件库的实用模式

本文分析了标准件库现状和二维、三维CAD软件的建库基础，提出了一种充分利用三维软件参数化设计功能、建立企业二维、三维CAD通用零部件库的模式。结合起重机通用件库建设，介绍了各类零部件的参数化设计方式、入库文件和零部件的调用界面。     

起重机主梁的三维参数设计

本文以起重机主梁为例，研究通过编程与三维软件相结合，开发主梁的自动化设计，具有普通的工程意义。     

桥式起重机轮轨异常接触引起的轨道断裂分析

利用有限元程序ANSYS建立有微裂纹的三维实体模型,计算了桥式起重机轨道应力强度因子的大小,结合实验判断钢轨断裂情况。结果表明,轮压最大载荷工作时,随着时间推移轨道表面微裂纹会逐渐发生扩展,扩展积累会造成钢轨的断裂。发生车轮啃轨现象时,裂纹会扩展更加剧烈甚至发生瞬间断裂。     

焊接顺序对机械结构疲劳寿命影响研究

针对焊接机械结构中不可避免地产生焊接残余应力的现象,建立塔式起重机起重臂结构有限元模型,采用数值模拟的方法计算不同焊接顺序情况下焊接残余应力的大小,运用断裂力学知识分析焊接残余应力对结构疲劳强度的影响.计算结果表明:焊接顺序对结构焊接残余应力的分布及大小有着明显影响,交叉焊接并采用从中间向两端焊接产生的焊接残余应力较小;焊接残余应力降低结构的疲劳寿命,在塔式起重机生产制造过程中选择合理的焊接顺序,降低起重臂焊接残余应力,可提高其疲劳寿命.     

《重型机械科技》总第87-90期目次

篇名年-期·设计·2.6 MN四爪吊钳的设计及应力状态研究……2006-1基于TRIZ理论的产品创新设计………………2006-1基于ASP理念的起重机在线设计系统的开发2006-1……………………………………………………………采用角度变位—正传动变位齿轮设计的轧机人字齿轮座…………………………………………………2006-1基于MATLAB语言的机械优化设计…………2006-1大型、重型机械设备的三维仿真控制一体化平台开发2006-1……………………………………………………宝钢120 t/30 t/10 t×27.6 m桥式起重机有限元分析……………………………………     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。