含钒高强度船体结构钢的连续冷却转变

利用热模拟实验机模拟了中板控制轧制工业生产工艺,测定了一种钒微合金化船体结构钢经不同温度多道次变形后的动态CCT曲线,讨论了终轧温度和冷却速度对组织、γ/α相变及CCT曲线的影响.结果表明:随终轧温度的降低,实验钢的动态CCT曲线整体向左上方移动,获得铁素体+珠光体组织的冷却速度范围变宽;随冷却速度的增加,γ/α相变开始温度A_r3逐渐降低,贝氏体相变开始温度B_s以抛物线形式变化;铁素体晶粒随终轧温度降低或冷速的增加而细化.     

Bainite Transformation of Low-carbon and Boron-containing Steel under Continuous Cooling

The effects of deformation temperature and strain on bainite transformation of low carbon steel and boroncontaining steel were investigated under continuous cooling conditions by means of dilatometric measurement and microstructure observation.The results show that with decreasing the deformation temperature from 1 000to 800 ℃and increasing strains,bainite start temperature for boron-containing low carbon steel increases,whereas it decreases for low carbon steel under the same condition.The bainite microstructures are easily obtained for boron-containing steel deformed at different temperatures and different strains compared with plain low carbon steel.With increasing the continuous cooling rate,the bainite start temperature under deformed condition is about 20 ℃ higher than that under undeformed condition for boron-containing steel,but it changes slightly when the cooling rate is 20℃/s or more.     

A novel observation of strain-induced ferrite-to-austenite retransformation after intercritical deformation of C-Mn steel

It was found that a ferrite-to-austenite retransformation can take place during isothermal holding after deformation in 0.19 pct C-1.46 pct Mn steel at higher intercritical temperatures, but it was not observed at lower intercritical temperatures. This new finding was revealed by the combined techniques of optical observation and quantitative metallographic measurements. Also, two unexpected experimental observations on the quenched microstructure can be interpreted very well by the retransformation: one is that microhardness does not decrease at the end of relaxation as expected; the other is that an experimentally observed X-ray peak gets broader after long relaxation. In contrast, dilatometry measurements on the undeformed specimens show that the thermodynamically induced transformation during the isothermal holding should be from austenite to ferrite. Therefore, the ferrite-to-austenite retransformation after deformation should be strain induced. Such a retransformation can be explained quite well using a validated and quantitative model for the intercritical rolling and softening of both austenite and ferrite. The model presented is based on the fact that in intercritically deformed steel there is a strain distribution over the two phases with the more strain in the softer ferrite. The ferrite dynamically recovers, which leads to a shift in the relative amount of stored energy in the two phases. This phenomenon leads to a shift in the equilibrium fractions of ferrite and austenite.     

Correlation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Thermomechanically Processed Low-Carbon Steels Containing Boron and Copper

The correlation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of thermomechanically processed low-carbon steels containing B and Cu was investigated in this study. Eighteen kinds of steel specimens were fabricated by varying B and Cu contents and finish cooling temperatures (FCTs) after controlled rolling, and then tensile and Charpy impact tests were conducted on them. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams of the B-free and B-added steel specimens under nondeformed and deformed conditions were constructed by a combination of deformation dilatometry and metallographic methods. The addition of a very small amount of B remarkably decreased the transformation start temperatures near a bainite start temperature (Bs) and thus expanded the formation region of low-temperature transformation phases such as degenerate upper bainite (DUB) and lower bainite (LB) to slower cooling rates. On the other hand, a deformation in the austenite region promoted the formation of quasipolygonal ferrite (QPF) and granular bainite (GB) with an increase in transformation start temperatures. The tensile test results indicated that tensile strength primarily increased with decreasing FCT, while the yield strength did not vary much, except in some specimens. The addition of B and Cu, however, increased the tensile and yield strengths simultaneously because of the significant microstructural change occasionally affected by the FCT. The Charpy impact test results indicated that the steel specimens predominantly composed of LB and lath martensite (LM) had lower upper-shelf energy (USE) than those consisting of GB or DUB, but had nearly equivalent or rather lower ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) in spite of the increased strength. According to the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis data, it was confirmed that LB and LM microstructures had a relatively smaller effective grain size than GB or DUB microstructures, which enhanced the tortuosity of cleavage crack propagation, thereby resulting in a decrease in DBTT.     

微量铜和砷对Ti-IF钢铁素体相变行为和组织的影响

利用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机,结合膨胀仪研究了微量铜和砷对连续加热过程和冷却过程中Ti-IF钢相变动力学的影响;结合光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,模拟研究了微量铜和砷对不同热轧终轧温度条件下TiIF钢的铁素体晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明:与几乎不含铜和砷的Ti-IF钢相比,铜、砷的质量分数为0.08%、0.04%的Ti-IF钢中的铜和砷显著提高连续加热过程中Ti-IF钢奥氏体相变的开始温度和连续冷却过程中铁素体相变的结束温度。这主要是由于砷是封闭铁基奥氏体区的元素。由于微量砷提高铁素体相变的结束温度,导致铁素体晶粒尺寸反常粗大。因此,对于残余砷含量较高的Ti-IF钢,应适当控制较高的热轧终轧温度,以避免形成粗大的铁素体组织。     

工艺参数对耐蚀钢12CuCrNiV组织与性能的影响

采用热力模拟试验机、光学显微镜、显微硬度计研究了耐蚀钢12CuCrNiV在不同冷却速率下的连续冷却组织转变规律,并绘制其CCT曲线,同时研究了形变温度和冷却速度对耐蚀钢热变形后的组织和硬度的影响规律。结果表明:连续冷却转变情况下,耐腐蚀钢在冷速小于15℃/s时,有铁素体转变;冷速小于1℃/s时,有珠光体转变;冷速在0.5~20℃/s之间时,有贝氏体转变。控制冷速在5~15℃/s可得到铁素体和贝氏体复相组织。随变形温度的降低,试验钢形变过程中形变诱导铁素体相变现象显著,且伴随有M/A岛生成;随冷却速度的增高,形变诱导相变现象减弱,M/A岛数量减少。与连续冷却试验相比较,形变诱导析出现象明显,其硬度增量为40~50HV,形变可使试验钢的析出向更高冷速移动。     

Influence of pearlite morphology and heating rate on the kinetics of continuously heated austenite formation in a eutectoid steel

A model that describes the pearlite-to-austenite transformation during continuous heating in a eutectoid steel has been developed. The influence of structural parameters (such as the interlamellar spacing and edge length of pearlite colonies) and heating rate on the austenite formation kinetics has been experimentally studied and considered in the modeling. It has been found that the coarser the initial pearlite microstructure and the higher the heating rate, the slower the kinetics of austenite formation. Moreover, both the start and finish temperatures of the transformation slightly increase as the heating rate does, but the finish temperatures are more sensitive to that parameter. A good agreement (with an accuracy higher than 90 pct in the square correlation factor) between experimental and predicted values has been found.     

Retained Austenite Transformation during Heat Treatment of a 5 Wt Pct Cr Cold Work Tool Steel

Retained austenite transformation was studied for a 5 wt pct Cr cold work tool steel tempered at 798 K and 873 K (525 °C and 600 °C) followed by cooling to room temperature. Tempering cycles with variations in holding times were conducted to observe the mechanisms involved. Phase transformations were studied with dilatometry, and the resulting microstructures were characterized with X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Tempering treatments at 798 K (525 °C) resulted in retained austenite transformation to martensite on cooling. The martensite start (M _s ) and martensite finish (M _f ) temperatures increased with longer holding times at tempering temperature. At the same time, the lattice parameter of retained austenite decreased. Calculations from the M _s temperatures and lattice parameters suggested that there was a decrease in carbon content of retained austenite as a result of precipitation of carbides prior to transformation. This was in agreement with the resulting microstructure and the contraction of the specimen during tempering, as observed by dilatometry. Tempering at 873 K (600 °C) resulted in precipitation of carbides in retained austenite followed by transformation to ferrite and carbides. This was further supported by the initial contraction and later expansion of the dilatometry specimen, the resulting microstructure, and the absence of any phase transformation on cooling from the tempering treatment. It was concluded that there are two mechanisms of retained austenite transformation occurring depending on tempering temperature and time. This was found useful in understanding the standard tempering treatment, and suggestions regarding alternative tempering treatments are discussed.     

2205不锈钢-碳钢复合带肋钢筋的热轧

 为了研究覆层为2205不锈钢的复合钢筋的热加工范围,利用Gleeble-3800进行热模拟试验,得出2205不锈钢的高温流变曲线及热加工图,并最终确立复合钢筋的开轧温度不低于1 150 ℃。利用有限元软件对复合钢筋的粗轧和精轧道次进行数值模拟,结果表明,粗轧变形时,应变集中在轧件表层和1/4位置,随着变形不断向芯部渗透,塑性应变较大的位置不锈钢覆层较薄;在精轧k1道次变形时,发现在横肋根部的不锈钢覆层厚度最薄,在横肋顶部的覆层厚度最大。对复合钢筋的界面进行研究后发现,Cr、Ni、Mo的扩散距离为18~20 μm,从碳钢侧到不锈钢侧的微观组织依次为铁素体和珠光体、脱碳组织、复合界面、奥氏体不锈钢组织、铁素体和奥氏体不锈钢双相组织。     

Tensile Properties of Medium Mn Steel with a Bimodal UFG α + γ and Coarse δ-Ferrite Microstructure

While the tensile strength and elongation obtained for medium Mn steel would appear to make it a candidate material in applications which require formable ultra-high strength materials, many secondary aspects of the microstructure–properties relationships have not yet been given enough attention. In this contribution, the microstructural and tensile properties of medium Mn steel with a bimodal microstructure consisting of an ultra-fine grained ferrite + austenite constituent and coarse-grained delta-ferrite are therefore reviewed in detail. The tensile properties of ultra-fine-grained intercritically annealed medium Mn steel reveal a complex dependence on the intercritical annealing temperature. This dependence is related to the influence of the intercritical annealing temperature on the activation of the plasticity-enhancing mechanisms in the microstructure. The kinetics of deformation twinning and strain-induced transformation in the ultra-fine grained austenite play a prominent role in determining the strain hardening of medium Mn steel. While excellent strength–ductility combinations are obtained when deformation twinning and strain-induced transformation occur gradually and in sequence, large elongations are also observed when strain-induced transformation plasticity is not activated. In addition, the localization of plastic flow is observed to occur in samples after intercritical annealing at intermediate temperatures, suggesting that both strain hardening and strain rate sensitivity are influenced by the properties of the ultra-fine-grained austenite.     

The effect of severe marforming on shape memory characteristics of a Ti-rich NiTi alloy processed using equal channel angular extrusion

A Ti-49.8 at. pct Ni alloy was severely deformed at three different temperatures using equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Three deformation temperatures—room temperature (below the martensite finish temperature), 50 °C (below the austenite start temperature), and 150 °C (above the austenite finish temperature)—were selected such that the initial deforming phase (B2 austenite or B19’ martensite) and the initial governing deformation mechanism (martensite reorientation, stress-induced martensitic transformation, or dislocation slip in martensite) would be different. The X-ray analysis results revealed that all processed samples mostly contained a deformed martensitic phase, regardless of the initial deforming phase and the deformation mechanism. Although the martensite start temperature did not change, the austenite start temperature decreased significantly in all deformation conditions, probably because of the effect of the internal stress field caused by the deformed microstructure. All deformation conditions led to an increase in the strength levels and some deterioration of shape-memory characteristics. However, a subsequent low-temperature annealing treatment significantly improved pseudoelastic strain levels while preserving the ultrahigh strength levels. The sample deformed at room temperature followed by the low-temperature annealing resulted in the most promising strength and shape-memory characteristics under compression, such that a 5.3 pct shape-memory strain at a 2200 MPa strength level and a 3.3 pct pseudoelastic strain at a 1900 MPa strength level were achieved. The differences between the strength levels and the shape-memory characteristics after severe deformation at different temperatures were attributed to the different amounts of plastic deformation and the resulting deformation textures, since at each deformation temperature the deformation mechanism was different. It is concluded that the severe marforming using ECAE could easily improve strength levels of NiTi alloys while preserving the shape-memory and pseudoelasticity (PE) characteristics and, thus, improve the thermomechanical fatigue behavior. However, lower deformation temperatures are necessary to hinder formation of macroshear bands, and ECAE angles larger than 90 deg should be used to reduce the amount of strain applied in one pass.     

Influence of Strain History and Cooling Rate on the Austenite Decomposition Behavior and Phase Transformation Products in a Microalloyed Steel

The effect of simple strain path changes as well as post-deformation continuous cooling rate during thermomechanical-controlled processing of microalloyed steel was studied using laboratory physical simulation. The phase transformation characteristics were directly analyzed by dilatometry under various cooling rates. The microstructures of the transformation products were characterized quantitatively using EBSD. The results have shown that while strain path changes impose a considerable influence on the hot flow behavior of the austenite, the cooling rate following hot deformation is the determining factor of the phase transformation mechanism and behavior which establishes the final transformation products and subsequent mechanical properties.     

石油储罐用08MnNiVR钢板组织和性能研究

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机、扫描电镜等设备,研究了不同开冷温度和不同终冷温度对610MPa级08MnNiVR钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着开冷温度和终冷温度的变化,钢板组织中M／A和铁素体组织数量和形态都有相应变化。随着开冷温度升高,维氏硬度逐渐增加;随着终冷温度降低,维氏硬度逐渐增高。     

X70管线钢的组织控制与细化工艺研究

为了解奥氏体在连续冷却过程中的组织演变规律,更好地控制管线钢室温下的组织形态,对X70管线钢进行了静态及动态热模拟试验,绘制出了相应的连续冷却转变曲线（CCT曲线）,观察其组织,分析变形和冷却速度等因素对管线钢组织的影响。同时对X70管线钢的入精轧温度、终轧温度等因素控轧控冷工艺进行模拟研究。认为提高变形后的冷却速度能获得针状铁素体组织;在同一冷却速度下,动态连续冷却转变得到的组织更细密;降低入精轧温度、终轧温度,增加冷却速度能细化组织。     

Study on transformation behavior of hot- rolled microalloyed TRIP steel

Effects of deformation mode, deformation temperature, deformation rate, cooling rate and slow- cooling stop temperature on the transformation behavior of hot- rolled microalloyed TRIP steel were studied by means of MMS- 300 thermomechanical simulator. The results show that for the samples subjected to the single or double pass deformation, ferrite transformation area is expanded, pearlite transformation area appears, and martensite transformation area disappears in the continuous cooling transformation diagrams. Transformation temperatures of Ar3, Bs and Bf decrease, diffusional transformation is prevented and intermediate temperature transformation is promoted with the increase of deformation temperature or cooling rate. When deformation temperature is 850??, transformation temperatures of Ar3, Bs and Bf increase, the amount of ferrite also increases, and the amount of bainite decreases in the microstructure with the increase of deformation rate. With the decrease of slow- cooling stop temperature, ferrite amount increases, ferrite grains grow and retained austenite amount first increases and then decreases.     

低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程组织演变机制

低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程将发生形变强化相变及铁素体的动态再结晶,导致晶粒超细化.与未形变的过冷奥氏体等温转变相比,形变极大地促进了奥氏体向铁素体的转变,使铁素体形核率急剧升高,铁素体晶粒尺寸显著降低.形变强化相变是一以形核为主的过程.在形变后期,当形变强化相变铁素体转变基本完成后,将发生铁素体的动态回复和动态再结晶.比较不同应变速率对组织演变影响的结果表明,应变速率较低条件下,易形成铁素体与第2组织层状分布的条带特征;应变速率较高时,组织的条带特征不显著.     

Martensitic Transformation during Simultaneous High Temperature Forming and Cooling Experiments

The main target of hot stamping is to combine accurate forming, low forming forces and high material strength in complex steel components. In the present study, the hot stamping process is simulated by means of simultaneous forming and quenching experiments. This is performed by uniaxial compression tests at high temperatures using a dilatometer. The effects of process parameters like strain, strain rate, initial deformation temperature, austenization time and applied forces on the martensitic transformation of the boron steel 27MnCrB5 are investigated. It is concluded that with increasing strain rate and initial deformation temperature, martensite content, hardness and martensite start temperature (Ms) are increased. On the contrary, when applying larger deformations, the above mentioned properties are decreased. It is also concluded that, regardless of the process parameters, higher applied forces retard the successful martensitic transformation during hot stamping.     

Microstructure and Transformation Characteristics of Acicular Ferrite in High Niobium-Bearing Microalloyed Steel

 The transformation behavior and microstructural characteristics of a low carbon high Nb-bearing microalloyed pipeline steel have been investigated by deformation dilatometry and microstructure observation. The continuous cooling transformation curves (CCT) of the tested steel was constructed. High Nb content and deformation enhancing the formation of acicular ferrite; the microstructures are range from PF, QF to AF with increasing cooling rates from 0.5 to 50℃/s and dominated by acicular ferrite in a broadened cooling rate higher than 5℃/s. The chaotic microstructure consists of non-equiaxed ferrite and interwoven ferrite laths distributed high density dislocations and sununits. The results of isothermal holding show that acicular ferrite microstructure is formed in region of 550-600℃. With the holding time or temperature increased, some low misorientations boundaries change to high misotrentationn as dislocations moving and grain boundaries coarsening.     

两阶段冷却工艺对基于应变设计X70管线钢组织的影响

 铁素体-贝氏体双相组织钢能够通过软硬相协调屈服抵抗大变形,这是基于应变设计管线钢的研究热点。为探究生产工艺对双相组织形态的影响规律,利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,通过压缩试验模拟轧制和冷却,研究了两阶段冷却工艺对基于应变设计X70管线钢形变奥氏体组织转变的影响。结果表明：一阶段缓冷后的待温处理使铁素体形核温度降低,有效提高了铁素体形核率,起到细化晶粒作用;降低二阶段快冷开冷温度可以增加铁素体析出时间,从而增加铁素体的含量;二阶段快冷中,提高冷却速率和降低终冷温度均可细化贝氏体组织的板条间距以及板条间的碳化物,提高了贝氏体显微维氏硬度。     

Effects of High Strain Rate on Properties and Microstructure Evolution of TWIP Steel Subjected to Impact Loading

 The mechanical properties of the TWIP steel subjected to impact loading at various strain rates were analyzed by the Split Pressure Hopkinson Bar. Meanwhile the microstructure of the TWIP steel fore-and-after the dynamic deformation were characterized and analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The result shows that when the TWIP steel was deformed under dynamic station, the stress, microshardness and work hardening rate increase with the increment of strain and strain rate; there exist stress fluctuation and decline of work hardening rate for adiabatic temperature rising softening. There exist many pin-like deformation twins in the microstructure of the TWIP steel subjected to impact loading, the grain size after deformation is bigger than that before; the interaction of twins with dislocation and twins with twins, especial emergence of high order deformation twins are the main strengthening mechanisms of the TWIP steel. The nucleation mechanism of deformation twins will be “rebound mechanism”; the incomplete deformation twins can be observed when the strain rate is low; when strain rate raises, deformation twins unite together; furthermore, deformation twins become denser because the nucleation rating enhancing with strain rate increasing.