Cylinder and metal grating polarization beam splitter

We propose a novel and compact metal grating polarization beam splitter (PBS) based on its different reflected and transmitted orders. The metal grating exhibits a broadband high reflectivity and polarization dependence. The rigorous coupled wave analysis is used to calculate the reflectivity and the transmitting spectra and optimize the structure parameters to realize the broadband PBS. The finite-element method is used to calculate the field distribution. The characteristics of the broadband high reflectivity, transmitting and the polarization dependence are investigated including wavelength, period, refractive index and the radius of circle grating. When grating period d = 400 nm, incident wavelength λ = 441 nm, incident angle θ = 60° and radius of circle d/5, then the zeroth reflection order R₀ = 0.35 and the transmission zeroth order T₀ = 0.08 for TE polarization, however, T₀ = 0.34 and R₀ = 0.01 for TM mode. The simple fabrication method involves only single etch step and good compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. PBS designed here is particularly suited for optical communication and optical information processing.     

Polarization-mode-dispersion compensator using a polarization beam splitter and quarter-wave plates

We propose a Michelson-interferometer-type polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD) compensator with one polarization beam splitter and quarter-wave plates. We experimentally demonstrate the proposed PMD compensator with fiber devices and show the PMD compensation ability to be 104 ps by the fixed-analyzer method.     

Scattering of waves by flaws in anisotropic laminated plates

The strip element method (SEM) is used to investigate wave scattering by rectangular flaws in anisotropic laminated plates. The plates containing flaws are divided by junctions into domains in which the SEM is applied. For each domain, SEM equations are obtained which give a relationship between the traction and displacement vector on the vertical boundaries. A set of equations which gives a relationship between the traction and displacement vector on the junctions is then obtained by assembling the SEM equations for all the domains. This set of equations is solved by using the conditions on the junctions. Scattered wave fields in the frequency domain for isotropic and composite plates with rectangular flaws are computed and discussed in comparison with results for corresponding plates without flaws. A technique for determining the length of a rectangular flaw in a plate is also presented. The results presented in this paper are of importance and could be used in the characterization of flaws in anisotropic laminated plates.     

Scattering and polarization of light by magnetic fluids

Expression for the intensity and the degree of polarization of light scattered by a magnetic colloid are derived. Experimental results obtained by earlier investigators are discussed on the basis of these expressions.     

FEM analysis of eddy current losses in nonlinear laminated iron cores

A finite element method is presented to compute three-dimensional eddy current distributions in nonlinear laminated iron cores. In a first step, the core is assumed to have an anisotropic conductivity of zero value in the direction perpendicular to the laminations. In a second step, the eddy currents within the sheets are computed by solving the nonlinear field problem individually in each layer. The boundary conditions for these essentially two-dimensional analyses are taken from the three dimensional field distribution determined in the first step. Numerical examples prove the validity of the method.     

Integrated optical polarization splitter based on photobleaching-induced birefringence in azo dye polymers

An integrated optical polarization splitter has been fabricated by utilizing the photobleaching-induced birefringence in an azo dye polymer. It consists of a Y-branch waveguide formed by the reactive ion etching with one of the two arms photobleached. The refractive index of the photobleached arm is decreased for the TE mode and increased for the TM mode. The performance of the splitter was measured as a function of the energy of the photobleaching beam and compared to a wave propagation simulation of the device. The measured cross talks are less than -28 dB for the TM mode and -24 dB for the TE mode at a wavelength of 1310 nm. The measured excess losses for the TE and TM modes, which measure the effect of the Y branch and the photobleaching, are 0.3 and 0.4 dB, respectively. The insertion loss was 5 dB, which includes the input fiber to waveguide coupling loss.     

Embedded metal-wire nanograting and its application in an optical polarization beam splitter/combiner

What we believe to be a new type of embedded metal-wire nanograting is fabricated, in which the metal wires are embedded under the trenches of the substrate, and a cladding layer is deposited on the surface of the trenches to protect the metal-wire grating. The substrate of the nanograting is antireflectively coated to further increase the performance of the device. This novel embedded nanograting has a high extinction ratio, low insertion loss for optical communication wavelengths, and good wearability for practical applications. This kind of metal-wire nanograting is attractive as a polarizing beam splitter or combiner to construct various optical devices. By using this newly developed kind of nanograting, a polarization beam splitter/combiner with good performance is fabricated.     

Electrostriction mechanism of microwave losses in a ferroelectric film and experimental confirmation

The experimental confirmation of the existence of the electrostriction mechanism of microwave losses in a thin ferroelectric film is discussed. The results of simulation of the dielectric loss tangent due to the mechanism discussed for a planar capacitor with one gap are presented and compared with existing experimental data for an interdigital capacitor. The simulation results agree well with the experimental data. The small discrepancy with experiment could be due to inaccurate determination of the sound velocity in the ferroelectric film and to differences in the capacitor structures used in the simulation and in the experiment. Pis’ma Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 25, 62–68 (September 12, 1999)     

Design of highly efficient polarization beam splitter based on self-collimation on Si platform

A highly efficient polarization beam splitter based on self-collimation phenomenon in 2D square array of air holes in Si background is presented. For the presented structural parameters, a broad bandwidth of Δω/ω_c = 1.3% for the incidence angle of |θ_in| < 80° is obtained. Here, a maximum deviation angle of |θ_p|_max < 5° from ideal self-collimation is considered. The extinction ratios for TE and TM polarizations exceed 70 and 12 dB, respectively, in the whole frequency range through applying optimized anti-reflections at input and output ports. Structural simplicity and its compatibility with existing fabrication technologies along with the flexibility of the design to match for desired central frequency in IR range using scalability rule of Maxwell equations are outstanding features of the design.     

Strong reduction of propagation losses in LiNbO3 ridge waveguides

We propose optimized processes for the reproducible production of LiNbO₃ ridge waveguides with propagation losses lower than 0.2 dB/cm. The performances are achieved for both Z-propagating and Y-propagating waveguides, TE and TM polarizations, in X-cut LiNbO₃ congruent substrates, and could be easily extrapolated to Z-cut substrates. The fabrication procedure is composed of three steps: titanium deposition, optical grade dicing and diffusion at high temperatures, so that lithography or cleanroom facilities are not required. The reproducible smooth waveguides with low propagation losses result from the diffusion step, which is performed after the production of the ridges. We also show how the losses can be evaluated from the Fabry–Perot effect in the waveguides, without any assumption on the input and output reflection coefficients.     

Absorbing beam splitter in a Michelson interferometer

The equality of the reflected and the transmitted irradiances by a beam splitter that consists of a thin absorbing coating (typically a metallic film) on a transparent plate is considered. The absorption and the phase difference between the reflected and transmitted fields are also studied. The lack of reversibility of this beam splitter introduces an asymmetry that is discussed for a Michelson interferometer.     

Ti-Cu层状复合材料静态载荷下变形与失效机制

利用水下爆炸焊接法制备了Ti-Cu层状复合材料。为研究Ti-Cu层状复合材料静态荷载下变形和失效机制，对Ti-Cu层状复合材料进行了室温条件下单轴拉伸实验和预制裂纹的三点弯曲实验，并与Ti单层板和Cu单层板进行对比分析，采用SEM观察断口形貌。通过拉伸和三点弯曲实验后的微观分析表明:在拉伸实验中，Ti-Cu层状复合材料的破坏是由于多方向应力耦合作用，加工硬化和界面效应使其拉伸强度远高于Ti单层板和Cu单层板；在预制裂纹的三点弯曲实验中，Ti-Cu层状复合材料的断裂是多重损伤失效相互作用的结果。Cu层形成大量的滑移带和变形带，Ti层产生大量的微裂纹，Ti-Cu层状复合材料由于多种损伤累积，形成一种特有的沿基体和界面交替传播的裂纹形态；相对于均质金属，Ti-Cu层状复合材料复杂的变形和失效行为是其力学性能提高的重要原因。      

泡沫铝层合结构矿用溜槽的减振降噪性能研究

为了降低煤矿溜槽工作时的噪声,探索溜槽降噪的新途径,提出将泡沫铝层合结构用于制造矿用溜槽。针对溜槽工作的特点,设计泡沫铝层合结构矿用溜槽的新结构,并运用理论分析和实验分析的方法对其减振降噪性能进行研究。结果表明,用泡沫铝层合结构制造溜槽,可提高溜槽的降噪及环保性能。     

Craze yielding and fracture mechanism in PE/PS/PE laminated films

Mechanical behaviour of laminated films of PS and PE, especially the altered mechanical properties of PS in the laminated state, were studied as functions of PE volume fraction. It was observed that crazing in PS can be modified by laminating layers of PE to both sides. Elongation at break and hence fracture energy increased conspicuously when PE volume fraction increased. Craze yielding stress in PS layers also increased with increasing PE volume fraction because craze formations in PS layers were suppressed by the reduction of tensile stress concentration effect at craze tips. Craze initiations were always found at the free side edges of the laminated films, which can be correlated with the transverse interlaminar shear stress concentrations existing at the edges of the laminated films caused by the difference in Poisson's ratios between PS and PE.     

Craze yielding and fracture mechanism in PE/PS/PE laminated films

The change in polystyrene (PS) layer thickness, which has been simultaneously determined during post-yield deformation, shows that crazing is the basic mechanism of toughening in all laminated films, and that shear deformation supplements the contribution of crazing especially for samples with high polyethylene (PE) volume fractions. Crazes formed in PS layers in the laminated films are slender and regular compared with the short and lenticular crazes formed in bulk PS film. When PE volume fraction increased, craze advance speed decreased because of the reduction of the stress concentration effect at craze tips. The life-time of the first mature craze to be formed at a given strain rate increased with PE volume fraction because the PE supporting the mature crazes could effectively inhibit craze rupture and blunt out the propagating crack by absorbing the stored elastic energy in the PS layer that would have been dissipated as fracture surface energy.     

Performance evaluation of a bigrating as a beam splitter

The design of a bigrating for use as a beam splitter is presented. It is based on a rigorous formulation of plane-wave scattering by a bigrating that is composed of two individual gratings oriented in different directions. Numerical results are carried out to optimize the design of a bigrating to perform 1 x 4 beam splitting in two dimensions and to examine its fabrication and operation tolerances. It is found that a bigrating can be designed to perform two functions: beam splitting and polarization purification.     

氟磷酸钙真空碳热还原反应机理

在真空条件下,本文采用热力学分析、XRD及化学分析等方法与手段,对SiO2在氟磷酸钙碳热还原制磷的过程进行了研究,考察了SiO2的添加量对磷矿还原率的影响.通过热力学研究,在压力100Pa温度低于1075℃ 时,Ca5(PO4)3F与C、SiO2的反应满足反应发生的热力学条件.实验研究表明:在真空度10Pa～80Pa,温度达到实验最高温度1550℃时,二氧化硅不能使氟磷酸钙发生脱氟反应,与热力学计算结果一致.还原率随着温度升高而增大,在低于1450℃时,添加SiO2有利于提高还原率;随m增加,还原率也增加,在1350℃时,还原率增大速度较快.由此作者提出了SiO2对氟磷酸钙真空碳热还原的反应机理.     

Innovative insulation technology for the reduction of thermal transmission losses in cavity walls

The German energy‐saving regulations (EnEV) are continuously revised to make the statutory requirements for thermal insulation of new buildings more stringent, which results in an increased need for highly effective insulation systems. The objective of a research project being carried out at the TU Dresden, Faculty of Architecture, Chair of Structural Design is to solve the problem of reducing thermal losses from masonry buildings through the development of an innovative insulation and fixing system for cavity wall building. The newly developed insulation system should fulfil the essential requirements regarding geometry, loadbearing capacity, flexibility, lifetime and capability of dismantling as well as current requirements for energy saving to ensure the zero energy standard. The research project is mainly based on the use of vacuum panels (VIP vacuum insulated panels) as the central insulation layer in cavity masonry walls and the development of a linear tie system [1], [2].     

A mechanistic model for transverse damage initiation,evolution, and stiffness reduction in laminated composites

A constitutive model to predict stiffness reduction due to transverse matrix cracking is derived for laminae with arbitrary orientation, subject to in-plane stress, embedded in laminates with symmetric but otherwise arbitrary laminate stacking sequence. The moduli of the damaged laminate are a function of the crack densities in the damaging laminae, which are analyzed one by one. The evolution of crack density in each lamina is derived in terms of the calculated strain energy release rate and predicted as function of the applied load using a fracture mechanics approach. Unlike plasticity-inspired formulations, the proposed model does not postulate damage evolution functions and thus there is no need for additional experimental data to adjust material parameters. All that it is needed are the elastic moduli and critical energy release rates for the laminae. The reduction of lamina stiffness is an integral part of the model, allowing for stress redistribution among laminae. Comparisons with experimental data and some results from the literature are presented.     

真空法从铟矿中制备铟的机理研究

在真空条件下,本文采用热力学分析方法计算真空下铟矿碳热还原反应过程中发生的反应的吉布斯自由能以及起始反应温度。结果表明,当压力为10 Pa、温度高于380 K时,In2O3与C的反应满足反应发生的热力学条件。在同一体系压力下,物料In2O3:C摩尔比为1:3时,反应生成单质In所需的温度是最低的。在碳量充足条件下In2O3可直接被还原生成单质铟,随着碳的消耗,In2O3的碳热反应会生成中间产物。由此,推算在真空碳热反应过程中,碳热还原In2O3的顺序首先生成In,随着碳耗及升温生成In2O,最后生成In O。In2O3热分解生成In2O,随着体系压力的降低,反应起始温度降至423 K;中间产物In2O热分解生成单质In,当体系压力降至10 Pa时,起始温度降为781 K;In O与生成物CO反应,随着体系压力降低,吉布斯自由能增加,因此,降压不利于In O与CO反应。本文从热力学角度探讨真空制备铟热力学可行性,为下一步实际生产提供相应的理论基础。