Wavelength reuse for efficient packet-switched transport in an AWG-based metro WDM network

Metro wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) networks play an important role in the emerging Internet hierarchy; they interconnect the backbone WDM networks and the local-access networks. The current circuit-switched SONET/synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)-over-WDM-ring metro networks are expected to become a serious bottleneck-the so-called metro gap-as they are faced with an increasing amount of bursty packet data traffic and quickly increasing bandwidths in the backbone networks and access networks. Innovative metro WDM networks that are highly efficient and able to handle variable-size packets are needed to alleviate the metro gap. In this paper, we study an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG)-based single-hop WDM metro network. We analyze the photonic switching of variable-size packets with spatial wavelength reuse. We derive computationally efficient and accurate expressions for the network throughput and delay. Our extensive numerical investigations-based on our analytical results and simulations-reveal that spatial wavelength reuse is crucial for efficient photonic packet switching. In typical scenarios, spatial wavelength reuse increases the throughput by 60% while reducing the delay by 40%. Also, the throughput of our AWG-based network with spatial wavelength reuse is roughly 70% larger than the throughput of a comparable single-hop WDM network based on a passive star coupler (PSC).     

Virtual fully connected WDM network: A high-performance single-hop architecture for metropolitan area networks

With the widespread use of broadband access technologies and the development of high-speed Internet backbones, the requirement for high-performance metropolitan area networks (MANs) is increasing. Traditional ring- or star-based metro networks are costly to scale up to high speed and cannot recover from multiple failures, while backbone solutions are too expensive to fit into the cost-sensitive metro market. This paper proposes a virtual fully connected (VFC) architecture for metro networks to provide high-performance node-to-node all-optical transportation. The architecture emulates a fully connected network by providing optical channels between node pairs without intermediate buffering, and thus realizes single-hop transportation and avoids expensive packet routers. In addition, a scheduling algorithm is developed for medium access control and dynamic bandwidth allocation, which achieves 100% throughput and provides a fairness guarantee. Simulations show that the VFC network achieves good performance under both uniform and non-uniform loads.     

The AWG/spl par/PSC network:a performance-enhanced single-hop WDM network with heterogeneous protection

Single-hop wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks based on a central passive star coupler (PSC) or arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) hub have received a great deal of attention as promising solutions for the quickly increasing traffic in metropolitan and local area networks. These single-hop networks suffer from a single point of failure: if the central hub fails, then all network connectivity is lost. To address this single point of failure in an efficient manner, we propose a novel single-hop WDM network, the AWG/spl par/PSC network. The AWG/spl par/PSC network consists of an AWG in parallel with a PSC. The AWG and PSC provide heterogeneous protection for each other; the AWG/spl par/PSC network remains functional when either the AWG or the PSC fails. If both AWG and PSC are functional, the AWG/spl par/PSC network uniquely combines the respective strengths of the two devices. By means of analysis and verifying simulations we find that the throughput of the AWG/spl par/PSC network is significantly larger than the total throughput obtained by combining the throughput of a stand-alone AWG network with the throughput of a stand-alone PSC network. We also find that the AWG/spl par/PSC network gives over a wide operating range a better throughput-delay performance than a network consisting of either two load sharing PSCs in parallel or two load sharing AWGs in parallel.     

The arrayed-waveguide grating-based single-hop WDM network: an architecture for efficient multicasting

Research on multicasting in single-hop wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks has so far focused on networks based on the passive star coupler (PSC), a broadcast device. It has been shown that multicasting performance is improved by partitioning multicast transmissions into multiple multicast copies. However, the channel bottleneck of the PSC, which does not allow for spatial wavelength reuse, restricts the multicast performance. We investigate multicasting in a single-hop WDM network that is based on an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG), a wavelength routing device that allows for spatial wavelength reuse. In our network, optical multicasting is enabled by wavelength-insensitive splitters that are attached to the AWG output ports. Multicasts are partitioned among the splitters and each multicast copy is routed to a different splitter by sending it on a different wavelength. We demonstrate that the spatial wavelength reuse in our network significantly improves the throughput-delay performance for multicast traffic. By means of analysis and simulations, we also demonstrate that, for a typical mix of unicast and multicast traffic, the throughput-delay performance is dramatically increased by transmitting multicast packets concurrently with control information in the reservation medium access control protocol of our AWG-based network.     

波长二次重用的双向WDM星形单跳网

针对有限的数据信道波长数对波分复用星形单跳网容量的限制问题,文章提出了一种波长二次重用、单纤双向传输和多耦合器内连相结合的组网扩容解决方法.与常规波分复用星形网相比,该方法不但将网络所支持的节点数增加了两倍;而且网络的所有数据信道波长都得到二次重用,网络最大吞吐量也增加了两倍;在网络节点数不变的条件下,不但可节省一半的光纤,而且通过波长的二次重用,可大大减小网络中通信节点的排队时延,缓和各通信节点对数据信道波长使用权的竞争矛盾,有效地改善网络性能。     

Multicast traffic scheduling in single-hop WDM networks with arbitrary tuning latencies

To accommodate the demands of quality of service (QoS) and multicast applications, a multicast QoS traffic-scheduling algorithm with tuning latency consideration in wavelength-division multiplexing star-coupled networks is provided in this paper. To furnish different levels of QoS, two classes of traffic are considered: constant bit rate and available bit rate (ABR). An effective bandwidth-normalization scheme for ABR traffic is also derived. We define the slot scanning problem in the connection-setup process as the maximum assignable slots (MAS) problem. We prove that the optimal solution of the MAS problem can be obtained in polynomial time. Owing to its high-order time complexity, we also propose two heuristics for the MAS problem. The performance of these strategies are evaluated and compared by simulations under different system parameters, such as number of wavelengths, traffic load, and tuning latency.     

一种使用波分复用的室内红外网络

讨论波分复用(WDM)的室内红外通信网络的结构和协议.在该网络中,网络节点可以同时使用多个波长传输数据.该无线传输方式需要一种新的媒体接入控制(Media Access Control,MAC)协议,使得网络节点波长能被动态地分配工作波长.讨论了这种协议的基本工作方式,简要分析了协议的数学模型,并在网络模拟软件NS2中7验证了该协议.通过对验证结果的分析,证明这种室内红外通信网络可以有效提高网络的总流量,提出的媒体接入控制协议是可行的.     

A hybrid network coding technique for single-hop wireless networks

In this paper, we investigate a hybrid network coding technique to be used at a wireless base station (BS) or access point (AP) to increase the throughput efficiency of single-hop wireless networks. Traditionally, to provide reliability, lost packets from different flows (applications) are retransmitted separately, leading to inefficient use of wireless bandwidth. Using the proposed hybrid network coding approach, the BS encodes these lost packets, possibly from different flows together before broadcasting them to all wireless users. In this way, multiple wireless receivers can recover their lost packets simultaneously with a single transmission from the BS. Furthermore, simulations and theoretical analysis showed that when used in conjunction with an appropriate channel coding technique under typical channel conditions, this approach can increase the throughput efficiency up to 3.5 times over the automatic repeat request (ARQ), and up to 1.5 times over the HARQ techniques.     

A student-designed automotive collision avoidance system

A receiver-transmitter system at 99 MHz is energized by a shock activated switch to provide warnings of collision, emergency vehicles, or other road hazards. The system was designed and constructed as part of a senior design sequence. It was intended to be simple and reliable, and, when translated into modern integrated circuit technology, it can be installed at a low cost per vehicle. It provides advantages over radar braking in that it is practically feasible and much less expensive. It has advantages over other approaches in that it can be used in the daytime or at night and in any weather.     

基于多信道预约可冲突避免的多址接入协议

本文为多跳分布多无线网络提出了一套灵活而有效的自适应获取冲突避免（AACA）的多址接入协议。在该协议中，各节点竞争公共信道，利用RTS/CTS对话形式来预约各业务信道，成功预约后的分组传输不会受到其他节点的干扰。它使用任意确定数目信道，以异步方式工作，并且使得各节点利用半双工无线电台就可以灵活、简便地实现资源预约。分析和比较结果说明，所提出的多信道预约协议可以有效地解决隐藏终端、暴露终端以及侵入终端的问题。     

WDM-PON中基于AWG的新型OVPN研究

在波分复用无源光网络(WDM-PON)中,提出了一种基于阵列波导光栅(AWG)的新型光虚拟专用网(OVPN)。OVPN采用环形结构,在不同光网络单元(ONU)之间使用波长通道直接通信,不仅保证了ONU之间通信的安全性,而且提高了网络生存性。分别从光功率损耗和系统误码率(BER)进行了数值分析,结果表明,本文结构不仅增加了通信的安全性,而且仅使用4个波长就能实现16个ONU的相互联接,从而节省了波长资源,且具有很强的抗串扰能力。     

WDM光网络中静态业务的P-cycle保护

P-cycle是一种预先配置的保护方式,在WDM网络中,P-cycle可以提供快速保护倒换和很高的资源利用率,具有很好的应用前景和研究价值.文章研究了P-cycle对于WDM网络中静态业务的保护情况,得出了基本的P-cycle配置策略下的仿真数据,并进行了分析.     

A wideband all-optical WDM network

We describe some of the results of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) sponsored Consortium on Wideband All-Optical Networks in developing architectures, technology components, and applications for the realization of scaleable, wideband, and transparent optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks. Our architecture addresses all-optical transport over the wide, metropolitan, and local areas. It utilizes wavelength partitioning, routing, and active multiwavelength cross-connect switches to achieve a network that is scaleable in the number of users, data rates, and geographic span. The network supports two services which can be point-to-multipoint or multipoint-to-multipoint simplex or duplex connections. The A service is a transparent physically circuit-switched service and the B-service is a scheduled time-slotted circuit which is transparent within its time slots. We have developed a 20-channel local and metropolitan area WDM testbed deployed in the Boston area, now undergoing characterization and experimental applications     

An AWG-based WDM-PON architecture employing WDM/TDMA transmission for upstream traffic with dynamic bandwidth allocation

In this article, we examine a candidate architecture for wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) employing multiple stages of arrayed-waveguide gratings (AWGs). The network architecture provides efficient bandwidth utilization by using WDM for downstream transmission and by combining WDM with time-division multiple access (TDMA) for upstream transmission. In such WDM-PONs, collisions may occur among upstream data packets transmitted simultaneously from different optical networking units (ONUs) sharing the same wavelength. The proposed MAC protocol avoids such collisions using a request/permit-based multipoint control protocol, and employs a dynamic TDMA-based bandwidth allocation scheme for upstream traffic, called minimum-guaranteed maximum request first (MG-MRF), ensuring a reasonable fairness among the ONUs. The entire MAC protocol is simulated using OPNET and its performance is evaluated in terms of queuing delay and bandwidth utilization under uniform as well as non-uniform traffic distributions. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed bandwidth allocation scheme (MG-MRF) is able to provide high bandwidth utilization with a moderately low delay in presence of non-uniform traffic demands from ONUs.     

Performance of WDM fiber-radio network using distributed Raman amplifier

We investigate the impairment induced by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) effect and noise characteristics of wavelength-division-multiplexing fiber-radio network assisted by distributed Raman amplifier (DRA) or erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Experimental results indicate that forward-pumping DRA can increase the link optical output power limited by SBS effect in downstream transmission and backward-pumping DRA can improve signal-to-noise ratio in upstream transmission, which is verified by binary phase-shift keying transmission experiments. Moreover, our experimental results show that DRA does not introduce additional impairment from interchannel crosstalk due to cross-phase modulation and degradation in spur-free dynamic range.     

用WDM技术实现本地网扩容的成本分析

对用波分利用技术扩容本地光纤网进行了较详细的经济成本是出如下结论：环路节点距离较短时间,采用ＷＤＭ与直接增加光缆相比不节省投资;环节节点距离一定,ＷＤＭ的光通路数多,节省成本;若ＷＤＭ设备价格下降速度不能跟上光缆价格下降速度,则难以节省成本。     

地面强激光操控空间碎片避碰的控制策略

日益增长的太空碎片为载人空间站和卫星带来严重的安全挑战。2011年,NASA提出使用地面连续激光照射空间碎片,利用其微弱的光压力效应,通过长期积累,改变其轨道,从而预防其与航天器可能的碰撞。这一碰撞避免方法并不把太空碎片拉回大气层内,而是防止碰撞,由于不需要航天器机动,且光压的温和作用也对激光器发射功率没有太高要求,因此这种避碰方法受到广泛关注。然而,该方法的提出者采用的迎面照射控制律尽管简单但非最优,故需要设计最优控制律。通过建立两点边值问题模型,以两物体之间距离的最大化为控制目标,求解了最优性条件。仿真显示,经优化后控制律的避碰效果提高程度非常显著,提高幅度与初轨有关,通常为25%~125%。     

A novel AWG-based WDM-PON architecture with full protection capability

The higher bandwidth utilization of wavelength-division-multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs) can be problematic if the link failure is not repaired in a timely manner since major data losses may occur in the event of link failure. Therefore, developing robust WDM-PON architectures with an effective protection capability is an essential task when designing optical access networks. Although the literature contains many proposals for WDM-PON protection schemes, the majority of these schemes protect either the feeder fibers or the distribution fibers, but not both. By exploiting the cyclic properties of the AWG and establishing appropriate interconnections between matched pairs of ONUs such that one ONU in the pair can use the distribution fiber assigned to its partner for backup purposes, the proposed scheme can protect both the feeder fibers and the distribution fibers through the designated protection streams in feeder fiber 3. Additionally, five operational modes of the proposed scheme are detailed with the proposed wavelength assignment scheme, the operational sequence, and the operation flow chart of decision circuit in the ONU/OLT. The analytical results have shown that the proposed scheme not only provides a full protection capability for WDM-PON networks, but also has a lower unavailability, a lower construction cost, and a reduced wavelength requirement than existing representative protection schemes. Finally, an analysis of the power budget and the recovery time has confirmed the practical feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

一种采用ADS-B技术的通用航空防撞系统

为适应快速发展的通用航空对避撞的迫切需求,在基于广播式自动相关监视（Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast,ADS-B）的通用航空监视系统的基础上构建了通用航空防撞系统,该系统与无人机和运输航空一体化构建。结合ADS-B工作范围广和通用航空防撞复杂的特点,提出并构建了包括紧急避撞、一般避撞和提前避撞的三级避撞系统。分析了避撞系统中区域的划分,给出了避撞处理流程,讨论了每一级避撞需求及其关键算法。     

Multiwavelength control protocols for WDM networks with restricted data channel collision

A new network architecture which uses several wavelengths as control channels for co‐ordination of packet transmissions on data channels for single‐hop WDMA networks and passive star topology is introduced in this paper. The presented multiwavelength control architecture distributes control information over the total control channels and in conjunction with a suitable network interface, reduces the headers electronic processing bottleneck at each end station. Also, the access schemes decrease the contention on data channels by avoiding part of the data channel collision. Some cases of multiple access protocols for asynchronous and synchronous (re)transmission categories are suggested. The proposed schemes adopt the slotted ALOHA protocol for the access to control and data multichannel systems in which the data packets transmission starts immediately after the control packets transmission. An analytic model is developed and analysed for performance measures evaluation based on Poisson approximations statistics and a finite population. The effect of receiver collision is analysed and estimated by the average rejection probability at destination. Also, numerical results are discussed for various numbers of control and data channels. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.